جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « پوسته ها » در نشریات گروه « هنر و معماری »

The studies on facade design in architecture are extensive. In recent years, architects have increasingly focused on designing intelligent facades that interact with environmental factors. The limitation of energy resources and the increasing consumption of it has led to the use of Smart Technologies to transmit information packets in an integrated network that saves time and money. This article examines the Smart Facade technology, emphasizing the use of the Internet of Things method by the software available in smartphones, computers, etc., for the direct integration of the physical world and computer systems and the ability to control and manage remotely by systems connected to the Internet. The ideal goal of the project is the realization and sustainable development in architecture using modern systems. The main goal is to design Smart Facades in office buildings using the Internet of Things method using parametric architecture. The sub-goals to reach the general goal are: 1-Utilizing advanced technologies in the construction of office buildings; technologies that offer advantages for society. Such technologies are still in the pre-competitive stage and can be chosen for investment. 2- Identifying strategic research areas and designing a suitable space where information is extracted for the future of the human race. This research will be a study ground for solving the experienced current or future scientific problems. Therefore, the use of smart parametric technology by using the Internet of Things is part of the active solar method. In this method, it is possible to use the new technology and tools of a wide range of sensors to store energy and control bioclimatic conditions. Today, By ​​adding sensors to objects and transferring the desired data, it’s possible to control energy and improve the quality of human life. A continuous network of information that communicates with each other through the Internet can be called the Internet of Things. By using the function of the Internet of Things in buildings, it is possible to provide comfort and well-being for residents and users through the control of electricity flow, internal temperature, and smart alarm systems. It is possible to optimize energy consumption by designing such buildings. The current communication of remote broadcasting as the basic thought of this idea is inevitable. Proximity is a set of things or items around us, for example, radio frequency identification tags, sensors, actuators, mobile phones, etc. that can communicate with each other and cooperate with their neighbors to achieve common goals. This research uses two methods documentary and descriptive research. The theoretical foundations have been extracted using library tools, and the method of content analysis has conducted a review of documents and sources. The proposed building of the fourth educational block at the Tehran University of Science and Research was presented as an example of this research. Therefore, parametric architecture was considered as an independent variable, and exposure control of office spaces as a dependent variable. First, the information needed for the current research was examined by reviewing the data. Then, through the method of qualitative content and case study, through analysis and logical reasoning, an overview of the improvement in the amount of energy storage of the smart facade was carried out in the Block four-educational building, Tehran University of Science and Research. Also, based on the conducted studies, new methods were presented to respond to the needs of people in office buildings built in climatic and environmental conditions; by evaluating valid documents and examples used in architecture, the most efficient technology is determined by human needs and aimed at improving their quality of life. The process of turning into qualities is the final goal of this research. This method was used to identify the main and sub-categories of human needs and expectations from space, answered with the help of technology and through the Internet of Things method. This method is mostly used in the process of research, integrated research, examining the image of reality, and examining the degree of conformity of programs with structural and content characteristics. The research findings show a purposeful relationship between the building shell and energy control in such a way that designing these types of shells for the facade, is completely separate from it. It is possible to control excess light and heat, through wireless technologies and radio frequencies, and because of energy storage and even its production, it is possible to cover building costs and energy consumption. With these types of designs, buildings can be provided in harmony with the surrounding environment. In this way, moving shells play a significant role in controlling energy consumption and storing it because of their ability to change in different conditions.

Grid shell structures are one of the types of active bending structures, which consist of a network of continuous elements with double curved shells. Therefore, the purpose of this article is the effect of different materials by selecting a sample of mesh shells in improving their structural performance, for this purpose, the geometry of the selected shell was first modeled with the help of Grasshopper program and then using Kangaroo and Karamba physics modeling software in a The repetitive step at the same time, the mechanical and geometric considerations have been analyzed. In the selected sample, with the help of quantitative analytical method in Karamba software, the stresses are calculated, and then, considering the variables of materials with the same thickness and dimensions, which have a rectangular cross-section, to check the amount of displacement in bearing internal forces and stresses that The reason for the change in the weight of the structure has come about, and according to that, the Young's modulus has reached its minimum average, and the steps have been taken. In this way, it can be concluded that among the six different families of materials such as: steel, wood, concrete, steel, composite and polymers depending on the type of access and facilities in each country, polymer structures reinforced with glass fibers and structures Wood has the best structural performance for making grid shells.

