جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « first pahlavi » در نشریات گروه « هنر و معماری »

Since little research has been done so far on houses of Shiraz that qualify and have valuable criteria to protect and model their architecture, with a relatively comprehensive understanding of organization’s performance. The spatiality of houses can be used to achieve activity systems and behavior patterns of different users in them; Therefore, in case approach of research, Zakeri House has been selected as an existing, comprehensive and containing information of the one-sided Pahlavi construction of Shiraz. Therefore, the current research is an applied research in terms of the objective, and in terms of data collection method, it is a non-experimental descriptive research of survey and case type. The obtained results show that in the one-sided construction of first side of Shiraz, by removing functional yard and turning it into a transitory space, as well as by removing connecting spaces and corridors, it reduces performance of spatial organization in architecture. Thus, in examining the performance of the spatial organization of one-sided Pahlavi houses in Shiraz, the components of "accessibility" and "flexibility" in the movement system of space, the component of "permeability" in the system of space planning and the component "Connection" and "integration" in the functional system of space as positive indicators with an increasing effect, as well as the component of "average relative depth" in the system of space planning and the components of "relative rank" and " Separation" in the functional system of the space are considered as negative indicators with a reducing effect on the performance of the space.

Since the first Pahlavi architecture is a new chapter in the creation of space and so far little research has been done on the houses of Shiraz that qualify and valuable criteria to protect and model their architecture; Based on this, this research aims to evaluate functional efficiency of space in architecture of two-sided houses of first Pahlavi construction in Shiraz, so that by improving the quality of housing architecture, it can achieve sustainable development of urban housing. Therefore, in terms of the objective, it is an applied research, and in terms of the data collection method, it is a non-experimental descriptive research of survey and case type. In this way, first, by using library sources and documents, the concept of functional efficiency of space in the residential architecture of the first Pahlavi of Shiraz was investigated and the factors affecting it were extracted; Then, by drawing explanatory diagrams, the spatial relationships in the selected houses were analyzed using the way of life and space syntax, and the spatial organization of the houses was examined from the point of view of movement, arena and functional systems. Following the ranking of factors affecting the performance efficiency of space in the first Pahlavi residential architecture of Shiraz, based on the process of analytical analysis, it was discussed. Then the performance efficiency of space was evaluated in the architecture of the selected houses. The obtained results show that the components of "accessibility" and "flexibility" in the movement system of space, the component of "penetrability" in the system of staging space, and the components of "interconnection" and "integration" in the functional system of space as indicators, positive indicators with an increasing effect, as well as the "average relative depth" component in the space staging system and the "relative order" and "separation" components in the functional space system as negative indicators with a decreasing effect on the level of functional efficiency are considered as space. The compatibility rate values are less than 0.100, hence the criteria are compatible in terms of mathematical logic and the calculations are correct. Therefore, the criteria of revitalizing the local identity and culture, form and direction of the optimal location of the mass-space, ecological orientation, compliance with the formal-spatial hierarchies, introversion, establishing security and safety, using light and natural ventilation, connecting with nature and natural elements, physical and visual accessibility, continuity of the level of human activities, fit between space, form and activity, existence of open (public), closed (private) and semi-open-closed (semi-public-private) spaces, respecting adaptability and flexibility, creating diversity and attractiveness, paying attention to beauty and avoiding futility are the factors affecting functional efficiency of space in residential architecture of first Pahlavi of Shiraz, which are ranked according to their importance, as well as the options (yard + two-sides-construction of two opposite fronts) and (yard + two-sides of the L-shaped structure) respectively have the highest appearance of the mentioned factors and, accordingly, the highest level of functional efficiency. It is considered that by strengthening the positive components and weakening the negative components on functional efficiency of space in residential architecture, the design process can be guided in an architectural format.

