جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "methodology" در نشریات گروه "هنر و معماری"

Sigmund Freud's theory posits that the essence of content analysis lies in uncovering the unconscious perceptions or cognitions embedded within a text. This endeavor finds its academic grounding within the discipline of psychology of art, where the underlying goals, values, cultural influences, and tendencies of creators or creations are scrutinized. Particularly within the cinematic domain, filmmakers are tasked with unraveling the intricacies of conveying meanings and messages through the nuanced language of cinema. In the latter half of the 20th century, content analysis has risen to prominence as a predominant research approach in both psychology and art studies. This study endeavors to apply qualitative content analysis (QCA) to the realm of cinema. Drawing upon Freud's psychoanalytic theory, specifically emphasizing the concept of personality, the research focuses on three seminal films by Alfred Hitchcock (Rope, Psycho, and Vertigo). Freud's theoretical framework is chosen for its influence on character development in cinema and its pioneering contributions to psychoanalysis, particularly in symbolism and personality theory. The selection of Hitchcock's films for case studies is deliberate, as they aptly showcase the centrality of character and delve into profound psychological dimensions. Personality emerges as the linchpin concept, seamlessly bridging Freud's psychoanalytic theory with the narrative intricacies of Hitchcock's films. The research methodology employs a non-random sampling strategy, guided by thematic and narrative proximity, alongside analytical indicators derived from Freud's theoretical constructs. The research methodology encompasses various analytical components, including analysis units, meaning units, content areas, and analytical categories. These components are meticulously selected through an exploratory approach, leveraging both traditional library resources and contemporary audio-visual materials. The findings of the study underscore a multifaceted analysis, encompassing the exploration of latent content, identification of primary characters, delineation of meaningful narrative sequences, and elucidation of primary thematic elements, notably instincts and anxiety. This approach ensures a deep and thorough understanding of the material. Furthermore, the research delineates two core content areas within Freud's theoretical framework: personality structure and personality levels. These delineations serve to deepen our understanding of the interplay between psychoanalytic theory and cinematic narrative, offering valuable insights into the rich tapestry of human experience depicted on the silver screen. The division of research results into descriptive and inferential parts adds another layer of depth. Based on this, the meaning units, which represent the primary scenes featuring the main characters, account for 18.42 minutes (72.52%) of the entire film in Rope, 49.59 minutes (49.45%) in Psycho, and 102.08 minutes (79.75%) in Vertigo. Therefore, the main character's presence as a meaning unit is most prominent in the film Vertigo. In short, this includes introducing main characters and analyzing how often they appear in the film, which helps analyze the content. The main themes found in analyzing these films are instincts, including themes of life and death, and anxiety, which includes real, emotional, and moral aspects. By incorporating these diverse elements, the research provides a holistic view of the psychological underpinnings in Hitchcock's works, offering a profound understanding of the characters' motivations and the films' overarching themes.

Graduate theses have consistently held paramount significance as pivotal reference sources within academic and scientific spheres. This article adopts the methodology of thematic analysis to delve comprehensively into 215 Master's theses encompassing the domain of Music Composition. These theses were conducted during the period spanning from 2011 to 2021 in two Iranian state universities: the Faculty of Music at the University of Art and the Department of Music, Faculty of Fine Arts at the University of Tehran. This research aims to address the following questions: 1) In what thematic categories are the theses in the field of composition classified? 2) Which types of research methodology have been utilized in this field? 3) What are the most and least researched topics in the field of Music Composition? and 4) Which keywords have been predominantly employed in the theses? Similar prior research has critically analyzed thematic content in theses and articles within Iranian universities, primarily focusing on humanities, arts, and engineering sciences. The required information for the present study including titles, abstracts, and keywords, has been collected through a library-based approach. Using a descriptive-analytical method and based on the content of the theses, thematic categorization and methodology classification have been undertaken. By examining titles, abstracts, and content analysis, the theses have been categorized into six main groups, which are as follows: "Analysis of Compositional Works", "Interdisciplinary Studies", "Musicology", "Composition Sciences", "Music Pedagogy", and " Miscellaneous Topics”. The outcomes of the analysis indicate that topics such as "Analysis of Compositional Works" and "Historical and Comparative Music Studies" have garnered the most attention. On the other hand, subjects like " Interdisciplinary Studies in Sociology and Music" and "Interdisciplinary Studies in Fine Arts and Music" encompass the least represented titles. Thesis research methods leading to five categorized methods Descriptive, Historical, Experimental, Casual Comparative and Correlation. The descriptive method was the most commonly used. Keywords such as "Harmony" and "Form" are prominently repeated over 20 times, indicating that harmonic and formal analysis are of particular interest to students in the field of music composition research topics.

