جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « landscape architecture » در نشریات گروه « هنر و معماری »

This paper aims to find a comprehensive conceptual model for health landscape by reviewing some important and decisive theories on the relationship between landscape and health.   

The theories in the field of health landscape are analyzed based on a descriptive-analytical method in two categories. The first category examines the existing mechanisms explaining the relationship between landscape and health and why the landscape affects people's health, while the second category tries to measure these effects by examining the quantitative and qualitative dimensions of the landscapes.

The analyses showed that the related theories in this field, which were initially formed based on a purely objective or subjective, gradually and in the course of their evolution, somehow converged with the comprehensive and holistic concept of landscape and focused on both aspects of objectivity and subjectivity in analyzing the health landscape. This has led to an approach in the field of landscape that emphasizes the role of the individual, society and the environment, considering the health of the landscape as a relative matter that will vary from person to person.

The presence of individual agency (adaptive skills and capacities of a person) and socio-environmental dimensions in today's definition of health in other fields indicates the existence of an interdisciplinary agreement on this convergence. This article shows that by relying on perception, these seemingly opposite aspects can be put together and a meaningful and holistic model can be achieved in relation to the health landscape.

Considering the establishment of the academic field of landscape architecture in the last two decades in Iran, it seems that revision and improvement of the academic education of this field is useful and even necessity at this point of time, both in terms of defining the boundaries of academic fields and helping the profession of landscape architecture nationwide. This article deals with the educational issues in landscape architecture as a profession-based academic field, taking into account the global definition and the areas required in its education as well as international educational standards, including the ones stated in the IFLA/UNESCO Charter for Landscape Architecture Education which was compiled jointly by the United Nations Scientific, Cultural and Educational Organization (UNESCO) and the International Federation of Landscape Architects (IFLA). In this article, the necessities to relate the academic education to the profession and to obtain professional accreditations for training courses from the related professional body, in addition to the requirement to obtain professional certification, recognition and registration for landscape architects were investigated. The results of this study are concluded in the form of suggestions for improving the university education in the field of landscape architecture in Iran with expressing the necessity of collaboration between all stakeholders including universities, scientific and professional bodies and societies in accreditation of educational programs and registration/licensure procedures for the university graduates in Iran.

In this study, the main discussion is about how Persian garden affects the realization of urban horticulture in Iranian cities. The research hypothesis focuses on the conditions and characteristics of Persian garden and introduces it as a starting point and a tool for landscape planning under the general idea of urban gardening. This study seeks to answer the question of how the Persian garden can be a starting point for the development of urban gardening in Iran as a new tool in urban and landscape planning. The research method is qualitative and a combination of analytical-descriptive research method and citation method. The results of the study show that conservative approaches that seek to protect urban historic gardens through laws and regulations do not guarantee agricultural activities in the gardens. Therefore, the recreational and leisure functions of the garden have prevailed over other production services that can be realized in the garden. The authors seek to revive the edible heritage of the Persian garden by proposing two strategies: public-involving and place-making strategies. In terms of public-involving strategy, the Persian Garden is the place where activists of agriculture and urban horticulture through teaching the traditional principles of horticulture, help revive the edible heritage of the Persian garden and turn the garden from a purely tourist and historical space into a productive and fruitful garden. In terms of place-making strategy, in the process of designing and rehabilitating dilapidated urban green spaces, while respecting the Iranian horticultural culture, the systematic and accurate presence of productive plant species and urban horticulture spaces can be provided. In the place-making strategy, for designing, constructing or reviving public orchards, social orchards, educational agricultural landscapes, planting fruit trees in parks, restoring promenades and improving the visual landscape of urban green space, we can pay attention to the indigenous patterns of multifunctional gardening of Persian gardens.