The first Pahlavi Era coincided with many changes and developments that led to the advent of modern Iran. Reza Shah tried to institutionalise power in society based on a new political rationality. To do so, he needed obedient and disciplined citizens to achieve sovereignty. According to Foucault, the famous French philosopher, the modern form of power differs from its traditional. He believes that modern power has tacitly influenced all society layers, and controlled the behaviour of large populations by bringing discipline. In this case, Foucault points to some techniques that create discipline in the space. The question here is how architectural space played a vital role in implementing power in the first Pahlavi era from the Foucauldian perspective of power theory. The extant study aimed at matching the spatial configuration of Tabriz Municipality Building with Foucault's spatial discipline techniques. The research was conducted based on the descriptive-analytical method, and data analysis was done through Depthmap software. According to results obtained from VGA indices (including visual integration, visual control, entropy, coherence, and depth), the location of the main entrance of the building, spatial articulation, settings of walls, the arrangement of rooms along narrow corridors, and transparent room doors were consistent with disciplinary techniques introduced by Foucault. The features mentioned above could play a significant role in visual and physical control of the interiors of a building, as well as creating a spatial discipline. The results pointed to a pattern that can be used in the design of public buildings by city managers.

In different historical eras, architecture has illustrated some concepts based on their times through the space and content conveying political, cultural, and historical implications to the audience. According to Michel Foucault’s theory, in pursuit of the political goals of government, the whole structure of society is transformed under the shadow of dominant discourses and integrated to achieve the political power of the rulers. The architecture has also been affected. Various political orientations appeared in architecture during the First Pahlavi era when Iran transited from tradition to modernity. It is essential to examine how architecture follows these changes and how to responses it by understanding the modern government in Iran. This study aims to investigate architecture as an apparatus for the government system and examine the effect of rationality and governmental techniques of First Pahlavi on Foucault’s state anatomy. This is a qualitative study with a discourse approach and content analysis, and its findings are derived from library sources and field observations. In this research, the Pahlavi government was investigated based on Foucault’s Theory, and then the manifestation of the First Pahlavi era's discourses was examined. The mentioned discourses included traditionalism, archaism, militarism, and modernism or modernity in the architecture of educational, administrative, and service uses in Tabriz remained from the first Pahlavi era. According to the results of this study, the discourses that appeared in the Pahlavi era have been a part of the regime's ideology to achieve its goals, such as dominance over the society, authoritarianism, identity, national integrity, and modernity. These discourses have appeared in the architecture inspired by the dictator neoclassic architecture, imitating the West, advent of new uses for modernization of work system, modern spatial organization, the façades inspired by the ancient architecture, placement of public building around the square emphasizing centralism and objectivism.