The quality of the internal spaces and the impacts it has on the building's energy consumption depend critically on the right and optimal design of the building facade, which plays a significant function as the structure's envelope.Taking into account the facade's crucial function as the building's outer shell on On the other hand, new evaluation methods that designers and architects can utilize in the early stages of design must be replaced due to the time-consuming and challenging existing methods of optimization. The building's exterior envelope has an impact on both the outside environment and the urban environment in addition to shielding the inside environment from outside environmental conditions. Walls, ceilings, windows, doors, and other building elements are among its many parts. The goal of the current study is to create a thorough taxonomy of local structures while also examining the impact of building facade factors on their thermal behavior and energy usage. For this reason, the anatomical parameters of the façade are thoroughly studied in the first step by methodically studying sources and comparable research, and then the various types of facades in area 15 are examined. It should be noted that this article is only the first of a thorough investigation into facade design alternatives for energy consumption reduction. Following the completion of the investigations, the area's GIS map was extensively analyzed, and various and typical types were extracted using a field approach. According to the results of the field research and the components of the facade covering, the average area, orientation, length-to-width ratio, and frequency of parts are examined. The final types are extracted in the second stage after the buildings with the same length of view are classified in accordance with the map and the locations of the spaces in the main view.

One of the architectural design components that affects energy consumption and environmental comfort conditions is building envelopes. Among today's solutions to improve the efficiency of building envelopes is to establish a structural relationship between architecture, environment and biology. The focus of this study is on the characteristics of the cactus plant in water absorption and its purpose is to innovate in pattern design with the ability to save energy and improve lighting quality and user satisfaction with the light conditions of the space, by using Biomimicry in Building Envelope design. The present research has been done in two steps; in the first step, data collection in relation to the cactus plant was done by studying documentary-research sources and data were analyzed by descriptive-analytical method. Then, using the results of the analysis, the building shell model is designed and simulated. In the second step, a building model is used as a basis for simulation and the amount of brightness and glare from daylight, using the Climate Studio plugin, once in normal mode and again when the shell was on the building model was simulated and calculated. The results showed that by examining the mechanism of Water absorption and storage in the cactus and the equivalence of trichomes, epidermis and mucosa of this plant, achieved a model for building shells based on the maximum absorption of rainwater and moisture at dawn, as well as shading the facade of the building. Although according to the simulations, the proposed model reduces the index (sDA) by 1.4%, but in contrast, reduces the index (ASE) by 48%, which is a significant amount of improving indoor user comfort.