The spatial characteristics of outdoor places are significantly influenced by trees. Using space syntax theory, this study examines how the spatial arrangement created by the suggested trees planting design and wayfinding affects the visual fields of a university campus. These methods are thought to be helpful in determining the proposed space's spatial organization and evaluating design options. An experimental study using three different planting and wayfinding design proposals for a university campus is conducted. The first proposal follows a regular, parallel array of trees and diagonal, symmetrical paths. The second proposal consists of a 5-point pattern of trees and straight and symmetrical paths, and the third proposal applies a random grid pattern of trees and radial paths. Data are analyzed using space syntax techniques. Results reveal a significant effect of planting configurations and wayfinding on syntactic measures across the three proposals. The highest levels of movement can be observed in the 5-point planting plan with straight paths, although radial and curved arrangements of paths and random planting of trees also generate comparably integrated and connected environments. Therefore, this study suggests that space syntax techniques may have a significant value in the assessment of schematic planting design, especially at the user's movement level.

Road, as one of the important achievements of humankind, meets humans’ needs and shows the evaluation process of communication culture. Humans have always created a distinct environment by designing their surroundings and intervening the nature. This type of design and intervention in nature is one of the distinctive features of human civilization. But in the experience of the formation of urban spaces, today, humankind has reached a point of interference in the environment that sometimes he cannot tolerate; and sometimes seek refuge in nature to regain his sense of peace. The spaces covered by the roads are important as the urban and rural living spaces and require careful planning, management, and design. Engineering sciences intervene in nature by using technologies and paying less attention. This is despite the fact that the road is also a space for human life. Sometimes it becomes the destination and is the connecting line between origin and destination; it also welcomes people for hours. Based on field observations, library resources, and document analysis, this research proves that the road phenomenon requires more experts' reflection and should be the subject of a joint study with other sciences other than engineering sciences, including the knowledge of landscape architecture. Studying the road with a landscape approach and a more comprehensive view emphasizes strengthening the relationship between the road and its natural environment. Paying more attention to the natural areas of the road substrate, in addition to improving the quality of the road, will also strengthen travel safety conditions.

Nature is the most important environmental variable that has affected human life since beginning of history. Humans play a role in nature both as users and as participants in nature's preservation. Therefore, there is always a mutual relationship between humans and nature. However, there has been a great separation between humans and the natural environment in recent years due to various reasons, especially urbanization, which has had many consequences. Thus, based on sustainability research, societies' demands for reconnection with nature have increased. Yet, there is relatively little coherence about what reconnecting to nature means, why it should happen, and how it is achieved. This reconnection can play a significant role in responding to many environmental challenges. The study's purpose is to create a conceptual framework for a better understanding of how human beings interact with nature to strengthen this relationship. The research method is based on the statements and its qualitative approach, content analysis and interpretation of the findings. This study tried to present a conceptual framework to organize existing literature and direct future research on human-nature connections and discussed how reconnecting people with nature can function as a treatment for the global environmental crisis. In this paper, the data are collected using library studies. After summarizing and categorizing them, they are analyzed in descriptive and interpretive manners. The results show that to achieve advance and strengthen the relationship between man and nature, comprehensive measures at the individual and social levels and policy interventions demand specific changes. Finally, this strengthening of human individual and social relations with nature can be effective in achieving the goals of sustainability.

The challenges toward transition to sustainability require profound structural changes made in socio-technical configurations. Urban living laboratory(ULL) is identified as a platform for utilizing the potential of citizens' lived experience and realizing their participation. Regarding the wholeness principles in landscape architecture, the present study is to show the implementation of ULL using the potentials of ritual landscape as a daily landscape, will facilitate the transition to cultural sustainability and thus urban green contemporization.

With an overview of theoretical foundations based on highperformance architecture theory, documents relating to Jamaran neighborhood were studied. In-depth interviews were conducted with the influential stakeholders of the neighborhood to obtain an adequate awareness of the area. Then, by applying the categories derived from coding the interview sessions and analyzing them by the grounded theory method, the strategies for implementing a ULL in the context of Jamaran neighborhood were investigated.

The findings in Jamaran neighborhood identified categories that during the theorizing process, confirmed the role of ULL as structures in the daily living context of residents in using the potential of ritual landscape to facilitate the transition to sustainable development and thus urban contemporization.

the results indicate that the implementation of a ULL in the traditional Iranian neighborhoods requires full recognition of the decision-making power of locals in processes related to the ritual landscape as a routine procedure and it facilitates the transition to sustainable development. Also, the ULL’s effects on the recognition of indigenous and their tacit knowledge are to be considered.