Photography, as a powerful communication medium, has always shown us a real and tangible world of cultural richness. Every tribe and nation has its own culture with its own special beliefs and different customs. Just as every historical object carries a message, photos, like a visual language, narrate the untold stories of history that encompass the historical legacy of a nation. This article deals with the investigation of the historical context of the city of Rasht, the first Pahlavi period. The current research, which is of historical-analytical type, and the materials and photos have been collected from organizational archives, institutions such as libraries, and also private archives. The findings show how with the beginning of Reza Shah’s reign, we witness a change in the outward process of people’s lives, especially the change in educational and cultural institutions due to the change in the political and economic system. Urbanization has faced many changes in the first Pahlavi period. Due to having suitable and sufficient infrastructure, people’s receptiveness from a cultural aspect caused new changes to take place quickly in this city. Along with these developments, we are witnessing progress in the process of the city and urban development. With the help of these developments, photography also expanded and the number of photography studios of that period increased. Access to the camera became much easier than in the past, and better light-sensitive raw materials entered the market, and cameras gradually became smaller and portable, the sensitivity of films became much higher, and people took photographs more easily than in the past. With the boom of photography and the same progress in its tools and equipment, we are witnessing an increase in photos of ordinary people and people of streets and markets. The findings related to the city of Rasht show that the presence of people in the city is visible in all the photos of the urban landscape and the photographer is not afraid to record people in his images, and this is a proof of the technical progress in cameras that, unlike in the past, the photographer, to take photos of the buildings, Due to the movement of people and the low sensitivity of the films, which caused shaking in the photo, they were not required to leave the photo scene alone. In the political changes, which was led by the ousting of Mirza Kochak Khan Jangali and the destruction of the cemetery of Sheikh Abu Jaafar, it laid the groundwork for the subsequent changes in this city, which according to the images found, a large percentage of cultural changes such as the construction of cinemas, theaters, hotels and The construction of numerous schools can be clearly seen in the pictures of this period. Since the growing city of Rasht was the origin of changes and transformations related to the events of that period, without a doubt photography had a relation with these developments. During this period, unlike the Qajar kings who only pretended to show their glory in photographs, Reza Shah tried to show the settlement activities, progress and development in urban development as the king of the country and used the photographs not for his personal purposes, but for it is used for political purposes. Among these images, we can mention the opening of railway lines, the construction of bridges, mansions, etc., all of which are being visited or inaugurated. Among the famous photographers of Rasht city in the first Pahlavi period are M. Markarian, Monsieur Soren, Isa Shafaq Gilani, Naghi Motamedi Hamdani, Hossein Mesri, Hassan Ahmadian Moghadam, Shahrabano Noushari, Mohammad Ibrahim Elmipour, Musiqar Photography Studio, Nik Photography Studio, Raphael Photography Studio, Markazi Photography Studio. Looking at the archive of photos of buildings and urban landscape of the first Pahlavi era and comparing it with the Qajar era, it can be said that this branch of photography, by order of Naser al-Din Shah, acted as a reporting news media and helped him in the administration of the country and public awareness of the state of the country. . In order to have more complete information about the cities and villages along his journey, he hired photographers. In reading these photos and putting the images together, it draws attention that despite the presence of many historical places in the city of Rasht, photographers were more inclined to record new and newly established buildings and showed less desire to photograph historical buildings. It can also be seen in the existing images that despite the beautiful nature of Rasht city, local photographers were not eager to record such images, which is believed to be due to the current government’s desire to show urban development and modernization.

The nostalgic longing for "passing from tradition to modernity (modernism)" and "returning to the past with authority and splendor (nationalism)" forms the essence of the worldview of "Iranian pseudo-romanticism" in the first Pahlavi period. This worldview and intellectual philosophy, of which literature and architecture were only one of the fields of its emergence, and in the social and political fields, in the form of intellectual movements that stimulated Iranian nationalism or nationalism as a way to integrate and empower Iran in Reza Khan's government, and caused the transformation of Iran became a stable and secure country. One of the ways of implementing Reza Khan's "Imperial Theory" was the use of art and especially architecture. Therefore, the current research seeks to find the answer to the question that the worldview of Iranian pseudo-romanticism in order to legitimize the modernist actions of the first Pahlavi government, how and with what indicators and components were manifested in the architecture of government buildings in Bandar Anzali city? Was the image created by the government in line with the opinion of the intellectuals? Therefore, the research is of a qualitative and applied type, using the comparative-comparative method through the method of library studies. The results of the research show that in addition to Pahlavi's cultural discourse to realize his modernist approach through architecture in the form of building "Government Buildings" modeled after European architecture, it is necessary to create mental images in the citizens through the accompaniment of intellectuals of that period in the form of "reports and travelogues". In order to encourage citizens to modernize, we should also consider it. It was almost after the modernization process of the first Pahlavi period that the city of Anzali became a "resort" for the first time for Tehranians who preferred to spend their free time in this city to the point where everyone called it "Fangistan of Iran". According to the results of the research, we witness the realization of the "romantic era of the city of Bandar Anzali" in the first Pahlavi period. In order to encourage citizens to modernize, we should also consider it. It was almost after the modernization process of the first Pahlavi period that the city of Anzali became a "resort" for the first time for Tehranians who preferred to spend their free time in this city to the point where everyone called it "Fangistan of Iran". According to the results of the research, we witness the realization of the "romantic era of the city of Bandar Anzali" in the first Pahlavi period. In order to encourage citizens to modernize, we should also consider it. It was almost after the modernization process of the first Pahlavi period that the city of Anzali became a "resort" for the first time for Tehranians who preferred to spend their free time in this city to the point where everyone called it "Fangistan of Iran". According to the results of the research, we witness the realization of the "romantic era of the city of Bandar Anzali" in the first Pahlavi period.

