جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « law » در نشریات گروه « هنر و معماری »

As the well-known Iranian filmmaker and winner of two awards for the Best Non-English Language Film from the Oscar Academy, Asghar Farhadi's cinema is known as a prominent example of 'Iranian social cinema.' It emerged during the early years of twenty first century as a movement born out of the duality of intellectual cinema and value-based cinema following the Iranian Revolution. Through his work, Iran's cinema faces its own identity and strives to explore the dialectic of government, rights, and ethics in the middle class. From this perspective, his movies have a rich relationship with Iran's legal system in both form and content. In Farhadi's movies, the legal system in Iran has a contradictory image that is thought-provoking, critical, gloomy, passive, yet pretentious. It interferes but proves ineffective, distorting individuals' freedoms, choices, and privacy while remaining incapable of providing justice and guaranteeing a peaceful life for citizens. According to Farhadi's perspective, instead of facilitating social life, the legal system becomes the primary factor in constructing a labyrinth of crises in Iranian society. The ideological rules, favoring one good over others and mobilizing resources and facilities towards that good, intentionally violate privacy boundaries with the aim of moral purification of citizens. This leads to a decline in collective morality, creates social condemnation towards dissidents and intellectuals, fosters increasing violence, erodes the language of dialogue, and causes social division. According to Farhadi's movies, the only way to overcome such divisions is by strengthening civil society, formulating impartial laws, decreasing government intervention in citizens' personal lives, prioritizing reconciliation over violence, practicing restorative justice, promoting honesty and integrity, and redefining concepts such as honor while rectifying inappropriate traditional culture.

The transaction option with the development of financial markets, especially the stock market and securities in Iran, entered the legal, jurisprudential and legal issues of Iran. Therefore, due to the alteration between this type of contract and the usual contracts in the legal and jurisprudential system, their nature and validity were questioned and many opponents and supporters among jurists and legislators were found. Since the arrival of this type of contract in Iran, its principle has been challenged, the most important factor of which has been different are the legal, jurisprudential and legal attitudes towards it. Therefore, in this study, with a different approach from previous studies examining this type of contract from only one perspective or at least two perspectives, an attempt has been made with a comparative approach to examine the nature of these contracts from three legal, jurisprudential and legal perspectives. An independent approach to these three approaches scrutinizes these types of agreements. Studies show that conflicts, contradictions and disputes over the nature of this type of contract are the result of ignoring the independent nature of this type of contract and none of these three approaches have given an independent principle to these contracts and to form this type of agreement in other contracts under other terms and conditions, and this is one of the most important causes of contradictions, conflicts and disputes in this area. However, these types of contracts have an independent and unique nature.

Examining the nature of the transaction option from three perspectives: law, jurisprudential and legal with a comparative approachInvestigating the causes of conflicts, contradictions and disputes over the nature of such contracts in law, jurisprudence and legal issues.

Research questions:

What is the legal and jurisprudential meaning and nature of the transaction option?What are the types of option contracts and what are their applications?

The purpose of this article is to study the jurisprudence and law of the civil liability of the government for the livelihood of the people with a view to the reflection of social stability and justice in contemporary graphic works. Islamic economics, whether as a system or a school of economics, is influenced by some Muslim economists and influenced by the worldview and value system of Islam. Explaining the relationship between the Islamic value system and Islamic economics, as well as explaining how these values ​​crystallized in the Islamic economic system, has been the subject of much discussion among Muslim economists. From another point of view, citizenship rights as one of the rights of citizens has a special effect on the government, which has four main areas: civil, political, economic, social and cultural. Although the right to livelihood and welfare is in the socio-economic sphere; But it also affects other areas. In other words, the government has a civil responsibility in this area, and therefore it must fulfill this responsibility properly and completely. The existence of relevant laws in this field, including the Constitution, the Islamic Penal Code, the Civil Liability Law, the Labor Law, the Compulsory Civil Liability Insurance Law, as well as the Maritime Law, demonstrates this responsibility of the government, which has made it obligatory to ensure the welfare of citizens. In special circumstances. These laws are based on jurisprudential and legal principles, which in general remind the principle of Islamic justice.