It is to achieve practical criteria for designing and improving the quality of social behavior settings in accordance with the spatial qualitative values of social behavior settings in neighborhood parks and considering the components affecting the quality of the behavior settings with a holistic approach (objective-subjective) which include objective and subjective criteria which lack of proper attention to them, overshadows the overall function of the park spaces. Based on the Persian garden lessons, it can strengthen social interactions.

This study was based on fieldwork with an analytical-descriptive approach. Quantitative analysis tools of indicators include questionnaires and cognitive maps to examine objective and subjective criteria from the landscaping perspective in behavior settings and the objective quality of space is evaluated by the syntactic indicators of space syntax.

Findings indicate that among the objective criteria of place in behavior settings of neighborhood parks in the 5th district of Tehran, safety and social activities and also among the subjective components of place, security and sociability in the physical quality of the park have higher priority.

The results show that People use spatial places that are designed openly and adjacent to active social settings as subjective settings without regard to physical values. Numerical intervals obtained from modeling in the depthmap show the attention of designers to the shape of ground in the design of park and lack of attention to spatial quality of behavioral settings, which is directly related to security and sociability of the park.

Modern semiotics has opened new avenues for research in various fields of science, and it has expanded the process of analysis in different branches by providing models. It seems that semiotics can provide a framework for landscape architects.

This research seeks to discover the relationship between semiotics and landscape architecture to develop a framework for the analysis and design of landscape architecture based on semiotics.

This article employs the comparative method to analogize a landscape to a text and semiotics to a text analysis tool. Using a descriptive-analytical method, it examines and analyzes the basic concepts, opinions, and divisions of experts in the field of semiotics and proposes combined models for analysis and design.

Preparing a mixed three-dimensional model, which studies thephysical, semantic and audience-based dimensions of the landscape in relation to each other for landscape studies, based on the Peirce and Hjelmslev models, is one of the findings of the study. It has also applied Wang’s extended model of Hjelmslev in studies of physical and Meaning dimensions. It is a three-step pattern for finding the meaning of a landscape or giving it meaning.

One of the historic capabilities of Birjand city (East of Iran) is the existence of a large number of historic gardens that, despite the great importance from the perspective of landscape architecture, sufficient attention has not yet been given to the gardens from the viewpoint of landscape planning. One of the newest global approaches to historic gardens is the revival of agricultural and productive capabilities of gardens through methods and approaches called urban agriculture. While urban agriculture encompasses the tangible edible heritage of urban gardens, it also prioritizes engaging civil society in agricultural activities. In urban agriculture, in addition to the owners of the gardens, urban dwellers benefit greatly from the collective gardening in the urban gardens.

This study attempts to identify the strengths and weaknesses of Birjand's historic gardens for the development of urban agriculture, and therefore seeks to answer the following question: Are Birjand's historic gardens appropriate for urban agricultural development?

The research method in this study is analytical-descriptive and main data were collected from bibliographic databases and through interviews with garden managers, experts, consultants, and some gardeners about 11 historic gardens. In addition, field studies in historic gardens have been conducted by the authors. Questionnaires were also used to collect the data including physical facilities of gardens, agricultural production activities in gardens, agricultural and horticultural objectives, marketing of horticultural products, and agricultural economics.

The results show that a large part of the area of Birjand's historic gardens is dedicated to agricultural activities. According to the findings of this study, historic gardens have the potential to create opportunities for public participation in the production, training, and consumption of agricultural and horticultural products. A combination of different goals, whether commercial, educational, social, therapeutic, or environmental, can be the key to the success of place-making of the historic gardens through urban agriculture. According to this strategy, the historic garden can be a place for interaction between different groups and users. Therefore, the formation of Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes (CPULs) depends on the strategy of public participation and involving citizens in the re-planning of historic gardens for the development of the edible public green space so that all gardens, whether private, public, or endowed, would be places for the presence and participation of citizens in the development of urban agriculture.