The concept of the general and general economic lifestyle is a comprehensive and coherent ‎collection that fosters social, cultural, and social components and is influential in the ‎formation of behavioral patterns, mental tendencies, and the life atmosphere of the people ‎of the society. Due to the fundamental changes in the structure of the community and the ‎way of life during the Qajar and the first Pahlavi period, a direct and substantial connection ‎between the way of life and the house's architecture. In this research, it is possible to study ‎and examine the course of its impact on the houses of the Qajar and the first Pahlavi period ‎in Tabriz city. has been prepared. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to know the ‎influencing factors of society on the process of changes in life and architecture in the ‎patterns of houses and to analyze and describe the differences. Thus, through a descriptive-‎interpretive method, through field and library observations, 45 houses from the Qajar and ‎Pahlavi period of Tabriz city where it was possible to visit and collect documents, there is a ‎selection and related investigations. In the next step, to achieve the goal of the research, the ‎spaces (Courtyard, Entrance, Porch, Howzkhaneh, Tanbi, Kallhei, and Stairs) in the houses ‎studied in the form of patterns of three physical systems (location, formal order, and access) ‎and the ways they together were compared. Examination of the findings showed that despite ‎the differences and changes that have gradually appeared in the houses of Tabriz since the ‎middle of the Qajar period, the houses of the Qajar period have a strong connection with the ‎traditions of the past and have a single spirit. In fact, it can be said that the process of ‎changing houses intensified from the end of the Qajar period and especially the first Pahlavi ‎period due to the change of government from Qajar to Pahlavi and the start of Reza Shah's ‎authoritarian modernization. These changes were first revealed in the houses' outer shell ‎and the house's non-main fronts and were gradually transferred to the house's main facades ‎and components and spaces. In other words, it first appeared in the form of decorations in ‎houses, and was done gradually by removing some spaces.‎

The study of Iranian architectural spaces as well as historical houses demonstrates the combination and connection among the three open, closed, and semi-open spaces. The connection among these three spaces and generally between inside and outside is a principle of Iranian architecture. The porch, as a semi-open space, has various functional, climatic, cultural, and physical functions, besides the common connection between open and closed spaces. Moreover, it is often considered a criterion for identification of the architectural and social value and identity of owners of historical houses. In this study, the descriptive-analytical method and comparative study are employed through library sources, and the typology and concept of the porch are addressed in order to realize the study’s first goal, i.e. identifying and typology of porches in the Qajar and first Pahlavi eras. Subsequently, in accordance with field observations and perceptions of the houses’ porch, it is tried to analyze the physical features of the porch in Qajar and first Pahlavi eras based on the two “physical and spatial” and “performance and functional” precise systems. The findings below are obtained after presenting the models and comparing the physical systems in four eras (early, middle, and late Qajar, and the first Pahlavi). Through investigating the porches in terms of model, they were studied and classified based on the houses’ systematic physical features in three types of “porch in general”, “porch in the middle”, and “protruding porch”. Concerning the key objective of the study, i.e. investigating the way and reason for changes in porches, it is worth noting that like other components and elements of historic houses, the porch is flexible and the changes in society and architecture were followed by the changes in configuration, space organization, and particularly the porches’ body. After the developments occurred in Iran as a result of the Iran-Russia war, a chain of events was created, reaching its peak in the first Pahlavi era. These events included a series of political, economic, social, cultural, and urban factors affecting the architectural model of houses and porches. The relationship with Western countries, the weakening of beliefs and values, the increased population, the financial ability of the owners of the houses, as well as the renovation and urban developments can be referred to as the key factors with a great effect on changes in the porches.