The jurisprudence of art is one of the new branches of Islamic jurisprudence. Although some of its issues have been discussed in related jurisprudence books, studying it as one of the issues of jurisprudence has been poorly known. Before dealing with the topic, it is necessary to discuss its philosophy. Thus, in this paper we seek to explore the three main subjects of the philosophy of jurisprudence of art; first, we study the essence of “the philosophy of jurisprudence of art”. Then we explain the important challenges of investigating jurisprudence of art such as unappropriated sectioning, not using experts in studying subjects and cases, and alacrity in expressing the jurisprudence of newly emerged issues. Finally, we discuss the method of solving problems in the jurisprudence of art namely the two-sided interpretation of the Quran and Hadith, extracting the basic title of the subject, and consequentialism or nominalism.

Problem Statement:

 In design methodology studies, it has been assumed that designing is a unique cognitive action that is used in various professional fields. The generality of this matter is not rejected, but after nearly seventy years of design methodology studies and relying on common general knowledge of design, we can now address the question: What are the differences in design methods in various fields? And what is the reason for these differences?

Research Question: 

More specifically, this research has limited the research problem to comparing the design method used in product design and architectural design and raised the following question: “What are the differences in design method in the fields of product design and architectural design?” To find the answer, this preliminary question had to be answered: What is the design method in product design and architectural design?

 To find the methodological differences between the process of product design and architectural design. Research Method  According to the criticism that was accomplished in the literature review regarding the problem and experiment method of similar research, this research method is a qualitative case study, and in terms of method, it is an experimental-descriptive one. Experiments and unstructured interviews were conducted to collect information, and the grounded theory method (GTM) was used to refine and classify the information. The theoretical framework of this research is design methodology with the approach of “design cognition”.

 After collecting the data through testing and categorizing it, there have been discussions on the findings that showed seventeen general cases. In conclusion, it can be said that the method in product design is similar to the method in architectural design in some dimensions, but in others, these two groups have evidently different behaviors. In the common aspects, the inherent dimensions and nature of the design can be seen, but in the different aspects, the role of the environment and education is evident.

This research deals with the cognition of architecture in conformity methodology of interpretation and levels of existence derived from Hekmat Sadraei. By thinking in the form of a human paradigm in which human is defined as the width of humanity, the method as the width of the methodology and the values as the width of the human essence in his entire territory without the need for the contractual boundaries of knowledge. The research method is logical reasoning in the interpretive paradigm with a qualitative approach and the method of data collection is library-documentary.Assuming that the understanding of architecture relies on the existing experiences and the meaning system of social structures, from grammatical interpretation to the reconstruction of mental processes and introspective psychology, and from sociological reflections to the interpretation of products. A culture corresponding to the audience's level of knowledge can be identified; It shows that the knowledge of doubt in man, which according to the teachings of Hikmat Sadra is caused by his existence, requires different methods in understanding architecture. All strategies are indirectly related to each other in stages and levels of examining observable or unobservable phenomena, which cause interference of paradigm boundaries. Therefore, depending on what we are looking for in the understanding of architecture, we understand and understand architecture in ways that are appropriate to the set goal.

The paradigm is used in philosophical and conceptual assumptions to accurately identify research positions, which defines a set of researcher's worldviews and beliefs and is consistent with meanings such as cultural thought pattern and framework. The importance of the paradigm in research is like a logical pillar that contains the research framework and supports the intellectual dimensions and design of the researcher's research to the end of the road. This research will analyze the main pillars of the paradigm in four dimensions: epistemology, ontology, methodology and originality, while similar studies use the three dimensions of the paradigm pillars. they do, , While similar studies use the three dimensions of the pillars of the paradigm, also in the subset of the main positions to the types of paradigms, which are: positivism, post-positivism, critical, interpretive. , Feminism, Post modern Chaos Theory, Pragmatism. This paper tries to introduce the paradigms in various qualitative and quantitative researches, to generalize the term paradigm in the field of art, and also to explain the paradigms that are most used in the field of art and have the best results. This research is a qualitative research in which the research work is applied-theoretical and its research method is thematic analysis.This paper tries to generalize the word paradigm about art as well. Art is an integral element of human existence that steps on the path of exaltation of human existence. It is a reflection in the imagination of the artist that leads to the creation of beauty with the power of knowledge. Art is a report and translation of the artist's soul and an invitation to happiness. In fact, it is pleasure and salvation that is objectified and is a kind of intuition of God in the emergence of beauty, so the paradigm used in art in addition to conventional paradigms in other qualitative research And a little, it must also dominate the artistic, psychological and metaphysical aspects. Also, data collection has been done by documentary method. The results of this research are the birth of a new paradigm about art and also the introduction of a short and practical model in various researches.