In recent decades, resilience planning has been received significant attention by experts from most of the fields, especially landscape architects, in the face of flood and drought disturbances. The River Darakeh, as one of the urban rivers located in Tehran, is highly vulnerable to flood disturbance and its consequences despite the construction of flood-control infrastructures—channels and terraces on the riverbeds. This issue reveals the insufficiency of such plans in controlling the flood. Thus, it is necessary to plan and design the River Darakeh in order to reduce the risk of floods and increase the sustainability of the river. In this regard, this study seeks to fine an alternative approach instead of channels against the environmental problems and consequences of the floods of the River Darakeh. Therefore, this paper endeavors to find answers of the questions: is the new approach to resilience a viable alternative to one-dimensional and engineering approaches to the management of rivers? In order word, how can this approach transform the turbulent environment of the River Darakeh into a sustainable and environmentally and flood-friendly environment? Accordingly, this study employs the descriptive-analytical approach as well as a brief review of the related literature in order to gather various resilience indices. Then, design strategies based on the definitions of indices are extracted, and design solutions for the River Darakeh, as a case study, are presented in the face of flood disturbances. This study relies upon seven indices of resilience thinking—namely, redundancy, diversity, strength, connection, learning, self-organization, and variability—to present several strategies; including environmental and spatial diversity, high-level knowledge, the capacities and skills of indigenous people, the application of past generation’s experiences regarding past floods, strength of natural and human-made components, strength of the spatial relations and coherence of design components, and self-organization of social and ecological resources; for designing the River Darakeh to withstand against flood turbulences. This design and planning initiative includes different social and environmental dimensions which can be considered as alternative solutions for the flood control channels and the terracing on the riverbeds. The finding of this paper can be applied as a pattern for chaotic urban rivers in Iran and throughout the world in similar circumstances.

A proper understanding of precedents in architectural design as a common practice, suffers from the taboo of “imitation”, on the one hand, and, is also accused of “heresy”, on the other hand. In this regard, three issues have been studied until now: “Extracting the backgrounds of applied knowledge”, “Defining the proper understanding of precedents” and “Clarifying the difference between an educational or a research-based case study”.
What still requires further research for defining the “proper understanding of landscape architecture precedents” is the inevitability of interpretation due to the role of humans as a “subject” in landscape architecture. So the question here is what effect does the inevitability of interpretation have on the meaning and method of proper understanding of landscape architectural background knowledge? This study aims to reduce the theoretical difficulties that could impair the ability of knowledge production in this field of study. To do this, the concept of “knowledge production” is first thoroughly examined, then, “the conditions of precedents as a
source of knowledge” together with the “researcher`s conditions as an intervening subject” are determined as the main components of “understanding” in a theoretical framework. Finally, the standing point of landscape architecture is explained in comparison with this framework. The results show that to produce knowledge in landscape architecture, in addition to four common forms of understanding/perception in the field of architecture including “Irregular”, “Superficial”, “Deep” and “Structural”, which have already been determined in previous architectural research, another level should also be considered that is generally known as “Continuous” understanding. By focusing on this level of understanding and using the two techniques of “Triangulation” and “Crystallization”, it can open up new horizons in landscape architecture to address issues with multiple interpretations of subjectivity and to validate the findings.

In the design evolution of higher degree educational complexes, there has always been a combination of closed space and open spaces; many examples of it in Iran, European, American, and Asian countries. Research shows that campus universities have an important role in creating high-quality educational environments and can help students become more involved with higher education institutions. However, the design of university campuses in Iran is often based on predetermined designs, regardless of the behaviors and needs of the users of such spaces. Identifying and assessing students' needs and desires and the reasons for using / not using them from academic spaces can help create meaningful spaces.This research seeks to review university campus design based on behavioral studies. The case study is the campus of Babol's Noushirvani University of Technology. The qualitative method of this research is based on observations and interviews. The results show that the highest number of activities occurs in green spaces between the schools. On the other hand, quiet spaces are more desirable for activities such as studying and getting focused. Considering the places where the furniture is installed, and using different types of furniture based on activities while considering the climate can increase the quality of the campus. In this regard, attention to the landscape edges can play an effective role in campus design in dense urban spaces.