Islamic architecture of Iran has passed one of the most prosperous periods in (10-13AH) centuries and the share of the geographical area of capital of Iran in most part of this period, that means the city of Isfahan, for many reasons in this glow has been very important. Although about this growth and prosperity and begin and end and its causes there is a difference of opinion, few people have doubted its existence. In this era until late Qajar period core form and art form were related and had common features in architecture and handicrafts and the coherence and harmony between them were evident. This relation is expressed with the concept of tectonic in the history of western architecture. The concept that theorists have defined it interaction between core form and art form in the context of historical culture. Gradually, this coherence and great thought with the arrival of new materials and construction methods were forgotten from late Qajar period and artistic and tectonic construction was reduced in buildings, and Iranian architecture faced a crisis. Criticism of Iranian today's architecture has been very pervasive in recent decades, Many researchers know the main cause of instability is in Lack of recognition of architectural history of Iran and its technical and artistic construction methods. On the other hand review of researches shows in the tectonic field less been paid to core form and art form of tectonics, so it is necessary to study it. The main research question is How tectonic conform and art form are related in architecture and handicrafts of Islamic Iran in (10-13H) centuries and their similarities and commonalities with the aim of understanding the tectonic rules of the Islamic architecture of Iran. for this reason in this article to recognize of wood tectonic based on interpretive epistemological paradigm, comparative reasoning and qualitative content analysis with explanatory orientation based on Gottfried Semper's theory has studied common wood tectonic features in architecture and handcraft in three levels, whole architecture (the whole building), intermedate level architectural components (column, roof edge and door and window) and small level in handcraft (pulpit, pen box, Kmanche, Tombak, mirror and boxes) in (10 – 13AH) centuries. Based on the theoretical basis of tectonics and considering that wood has been the most practical materials before the arrival of industrial steel in Iran and an important role had in the construction of load-bearing elements such as beams and columns and architectural and handicraft decorations. Wood tectonic is divided in terms of core forms to general forms and articulation and in terms of art forms to decorative surface. This tectonic features in the collection of wooden handicrafts of Metropolitan museum, Isfahan cultural heritage organization and Islamic art sites is study that have the most affinity in terms of technique and art with wooden architecture in the mentioned period.Wood handicrafts are two types: wood handicrafts which are part of the furniture like the pulpit of Hazrat Abolfazl in Aran and Bidgol of Isfahan and handicrafts that produced as movable objects such pen box, Kmanche, Tombak, mirror and wooden decorative boxes. In wooden architecture on a large scale and wooden architectural elements (beams and columns, ceilings, roof edges and doors and windows) in the middle scale are examined tectonic components from the collection of buildings and wooden elements of this period. In some cases due to the scarcity of pictorial resources inevitably has been used from examples outside the geographical area of Isfahan but attention has been paid that this samples are comparable to effects that notable similarity have with the effects of Isfahan. Because Isfahan has been the capital of Iran, many exchanges has had different geographical areas of Iran and in this regard this utilization does not harm the results of the research. Studies and surveys show that some wooden handicrafts on a large and medium scale are similar with non-wooden architecture and elements such as windbreaks and minarets that most of this heterogeneity is on a large scale and in buildings with masonry materials. These cases have been studied in the sense that in identifying wood tectonic rules are very important. Comparative study of wood tectonic features in handicrafts and architecture in the mentioned period reveals that among core form (general forms and articulation) and art form, there are important similarities in handicrafts and architecture. Wood tectonic harmony is notable in handicrafts and architecture not only in terms of core form but also art form. Tectonic subscriptions that indicate the characteristics of technical and artistic construction in Iranian architecture indicates in Iranian architecture how the building begins and ends, articulation of surfaces and decorative surfaces in terms of formal-structure is done under tectonic rules. Formal-structural similarities of wood tectonic in three scales (macro, medium and micro scale) under the tectonic rules: exposure of form and space (connect to earth and sky), articulation (different materials joint, tongue and groove, sliding joint, wick corner, bar joint and convex corner joint) are tectonic technical principles and the rule of covering surfaces(mosaic surface, border, carving, and negative surfaces) are artistic rules that expresses same tectonic culture. Tectonic culture had similar construction manifestations in similar culture and similar construction techniques have used in different materials.

In addition to optimizing energy consumption, daylight is efficient in the health quality of indoor spaces, the interaction of architecture with social behaviors, and the health of individuals in the space. In addition to increasing the quality of natural light in the space, benefiting a daylight control system significantly reduces the building's electrical energy consumption. The study aims to deals with the amount and the way the quality of the openings of the building's windows affects the quality of the received daylight. Therefore, it investigates the effect of the opening rate of the designed Iranian knot on the efficiency of natural lighting in the office space based on international standards, applying daylight simulation software and annual analyzes consistent with the weather information of Mashhad, through the occupation hours of the space. Firstly, However, the paper studies the basic concepts of the research; secondly, analytical tools are employed and analyzed how the quality of openings affects the quality of receiving light. Lastly, the result is formulated with logical reasoning based on analytical tools. Moreover, the results indicate that the opening coefficient holds a great effect on the distribution of natural light in different directions, particularly on the south front. Furthermore, the importance of daylight in optimizing the amount of energy consumption, the health quality of indoor spaces, and the health of individuals in the space is efficient through a systematic design that may control daylight consistent with the requirements.