The knowledge of urban planning relies on the precise understanding of the relationship between the human and the environment seeking to improve the quality of human life and built environment. Thus, this knowledge requires a theoretical foundation through which a better understanding of urban issues can be developed, and a suitable solution can be proposed. Therefore, production and explanations of theories using accurate and suitable methods are imperative and increase the richness of the urban planning knowledge. Meanwhile, the lack of appropriate theorizing methods in urban planning, the experts not believing in them, the existence of inconsistent theories built on quantitative methods with no regard for the social and environmental relations, and negligence of users towards the understanding and interpretation of the space highlights the importance of using the ground-based methodology to develop urban theories. Nowadays, how the old urban fabrics are to be dealt with has become one of the significant challenges of urban planning since the environment quality, and ecological balance have declined in these environments. Thus,a proper intervention aimed at improving the quality of urban life and gaining the satisfaction of its residents and users has become an inevitable necessity. Renovations projects are carried out in worn-out urban fabrics aiming to increase the quality of the urban environment; however, these projects have not achieved much success realizing their goals, have brought about new challenges for these fabrics, and have led to the dissatisfaction of a wide range of users and residents. The central urban fabric of Mashhad is one of the old regions of the town, which is dealing with the phenomena of being worn out due to the continuous residence. Serious renovations started in this fabric in the 1990s and have continued since. The present study seeks to discover how an urban recreation framework based on a critical study of the implemented renovation process emphasizes grounded research methodology. Thus, the study seeks to answer how the grounded methodology can be used to achieve a recreation framework tailored to the central region of the religious city of Mashhad. To understand the process of renovation in this fabric, one must question the approach of people and various groups towards the renovation of Mashhad central region. Grounded research seeks the three goals of exploration, description, and understanding the subject. The most important issue discussed recreation and renovation strategies is their risk of failure. Given that recreation policies engage various stakeholders, dispute and incompatibility between them over their interests are among the challenges these strategies have always faced, resulting in their failure and ineffectiveness. Thus, the institutional approach emphasizes the interaction between local stakeholders and upstream levels and demands the participation of organizations and groups to reduce the risk of plans’ failure. The lukewarm acceptance of some people towards the marginal and worn-out urban fabric renovation projects confirms this claim. Understanding the recreation framework in the central region of Mashhad is complex and challenging due to the holy shrine of Imam Reza (AS), the presence of pilgrims, residents, businesses, and the renovation procedures, which make any pre-conceived model or specific hypothesis of the influential variable over-simplistic. This is why this subject had better be studied in its specific context and ground-based on the opinions of stakeholders and methodological data collection. Grounded theory is a research strategy proposed by two American sociologists, Glaser and Strauss, which defines how the data that has been collected methodically throughout a social study is to be used. The application of this method to predict, describe, and explain has attracted the attention of scholars since its emergence. This method has an inductive approach to the development of theory and extracts theories from the heart of research through establishing an ongoing persistent relationship between data collection and analysis. The data must reflect the meanings and perceptions of people engaged in the modeled phenomena, and the results must be presented as an interconnected set of concepts rather than a simple list of several themes. Thus, the stakeholders’ cognitive assessment of the intervention in urban fabrics impacts their level of participation and the plans’ level of realization. The grounded theory can discover people’s mentalities regarding these plans through making connections with them, determining the positive and negative features of each project based on their perception, and thus improving the feasibility of the plans through eliminating the weaknesses and highlighting the strengths. The process starts with collecting data and coding them openly.The data are then classified into separate categories and are revaluated to reveal the internal connections between them, summarized into more comprehensive categories at higher levels through several analytical stages, and will make up the main category, i.e., the grounded theory- in the end. The detailed steps of the process include data collection, presenting the research questions, sampling, analysis, and evaluation of the processes and results, which will be elaborated on in the following. Results of the study indicated that the grounded theory helps understand the various and deeper layers impacting physical, social, etc. changes and various techniques must be sued for the development of theory. It was also revealed that urban management must pay attention to the mental, objective, and functional spaces in the six aspects of economic, management, socio-cultural, functional, ecological, and physical should it intend to intervene in the urban fabric of Islamic cities.