The contract of option with the development of financial markets, especially the stock market and securities in Iran, entered into the legal, jurisprudential and legal issues of Iran. Therefore, due to the difference between this type of contract and the usual contracts in the legal and jurisprudential system, their nature and validity were questioned and found many opponents and supporters among jurists, jurists and legislators. Since the arrival of this type of contract in Iran, its nature has been challenged, the most important factor of which has been different legal, jurisprudential and legal attitudes towards it. Therefore, in this study, with a different approach from previous studies that have examined this type of contract from only one perspective and at most two perspectives, an attempt has been made with a comparative approach in addition to examining the nature of these contracts from three legal, jurisprudential and legal perspectives. An independent approach to these three approaches examines these types of contracts. Studies show that conflicts, contradictions and disputes over the nature of this type of contract are the result of ignoring the independent nature of this type of contract and none of these three approaches have given an independent nature to these contracts and have tried to form this type of contract in other contracts. And examine contracts under other terms and conditions, and this is one of the most important causes of contradictions, conflicts and disputes in this area. However, these types of contracts have an independent and unique nature.

In Imami jurisprudence, purity has been considered as a means of dominating other people's property and is similar to intercession. Some consider it as a cause of falling obligations and others consider it as a sale and its rulings are attached to the rulings on the sale of faith to religion and guarantee. However, some have considered the use of purity instead of vengeance to be correct, because if the conditions of purity exist, each of the two religions will reject and abrogate each other. Imam Khomeini's view is also based on the fact that purity is one of the causes of falling commitment and is not considered as a guarantee. The research method of this paper is descriptive-analytical, and information is gathered by the study of books, articles, publications, reputable legal sites in main and secondary sources. The research findings indicate that due to the lack of differences in nature between contractual, judicial and statutory purifications, all of them eventually return to coercive purity. The final result of the research indicates that the jurists in their interpretations have often described purity by force. Therefore, from Imam Khomeini's point of view, purity is also coercive, and in the presentation of works of art and products, this act becomes elementary, and finally, there is a difference between purity and retribution.

Examining the theories of jurists and judges with emphasis on the view of Imam Khomeini on the issue of purity with emphasis on the supply and sale of works of art. Creating insight, awareness and enlightenment of public opinion, as well as with the aim of examining the views of jurists and jurists about purity as one of the causes of falling obligations.

Research questions:

How is the truth of purity and its types analyzed from the point of view of jurisprudence and law with emphasis on the opinion of Imam Khomeini? What effect do the views of jurists and jurists have on the supply and sale of works of art, with a special emphasis on Imam Khomeini's view on purity?

Today, the importance and special position of the historical texture and buildings in the city is completely obvious. However, the issue of protecting, supporting and restoring historical texture and valuable historical buildings in Iran is not seriously, scientifically and legally pursued by top level of management and popular demand. Historical texture and buildings are increasingly in danger, day by day. Although several public associations and non-government organizations keep tracking the protection of historical buildings, they won’t be effective as they do not have legal role and position in decision-making and actions. Therefore, the importance of legal and lawful dimensions to pass or change these conditions will be considerable. Accordingly, using a qualitative method as well as legal hermeneutical approach, a review of consistent and related rules has been done and consequently a brief pathology has been provided based on the protecting and restoring rules and in comparison, with global commissions and agreements. The results of these studies indicate that existing laws need to be revised, modified and completed. In addition, there are a number of legal gaps that require the enactment of new laws to address overlooked issues in the existing set of laws. Among them, some issues are more important. Therefore, in order to prioritize each reform issue in law, a process of priori has been done with the experts and specialists’ views. The results of interviews with experts and the prioritization indicated that documentary issues, monitoring building protection and recovery in law content as well as the issue of law enforcement are the main challenges of law reform.

Justice is one of the most important human values, justice, though it seems obvious in the first place. But one of the most complex and controversial issues in the history human life has been. Employment equity, the challenge of such a character and merit; This study aims to attract human resources model was designed based on Iranian state justice system. The sample consisted of 17 academic experts and human resources that the sampling was targeted. And grounded theory (based on interviews with experts) to design model is used. After visiting scholars and experts specializing in various fields of human resource management, the modification of the model, the model was designed attraction to human resources is equitable. The most important results is that for the recruitment of human resources based on justice, based on merit, career and vision Volunteers, benchmarking and specific indicators choice of people, exams, creating equal opportunities for all, the rule of law and confidence are essential. Also in attracting human resources to consider all of the system’s quality and quantity of human resource, methods of human resources, methods of selection and recruitment of volunteers, conditions of employment (appointment) and selection strategy or selective justice Recruitment influence . Designed model indeed provides the theoretical basis necessary to comply with employment equity. The dimensions of the components and indicators of human resources based on justice model shown in this study.