Bathhouse (public Bath) as one of the well-known models of traditional Iranian buildings is important in the architectural literature, which is due to the heat exchange feature and energy storage in the body of this type of building. From this point of view, the fact that the whole design and pattern of these public baths are similar to each other needs to be investigated. In fact, traditional baths are not only an example of historical value, but also this building has a special and valuable function in terms of energy storage and prevention of heat exchange. This study focuses on their thermal behavior because the main parts of the traditional baths are two dry and wet spaces in the spatial-functional hierarchy of this building, namely the tepidarium (garmkhaneh) and the apodyterium (sarbineh). In this study, the thermal crust of hot and dry climates in Iran will be investigated due to the limitations of the research only in terms of surfaces and geometric area, which is one of the three main components in heat exchange through the crust.This study tries to identify the body of these spaces in terms of measures to reduce the area to volume ratio by examining the walling of the tepidarium (garmkhaneh) and the apodyterium (sarbineh) as spaces sensitive to heat exchange through the envelope  in traditional baths.This research has a quantitative post-positivist paradigm and a combined strategy of modeling and mathematical reasoning that for the meaningfulness of the responses, the relationship between heat loss through the envelope and the effectiveness of reducing the power of the heating system based on the quantity of the area is understood by simulating traditional bathroom spaces and adapting design solutions.What is induced based on the study of proportions and comparison of surfaces and volumes of selected samples, is that the general design of apodyterium and tepidarium spaces, by increasing the floor area of walls and walls connected to spaces with lower temperature difference and also reducing the area to volume ratio in Outdoor-related building-envelopes has led to a reduction in temperature losses through the envelope.

The construction sector accounts for a large portion of the world's energy consumption; in Iran, it’s more than 40% of energy consumption. Office buildings have a relatively unfavorable energy consumption pattern due to impersonal ownership and lack of supervision and needs improvement. The aim of this research is to improve the energy performance of these buildings by using a dynamic double skin façade.

In this research, first the dominant pattern of office buildings in Mashhad has been studied. Since the design is done in Mashhad, which is one of the religious centers of the country, and to create this feeling in users, the pattern used in its second skin is inspired by Islamic patterns of tiles and decorations of the holy shrine of Imam Reza (AS). After analyzing the energy performance of 5 selected patterns with Ladybug and Honeybee plugins, the most optimal pattern is used.

Daylight is one of the most influential parameters in the design of energy efficient buildings. To make the most of this parameter, it is necessary to create facades with maximum transparency. But these facades face challenges such as overheating. Therefore, it’s important to control the amount of daylight entering.

In this research based on highperformance architecture theory, an optimal solution to improve the energy performance of a 5-storey office building in Mashhad by using a dynamic double skin façade with the ability to control the daylight entrance is presented; which results in a reduction in building’s energy consumption by approximately 130,000 kWh per year.

The utilization of buildings contributes to approximately one-third of global energy consumption and a similar share of greenhouse gas emissions. In Iran, the buildings' energy consumption is more than 40% of the total energy consumption. Meanwhile, the environment, saving on fossil fuels, and sustainable development have become very important and common topics in the international arena. So, the building shell plays an important role as the outermost layer of the building, which is mostly connected to environmental factors. This article designs and evaluates the efficiency of the smart shading that prevents unwanted penetration of sunlight in the warm months of the year and allows light to enter the space in the cold months of the year. With the glance aesthetic view, Iranian geometry has been used to create these shading to achieve this beauty. Computer simulation and analysis and library resources are the methods used in this study. In this regard, an analysis sample with dimensions of 4 meters wide, 6 meters long, and 3.2 meters high as a part of office space for the shading were designed. And its effect on indoor lighting in the warm season was analyzed in VELUX Daylight Visualizer software. These shadings move and change direction according to the rotation of the sun. The analysis shows that in hot weather of the year, these shadings can reduce the brightness of the interior space by one-third and reduce the cooling load and keep the light intensity (lux) close to the standard of office space (300 lux). Furthermore, in the cold season of the year, the opening of these shadings is allowed light to enter.

Branding of commercial complexes is considered as a factor contributing to economic prosperity in cities, attracting tourists, and improving environmental qualities. The design and construction of commercial complexes are among the key factors in branding these centers. The form and facade of buildings and their decorations and details are among the visible and tangible features of buildings that, in addition to their features and functions, can be used as a potential to attract audiences. Commercial complexes in the 2010s in major cities, especially Tehran, have grown and expanded significantly. Their branding can play an important role in the economic prosperity of Tehran, and in building up a good reputation for this city.

This study attempts to identify the role of the form and facade of commercial complexes in branding these centers. This study also seeks to find out how the role of form and facade of commercial complexes in Tehran changes, and determine the degree of its compatibility with the global approach towards this issue.

The method of the present qualitative research is descriptive and analytical. In terms of purpose, it is an applied study, and the data was collected through the bibliographic method and field studies.