History is the product of the representation of memories. Paul Ricoeur divides memory into two categories, individual memory and collective memory, which represent the past. But part of the past is no longer available. This is due to forgetting parts of the memory that interfere with the representation of the past. Therefore, history is always different from a historical event. Social and political institutions also take advantage of this disorder and control and guide societies with their own ideology. How the memory and history are presented also depends on the policy of the provider. During the first Pahlavi era, the regime was able to use this memory policy to create a constructed history of ancient Iran, which was formed with the help of the art of theater in society. The present study, based on library data and descriptive-analytical method, intends to examine some important historical dramas of this period, how to implement the policy of memory and inject ideology to construct history in the first Pahlavi period through theaters. In this way, the prominent role of political systems and how to manipulate memory and history will be examined. This study also seeks to answer the question of how the government used the theatrical aspects of society to achieve this goal and intellectuals - willingly or unwillingly - played a helpful role in this ideology.

The history of textile in Kashan dates back to the millennia BC. In the Islamic era, it was one of the most important centers for the production of silk and cotton fabrics. One of the textiles that was produced in Kashan from the Safavid era onwards was called chit (i.e. chintz). Chintz is the art of block stamping on calicoes. This technique, which was a cheap way to imitate brocade and embroidery, was popularized in Iran and India from the beginning of the seventeenth century. Since these cheap goods were produced for everyday use, very few examples and historical documents have been survived. This paper with examination of a newly discovered document belonging to first Pahlavi era, surveys the characteristics of chintz production in Kashan. This research has been done by using library and documentary materials and descriptive-analytical and historical methods. One of the most important questions is the technical and artistic features, the prevalence and the reason for the decline of Kashan Chintz production. The document presented in this paper shows that in 1938, at least eighteen Chintz making workshops were active in Kashan, which indicates the widespread prosperity of this art in Kashan. This document was in fact a trade agreement for the payment of taxes, so that everyone should pay taxes based on their share in the chintz production of the city. Compared with Isfahan productions, Kashan chintz, especially those printed in two colors, can be considered as imitations of carpets. One of the main reasons for the degeneration of Kashan chintz in the second Pahlavi era was variety of items produced in the textile factories of the city.

Problem statement: 

With the rise of the Nazi Party in August 1941, Iran-Germany relations entered a new era. Increasing German influence in Iran through propaganda about the superiority of the Aryan race and the struggle against colonial powers such as Britain and Russia led Iranians to see Germany as their potential supporter and savior. Due to this perception, a large number of specialists and experts in various fields entered Iran to cooperate with the Pahlavi government. Among them, the presence of German architects, engineers, and construction companies is more prominent than any other group and their role in building many state buildings is obvious; buildings that emerged to show the power and glory of the government, influenced by the buildings of the Nazi era with a neoclassical orientation.

The current research aims to study the neoclassic architecture and extract its indicators and analyze them in the built monuments by German architects in Iran. Therefore, the main research question is based on this point that to what extent the tendency to the Nazi Architecture (neoclassic) has affected the contemporary architecture of Iran? The theoretical framework of the article also emphasizes that with the expansion of relations between the years of Nazi ruling in Germany and the first Pahlavi in Iran, part of the underlying factors for the formation of contemporary Iranian architecture emerged under the influence of Germany.

The current study is qualitative research. Method of interpretive historical research as well as the descriptive-analytical method is used in a mixed way.

Research results show that the presence of German expert groups and individuals in Iran had a very significant role in the entry of the Western architectural elements in Iran. Patterns and characteristics have been effective in three functional (plan), physical (form), and symbolic areas in the Iranian architecture, and in the meantime, the influence of the functional components have been more than the other two components. Also, improving the construction methods and using modern materials has been another area of influence of Germans in Iran.