Legislation - making general, generic and imperative rules- is of aspects of governance, and governments use this tool to regulate social relations as well as to achieve their goals, intentions, and ideals. The question that arises is whether art can also be the subject of legislation? And if the answer is positive, how far is this range of generic rules to be made?
In the sphere of artistic legislation, we must accept that the principle is based on the non-interference of the state in the establishment of rules unless the expedient of intervening for this society would be more than the loss of avoiding the sovereignty to interfere in this issue, as the legislature must accept that the areas of "freedom" in art should be wider than the controlled domains and these legislative restrictions on art should not be such as to be the case of this principle "Particularizing of the most is evil."
In the scope of the entry of the sovereignty for legislation in the subject of art, some principles also should be accepted by legislative institutions, including the fact that legislating of art must be more reliant on "support", and the legislative support aspects must be much enough, and the "post-control" principle in art must minimize he prior art controls as far as possible, and according to the principle of "flexibility", the field of art is not worthy of rigid and non-flexible laws. Also, based on the principle of audition, artists' "participation" in the making, interpretation, and implementation of laws is crucial, especially in the stage of the legislative initiative, where non-participation of artists can challenge the relevant law.

In his Poetics, Aristotle, from a structural perspective, assumes tragedy to be a tragic story based on hamartia. In this theory, the interrelation of the content of tragedy and its era has been delineated. Since the origin of tragedy is not merely ritual but also political and affected by social and structural developments in Athens, the content of tragedy needs to be examined from a political viewpoint as well. In tragedies of Aeschylus, tragedy and politics have been merged, thus, his tragedies are no longer mere religious or devotional poems associated with myths and rituals. However, these works are still tragic, but tragedies formed in a new social context known as a polis (the city, the state) and have adapted to the political requirements of living in such new social order. In Aeschylus tragedies, due to his reliance on the standards of the new political rule of law in Athens, this balance changed in favor of human interest and will in the new social order of the polis. Aeschylus is in search of justice whose fulfillment most deities do not welcome. Therefore, the suffering is imposed by deities on the man living in the sphere of the polis. In the polis the individual takes the responsibility of his life and intends to disseminate a new foundation for justice with recourse to his own rationality, obedience and will to resist the illegitimate demands of gods or other mythical figures. Therefore, Aeschylus’ works indicate a shift away from a tragic and mythical vision to the sphere of history and politics. That being so, Aeschylus’ application of tragic action is ruled out and the tragic action obtains a negative connotation. In these works, divinity and gods are not the exclusive source of validity and justice but rationality and man are also the standards based on which justice is evaluated. Accordingly, understanding Aeschylus’ tragedies without considering them in the context of history and politics will not be clarifying and thus acquiring this clarifying understanding involves the examination of political history of Athens and its evolutions. It suffices to ponder over this fact that Aeschylus’ tragedies were written concomitant with the domination of democracy. They affected and were affected by the new rule of law prevailing in the polis. As a result, the present article is aimed at examining Aeschylus’ tragedies as the oldest kind of tragedies handed down to us through delving into concepts such as the rule of law and justice. It is also to assess the political status and function of tragic action and hamartia in that particular context to elucidate Aeschylus’ understanding of the function and aim of tragedy, which is predicated upon peace and the rule of law. Thereby, the opposition between the rule of law and tragic action can also be investigated. To this end, it is required to refer to the original texts of the tragedies and to consider the concepts in their historical and political context. The result of this research reveals that having relied on the concept of law, Aeschylus’ tragedies have an anti-tragic aim.

In Plato’s view the education has a particular status. For him، it is by means of education that our souls can be loaded with virtues and be purified of vices; and then the education makes our souls beautiful and worthy of divine setting. Plato، therefore، deals with everything، including arts and skills، that contributes to educate human beings. On account of the profound influence of music on addressee، he regards music as an efficient means to put into order، refine، and elevate soul. In this educative process، a man is exalted by the strongest spiritual powers، i. e. rhythm and tone، and he comes to the conclusion that it is possible that the man is attained to supreme good in the light of true education. In Plato’s eyes، of course، such education is the prelude to philosophical education and its complement. The aim of the present article is to show that the reason why Plato places a premium on music is that it plays the key role in educating humans، rather than by virtue of its artistic and aesthetic features. Considering this aim، the article proceeds to investigate Plato’s positions on education in Republic and Law.