In today's world, cities have become the center of human life and work. If, in the not too distant past, cities were exceptional and scarce phenomena, they would have become the main human and normative place of residence today. More than 50% of the world's population currently lives in urban areas, with urban population reaching 6.3 billion by 2050, most of them in less developed countries. Urban green infrastructure is directly linked to human health and biodiversity in urban areas and plays an important role in urban ecology. During the development of cities, urban green spaces were underutilized for some time and many urban green spaces were destroyed as cities expanded. Due to the growing population in cities, there are numerous human-related issues that challenge the viability of cities. Problems such as ethnic segregation, segregation of land, workplace segregation, exhaustion and deterioration, increased street traffic, deprivation and socio-economic inequalities, health, welfare, inequality in access to health, education, recreation, etc. This is one of them. In recent years, research on how cities have been managed, social, cultural, economic, and environmental systems can be stepped up to promote sustainable urban management. In addition to preserving and expanding nature and creating an active urban ecosystem, green urban infrastructures can also provide economic and social benefits to the city and can be used at various scales, from the home or building level to the larger landscape level. To fall. Other benefits of urban green spaces include equity in urban green space, health promotion, public education and citizenship, improving urban environmental quality, promoting clean transportation, environmental diversity, visual beauty. The present paper examines the impact of different types of green infrastructure on the enhancement of infrastructure, service and environmental factors in urban life. Investigating the relationship between landscape functions, landscape distance from residential environments, and landscape elements on infrastructure and environmental factors and services is an approach to enhance urban sustainability indicators and increase citizens' viability indicators. Understanding the factors studied in the field of services, infrastructure and environment in cities is one of the most important components in this regard, which is extracted from previous research. The research method is descriptive-analytical and survey. The method of data collection was through questionnaire and analysis technique, descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. Statistical population of engineers and specialists was related to quality of life and quality of life and number of samples. Data analysis was done through SPSS software. The results show that the type of green space structure, thematic performance of green space and distance from green spaces have a direct impact on the change of urban environmental sustainability indicators. This paper examines the need for simultaneous attention and multifaceted attitudes to the constituent elements of the landscape and its influential and influential infrastructural, environmental, and service elements on citizens' minds. As urban environments change over time and with the growing population of the world, one vision of infrastructure will break down those systems. Cities need a comprehensive look at management and design so that they can meet the diverse physical and mental needs of citizens and respond to the needs of future generations. Urban residents use green spaces in a variety of ways, so it is important to understand how a green space can meet the needs of its users, as well as an overarching approach to the design of urban green spaces by rooting the cause and effect relationship.

Resilience, a new approach to environmental disturbances, has attracted the attention of landscape architects in recent decades. This approach is an appropriate alternative to rigorous engineering approaches and has been extensively used in different landscape projects around the world.The Kan river, the main river of Tehran, is still vulnerable to flood disturbance even though its infrastructures have been improved to control the flood. Rigid and one-dimensional approaches to flood control not only has failed to control flooding but also destroyed the ecological and structural infrastructures of rivers. This paper seeks to investigate how the environmental resilience approach can affect flood management in urban rivers. It mainly focuses on the role of resilience thinking and its potential contribution to the regularization of the Kan river in response to flood disturbance. To this purpose, in this paper, four successful projects in the world were examined to extract the principles and strategies of resilience in the face of the river flooding. Planning and strategies were proposed based on these principles and guidelines for this chaotic river. Time, trial, threshold, learning, and diversity as the principles and cut and fill as well as wetlands as the strategies were extracted from the projects to address the disturbance of the river. As a variety of disciplines play a key role in flood control, the necessity for multidisciplinary integrated approach and planning is much felt. The integration of principles and strategies, planning, and organization of the landscape lead to a comprehensive and multidisciplinary program. In other words, the Kan river planning management requires a multidisciplinary approach which addresses landscape and ecological issues. This comprehensive and multidisciplinary planning based on flood resilience can serve as a model for other urban rivers that are vulnerable to flood disturbance.