The results of this study show that the improvement of the visual quality of buildings being in a favorable connection with the context, in addition to the increasing attractiveness, the establishment of unique and symbolic projects, the interaction with the city, and the display of culture and history, are among the physical branding strategies that are reflected in the design of the form and exterior of commercial complexes. The facades and decorations used in commercial complexes represent the use of modern technology and a medium for conveying the intended messages by the brand owners. The results also show that before the 2010s, the strategies for attracting visitors to commercial complexes were more of pretenses of being up-to-date, while in the 2010s, the roles of design and construction in branding of Tehran’s commercial complexes are almost synchronous with the world, and the design of commercial complexes with distinctive shells and decorations has grown.

According to the International Energy Agency, the construction sector accounts for more than 33 percent of total energy consumption per capita as the largest energy consumer globally, while in Iran, the share is accounting for 40 percent. Meanwhile, the loss of nearly 11 percent of electrical energy while transmitting it through grid lines to cities has led to the rapid growth of a decentralized generation of electricity at end-use through building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems over the past fifteen years. Exposing to the Sun, façades have great potential to supply the electricity needs of energy-efficient buildings using photovoltaic panels. However, the improper orientation to the radiation direction, especially in summer, reduces the efficiency of PV panels integrated into the facades. Aiming to increase the efficiency of the southern BIPV’s facade, this research introduces an optimal combined pattern of PV panels and flat reflectors as an integrated system capable of improving both the intensity and the area of solar irradiation on panels.

The research has an applied approach, and the method of the research is founded on experimental and simulation models. Research tools used in the study process include descriptive geometry to analyze solar radiation and reflection on the panels, study models to consider the reflections, and Grasshopper plugin in Rhino software environment as a parametric tool to simulate the proposed integrated envelope. Ladybug plugin has also been used to extract solar radiation properties from the climate information file generated by Meteonorm software. At first, the experimental and analytical method was used to find the best concept for the combination, and then the logical reasoning method was applied to select the best pattern among the possible alternatives for a combined, concentrated photovoltaic facade. At the second stage, defining the constructing parameters, the proposed envelope is simulated aiding Grasshopper software. The parameters are optimized using the genetic algorithm through the Octopus plugin. At the third and final stage, input data, related to the index days, entered to the algorithm and optimization process was done so that the best values have been introduced for each input data to fulfill the research objectives. Then through a comparative process the best setting for each month, and finally for the entire year was selected and introduced.   

Having determined the optimum constructing parameters, the study calculated the proposed geometry output efficacy. The results showed significant increase in output power up to 87.38% in summer (June 21), 36.33% in spring (March 21), and 17.83% in winter (December 21) with an average of 46.44% during the year. The findings of the study addressed the six main parameters of the combined envelope influencing the efficiency. These parameters can be divided into two groups based on their effect. The first group includes lateral angle of side mirrors, lateral angle of underneath mirrors, horizontal depth of side mirrors with 52.75, 47.75, and 39.25 percent impact on "surface area of radiation" and with 64.5, 39.33, and 51.75 percent effect on the "increase in radiation intensity" respectively. The second group, meant, the number of panels in the vertical direction, side mirrors slope angle and the underneath mirrors ‘slope angle with 34.75, 23.25 and 18.75 percent of the impact on “the area of radiation" respectively, and 10.5, 15, and 13.7 percent of the effect on the "increase in radiation intensity" are at the fourth to sixth order of influence on the proposed envelope- efficiency. It’s proved that changing the most vital parameters affect the amount of “increase in radiation” up to 64.14% and cause 62.21% variation on “increasing the area of reflection” values while for the least influencing parameters, these items were calculated 15.85% and 15.90%, respectively.

Facades integrated photovoltaic panels have low efficiencies due to the non-optimal angle of the building envelope to the radiation, especially in summer. On the other hand, the need to design openings, particularly in the southern facade of the building, reduces the solar system’s efficiency by reducing the area of installable panels. In this study, the strategy of combining a flat reflector with PV panels in the form of a novel geometry was used to form the main idea to increase the efficiency of BIPVs. In this research, the two main criteria meant, radiation intensity and the area of ​​reflection, were considered as objective functions in optimization. The results showed that using the proposed integrated system during the year will increase the radiation intensity by an average of 38.8% and the reflection area by 46.70%. However, they will improve, in order, up to 71.41% and 100.53% in summer. In other words, using the proposed model, about 30% of the southern facade surface can be allocated to openings, and at the same time, the irradiated surface during the year is considered equal to the total facade surface. The study showed that the electrical output power in summer, using the proposed model, will increase to 88%, and for the two seasons of winter and spring, it will be 17.84 and 34.36%, respectively. The study showed that the proposed geometry could be introduced as a practical solution to enhance the façade integrated photovoltaic efficiency. So, it is capable of generating more electricity, especially in the cold climate of Iran.