Germany has always been one the most important economic, political and cultural partner of Iran. During the first Pahlavi government, Germany had had a tangible role in constructing some educational, economic, and industrial centers in Iran; hence some eminent German specialists and experts of different fields, such as industry and economy and eminent professors at universities, provided the background for the foundation of a modern country in Iran. Consequently, architecture, besides other social, political, and cultural phenomena, witnessed a substantial transformations and German architects had played a noticeable role in this process. The objective of this research is to analyses and explain the rank of German experts in Iran’s contemporary architecture, in order to find out the concealed Wisdom within German architects’ art pieces, and finally explain the features and criteria of the work, created by German experts and architect who were present in Iran. The hypothesis: (theory) of this research is that after Reza Shah consolidating of power, the relationship between Iran and Germany, changed from coldness, which was caused by the first world war, to become strong gradually. Furthermore, during the third decade of 20th century, Germany tried to recreate and extend their relationships with Iran. Therefore, so the connection between the two countries provided for the presence of German specialists and engineers in Iran.Research This research uses and combines the historical interpretation, analytic and descriptive methodologies. Thus, by using the historical resources, and documents, identifying and introducing German experts and their role in Iran, and their reflection on different aspects of contemporary architecture. German engineers influence on Iran’s architecture can be categorized into three sections: first, the increasing quality of Iranian traditional architecture constructions and transformations, by using modern materials. Then in new practical models design field, and finally in the aestheticism and symbolism which illustrated the concealed Wisdom in German architects’ constructions.

In the face of the arrival of modernism in the Middle East, the first achievement of the Republic of Turkey led by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk was disconnection from the visual symbolic past. Turkey succeeded in rebuilding itself and became a role model for its neighbor, including Iran during the Pahlavi regime. Thus, the impact of modernism on the symbolic and visual structures of the past is particularly important. Therefore, the influence of Cubic architecture on the avant-garde architecture of these two leaders isessential. The current paper aims at investigating this process and its roots. This is a qualitative comparative analytical research method with a morphological analysis strategy. Data was collected with reference to library sources. For morphological analysis and comparative study, Saad Abad and Chankaya palaces were selected. Then, the indices were determined and compared. The results show that theintercultural exchanges in the twentieth century significantly transformed the urban and residential culture in Iran and Turkey. Therefore, one cannot speak of producing "universal" pure architecture in an abstract space far from the influence of local conditions or of pure "local" architecture while one place is entirely dependent on other places. Saad Abad and Chankaya are not just influenced by local or universal architecture but rather influenced by the impact of the locally and universally features. Therefore, the morphological comparison of Saad Abad and Chankaya palaces is more than the content of the cubic architecture. It is not merely a modernist imitation of Western architecture, and the past (local) architectural traditions of these countries have not been completely abandoned, and in fact they have been interconnected or compatible with the traditional and modern concepts and forms.

In the beginning of solar fourteenth century contemporary nationalism global phenomenon could provide a new definition of nationalism despite historical nationalism that had a continuous position in the history and its most important result was the substitution of national and ancient interests for ethnic and religious rituals. Since the most important question in this article is that “how nationalism affects governmental architecture buildings in the first Pahlavi period?”، Thus we’ve tried to verify the effects of nationalism as a political concept on the architecture of this period and explain some features of its architecture. Research method of this article is “Descriptive-Analytical” so that first the written sources related to the subject was collected and data needed were extracted. Then visit the monuments of this period to analyze and explain the features they paid. According to studies، one tactic used by governments to make sense of this term Nationalist (and exploitation of results) The architecture of the ancient doctrine that had two 1-anti Religious 2-modernism Of the results is that the ancient architectural elements (particularly the Achaemenid and Sassanian) only are used in the appearance of buildings and the use of these elements are also two types: 1 – buildings that firmly used elements and ancient symbol like the Shahrbani House، National Bank، schools of FirouzBahram and Anoushirvan and Carpets Company Building 2 - The building that inspired and taken from the ancient building there was no direct imitation have shapes and architectural elements of Achaemenid، Parthian and Sassanian like State Department building and the Museum of Ancient Iran.