MSc, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University
Located in District 22 in west Tehran is the 134 ha Lake Chitgar. Early schemes and planning for the lake date back to 1968, but it was eventually in 2010 that it was placed in the municipality agenda. The design and implementation of the water expanse was complete by 2012, and it was filled a year later. There has been a variety of occasionally contradictory criticisms in academic and professional circles regarding the lake’s location, water supply sources and its environmental impacts: from the designated density of surrounding urban areas to quality and quantity of incoming water and even the city’s ecologic capacity to retain such a lake. Nevertheless, bearing in mind the landscape architects’ disinvolvement from the project’s macroscale decisions, and thereby the negligence of coastal landscape debates, the present paper attempts to pay particular attention to such neglected debates concerning this project. The paper reviews the views and concepts employed in coastal landscape architecture, the most important of which being those of green infrastructures and taking advantage of natural elements. The attention to ecological concept was also considered in order to create a suitable ground for animal life and its growth, and thereby users’ contact and familiarisation with these phenomena with learning and social objectives in mind. It should be noted, however, that the authors believe that authorities’ unfamiliarity with these concepts have contributed in the scheme’s part-failure, and non-implementation of many original ideas. A further level of training is proposed in response, to familiarise authorities as well as the public in order to help mitigate the present situation.

Landscape is a phenomenon that enters scientific and professional gamut in recent decade seriously, and because of its novel emersion, there are loads of challenges and questions about its definition. . By hearing the name of" Landscape" at the first time, it likely bears in mind the concept of green space and its definite presence in public memories.The other controversial issue in this field is extent of relationship and association of Landscape with environment and nature.
In this paper we try to answer some of these ambiguities to be clarified the public image and even both architecture and urbanism specialists that is not mostly comprehensive image of it
Although designing and creating gardens and parks existing in Landscape Architecture projects, but in fact Landscape Architecture not only does not limited into it but also includes deeper and broader scale concepts. Nature and environment also plays an important role in terms of Landscape. When people can understand environment then it can contains Landscape. Thus, there is some differences in understanding Landscape proportional to the individual recognition. In the other hand, developing of the built environment and expanding professional knowledge, overlapping spheres of activity, confusing of some issues between "Landscape Architecture" and "Urban Design" create some obscurity in constructing the built and natural environment in cities; Urban Design mainly looks physically to the problems while Landscape Architecture's purpose is to humanize (subjective aspect) and organize the perimeter.
This paper presents an overview of the definitions of domain Landscape Architecture's experts and expressed the view that it is necessary and important, vital for the continuation of the Landscape Architecture is expressed. Seems to assume the perspective of the future world is familiar with human needs and desired location. The perspective of the rules (discipline) will be known, prospective move to issues of tomorrow.

Nature has always been a retreat and an inspiration for humans, satisfying many needs in life including a sense of aesthetics. “Everyday landscapes” which contain many of the attributes of natural environments also serve to connect humans with their surrounding elements and conditions. In addition, everyday landscapes have an impact on the daily interactions and activities of people and serve to better understand the social processes and landscape structures and elements. Since the relationship between humans and nature is no longer in a desired or meaningful state, this research focuses on the principal aspects of everyday landscape and its impact on human cognition from a landscape architecture viewpoint. To do this, a visual assessment case study of a section of the route to the girls’ dormitory in Shahid Beheshti University was conducted.
Based on a combined qualitative/quantitative method, qualities of landscape especially those of everyday landscape were assessed by analyzing cognitive maps of 40 girl students. The data from the field survey was then analyzed using the Shannon entropy method. Besides revealing some of the important elements of everyday landscape and their cognition, findings show that qualitative variables of legibility, complexity, coherence, and mystery are the priorities of participants, respectively. It is evident that user priorities among the variables of everyday landscape and in architectural, landscape architectural and urban design activities can help develop and generalize qualitative and quantitative environmental goals throughout the planning and design of urban spaces.