Daylighting has significant impacts on the physiological and psychological needs of people in addition to reducing energy consumption. Furthermore, it should be noted that excessive daylight can cause visual discomfort and glare. Therefore, the reasons for the growing attention towards the responsive kinetic skins are increasing the indoor lighting levels while controlling glare and providing visual comfort due to different weather conditions during the year. This research proposes and evaluates a sun-responsive kinetic skin consisting of an Islamic pattern for the improvement of indoor environmental conditions.  The use of Islamic patterns has a long history and a special significance in Iranian-Islamic architecture, and its geometric and iterative design is correspondent with the idea of the kinetic skin. With the aim of increasing the illuminance level while reducing the risk of glare, the minimum and maximum solar altitude angles are considered corresponding to the skin opening ratio (50-100%), so that the lowest solar altitude angle is corresponding to the highest opening ratio, and the highest solar altitude angle is corresponding to the lowest opening ratio. The case study is a 7-meter deep south-oriented office space in Tehran. The depth of 7-meter is commonly used for conceptual design explorations and it is also chosen to be this large so that the effect of daylighting remains visible for all adaptive façade variations. Furthermore, horizontal louvers are deployed among the facade to control excessive unwanted daylight. The aim of this study is to provide a visual comfort level based on the LEED certificate. According to LEED, spatial daylight autonomy (SDA) of at least 50%, and annual sunlight exposure (ASE) of no more than 10% is recommended. The proposed envelope was evaluated using Grasshopper/Rhino for parametric simulation, Ladybug for inputting time zones and delivering sun position coordinates, Honeybee for analyzing daylight and glare, and online software ‘Design Explorer’ for extracting optimum solutions. The reflectance of the floor, ceiling, and walls are considered 20%, 80% and 50%, respectively, according to the conventional materials. Louver depth (50 and 100 centimeters), louver material (plastic and aluminium), glass material (double glazed low emissivity glass, and double-glazed clear glass), and the kinetic skin material (plastic and aluminium) were considered as input variables. Test points were chosen 0.5 meters apart and 0.8 meters high from the floor (desk height). The glare analyses were conducted during the winter solstice (December 21st), spring equinox (March 21st), autumn equinox (September 23st), and the summer solstice (June 21st) at 09:00h, 12:00h, and 16:00h, in order to meet extreme sun angles. In this study, 360 glare analyses and 30 annual daylight analyses were performed. The results show that the proposed system is efficiently capable of achieving imperceptible glare most of the time and providing the improvement of daylight performance and visual comfort level based on the LEED certificate. Useful daylight illuminance (UDI) increases by around 20 percent. Despite the decrease in spatial daylight autonomy (SDA) by around 3-20 percent, annual solar exposure (ASE) decreases by around 40-50 percent.

Problem statement: 

considering the extent of deteriorated urban areas and ignorance of energy/ climate problems in regeneration of this areas, make this subject, one of the main priorities of studies.

comparison between alternatives, it can be observed that considering the principles of climate-friendly design in a small block of urban scale, even with maximum adherence to mass and space principle and the features of approved plan, make it possible to save energy by providing design qualities such as central courtyards.

The methodological approach of this research is quantitative and its strategy is simulation and modeling using Builder Design software. Also, a comparative study method has been used to compare the energy consumption of three options (current situation, approved plan and proposed plan) for the urban block plan located in the deteriorated area of Hemmatabad.

In a comparative study, it is observed that in an urban block, even with maximum adherence to the mass and space and the orientation of the approved design, it is possible to save more energy consumption by providing design qualities, including private areas (central courtyards). The central courtyard with the outer skin consisting of Heblex blocks has the lowest energy consumption.

Fixed vertical and horizontal canopies that are used in buildings give a low level of clean and inexpensive energy. Therefore, modern technology should use in constructing new buildings in order to have maximum use of this blessing. One of these technologies is kinetic canopies which they can put on the façade. This would result in optimal use of sunlight and also a dynamic design style. The purpose of the current study is to present a kinetic smart shell model inspired by the Mimosa pudica motion algorithm in order to optimize energy consumption.

This study is quantitative and simulation-modeling research that modeling of kinetic shell has done in the Rhino 6 software and Grasshopper and climate analysis has performed using the Ladybug plugins. The shell has been analyzed on the south facade of a building in the Shiraz climate.

In the current study, attempted to create one-degree-angle canopies in each of the horizontal constituents by optimizing the facade to achieve better performance and aesthetic form. The amount of radiation received in this analysis ranges from 0 to 50.16kwh/m2. Finally, a table on the analysis of the kinetic shell energy from 6 to 19 ochr('39')clock in August and the climate of Shiraz was presented.

Modeled smart shell can be used as a kinetic canopy that can optimize energy consumption compatable with Shiraz climate.

Iran is one of the 10 countries with the highest consumption of energy generated from fossil fuels, and approximately 40% of the mentioned energy is used in the building sector. The consumption of fossil fuel increases the emission of greenhouse gasses and leads to environmental pollution. In order to mitigate the unpleasant effects of consuming fossil fuel energy in building, it is essential to construct buildings with efficient energy usage. The first attempt in constructing a building with an efficient energy usage is designing a building envelope with a proper thermal behavior. The previous research have indicated the importance of the specification of the appropriate thermal resistance of the building envelope. Therefore, the aim of this research is to specify the appropriate R value for different elements of the residential building's envelope based on the climatic situation of the region and the commonly used building materials in Rasht, in order to effectively decrease heating and cooling loads. This quantitative research uses a composite descriptive-analytical and modeling research methodology. The needed data to perform simulation includes climatic data and numbers related to R value, as well as heat transfer coefficients of various building materials. A residential building has been simulated in the Designer Builder software version 5.5.0.012. This software uses the Energy Plus Engine 8.6 to analyze the collected data. The dimensions of the building are 15x10x3.5 and is in east-west direction. The window-to-wall ratio on the south and north fronts is 30 percent; the eastern front includes a door while no opening exists on the western front. Moreover, according to the default stings of the software, other variables exerting influence on the energy consumption of the building are also selected. This research examines external walls, roof and window's glasses of the building's envelope, separately. To analyze the thermal resistance of the wall, 16 walls with different materials and thermal resistance coefficients were simulated. The roof is examined in both flat and sloping forms with uncontrolled roof gaps. The sloping roof is also consisted of two parts, one that interacts with its surrounding environment and the other that its bottom separates the sloping roof from the living space. Furthermore, 18 types of glasses have been examined to assess the relationship between heat transfer coefficient of multi-layer glasses and energy consumption of a building. The results show that increase of the heat resistance of the building envelop reduces the heating load of the building more than its cooling load. Furthermore, this research proposes the appropriate thermal resistance of the different components of the building's envelope. The results indicate that the suitable thermal resistance for walls, flat roofs, sloping surfaces and attic floor are m2.k/W 2v-3.5, m2.k/W3, m2.k/W 1.5-2.5 and m2.k/W 1.5, respectively. Likewise, the results show that reducing the glass transition coefficient of the multi-layered glass of the window has no significant effect on reducing the heating and cooling load of the building.

Energy saving is one of the most important challenges of today's world. In recent years, increasing concern about the environmental consequences of energy consumption and global warming has doubled the importance of this issue. In our country, the building sector accounts for about 40% of the total energy consumption. The building plays as the main intermediary between the outside and inside of the essential role in controlling the environmental conditions and providing comfort to the inhabitants of the building. This research investigates thermal behavior of external walls of buildings in Mashhad city. The research method was combined in this research and was identified by field studies of the common external walls in Mashhad buildings and simulated in the design of the Billboard software, and have been investigated in terms of energy consumption, as well as a number of new external walls Which are limited to the implementation of them in Mashhad, have been investigated in terms of thermal performance in the Designer Billboard software. The results show that the weakest wall in terms of thermal response between the exterior walls in the city of Mashhad HCB1 and the optimal wall in terms of energy saving and the appropriate thermal response A2, which uses this wall at 50% load The total and 73% are saved in wall losses, although the L2 wall performs better in the cold seasons, and prevents the outflow of heat inside the admittacne because of the energy required to provide the heating of the building. It is less than the rest of the walls, as well as the implementation of the dry facade system of each wall, which is observed by executing The dry façade of the total load and the heat dissipation of the wall are reduced.