Service design has been introduced to the field of industrial design for decades and the design of product service systems has been studied and emphasized since the 1990s, due to the importance and benefits of combining products and services in response to the needs and values of users, as well as improving the economic position of companies; since then, numerous studies have been conducted to clarify the relevant concepts and provide the PSS design process. Accordingly, the number of projects and dissertations related to service design and design of product service systems, has been increased in university education; but unfortunately, due to the insufficient information of students about the basics of this field and the appropriate and usable processes, there are many problems in the process and the results of such researches. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to provide basic and practical concepts about the product service system and also to introduce one of the best PSS design processes.To achieve the goals of this research, questions can be asked and examined: What is a product service system? What does service mean and what are its characteristics according to both traditional and developed approaches? What components does the product service system consist of? What are the benefits and challenges of PSS? What are the types of product service system? In the PSS design process, how the two service-design and product-design processes can be integrated? What are the most important processes presented in the field of PSS design and which process has more clarity, accuracy and comprehensiveness and what is its main structure?Recently, companies produced their products and offered them to customers, and in this way, the strategy of companies' success in the field of economy, were identifying customer needs, also designing and producing products which had multiple capabilities, economic value and competitive quality, to meet customer needs. Today, with the economic crisis, increasing competition between manufacturing companies, increasing environmental problems and concerns, and diverse customer demands, "selling products only" is more difficult than ever Therefore, the design, production and supply of industrial products alone are not responsible and companies and organizations must use more successful strategies to attract and retain customers. Providing services with products can be considered as a strategy that improves competition and achieves social, environmental and economic goals, as well as attracting and retaining customers  In other words, given the increasing competition between manufacturing companies and concerns about their stability in the market environment, it is necessary for companies to move away from the traditional approach with a focus on creating value by the product, and choose an approach that focuses on the customer and his values; An approach that provides services alongside products, can provide more innovation and added value and enable longer communication with customers. Accordingly, we see that the importance of designing and providing services along with products is increasing day by day and continuously. Another challenge for the companies is to integrate and interact these two components instead of paying separate attention to products and services so that they can reap the benefits of this integration. Baines et al. (2007) combined the ideas of Manzini and Vezolli (2003) and Tukker (2004) to describe three kinds of PSS. It should be noted that this category is clearly presented for the first time in Tukker article and has been used in numerous studies: Product-oriented PSS: The provider not only sells a product, but also offers services that are needed during the use phase of the product. Services such as maintenance, recycling, refilling, etc. can be classified in this type.Product-oriented PSS types:Product related services: such as maintenance of escalators or elevators or product warranty or supply of consumables.Providing information, training and consulting: such as consulting about the arrangement of a factory's machines or training on working with a CNC machine.Use-oriented PSS: The Company sells the ability to use or make available a product that does not belong to the customer. Leasing or product sharing are examples of this.Use-oriented PSS types:Product lease (personal and exclusive access): such as renting a food or newspaper stall.Product renting / sharing (temporary personal access): such as renting a bicycle or car for a short and specific period of time (shift use and in order).Product pooling (simultaneous use of a product): such as play equipment and sports in parks, simultaneous use of a recreational or sports environment.Result-oriented PSS: The Company sells the result of the use or capacity of a product that does not belong to the customer. For example, a company instead of selling the paint to the customer, can sell the result which is, painting a house.Result-oriented PSS types:Activity management (often, the method and technology of the activity is determined): such as outsourcing food preparation, cleaning and car washing.Pay per service unit (according to the level of access, use and amount of output): such as payment per copy of the page or payment of car fare per kilometer.Functional result (In contrast to the first case, only the result is emphasized, not the technology and the way it is done): such as providing a company's air conditioning, a contract to guarantee the health of farmers' products.It should be noted that in the field of PSS, new trends (such as digital PSS / service or smart PSS) have been proposed and are being developed that addressing their characteristics and applications is beyond the scope of this article. As mentioned, another important issue is the integration of products and services in product-service systems. Integrating products and services and supporting it requires a system consisting of components of product, service, business model, stakeholders and organizational structure, which is called the product service system, and the correct and accurate design of this system is the concern of methodological experts. In academia, Ulrich (2011) has suggested that either a product or a service can be considered as an "artifact" which is designed by a human being with the same process. Aurich et al. (2006), for product and service design, first considered two systematic processes which similarity and coherence between them can be seen. Then, from the combination and integration of the two mentioned processes, they have proposed the integrated design process of PSS, which is the general process of designing product service systems. Sakao (2011), for designing a product service system, has proposed a process called "SPIPS" which has 7 steps. Marques et al. (2013) also proposed an integrated process of designing product service system that includes four phases: organizational preparation, planning, design and post-design. In their research, Tuan and Park, while methodologically examining and analyzing some PSS design methods, have proposed a general and integrated PSS design method, along with examples illustrating its application in the three types of product service systems introduced. The steps are clear and understandable and have more clarity, accuracy and comprehensiveness than other processes presented. This process consists of 7 steps (includes: PSS idea development, PSS planning, requirement analysis, design and integration, test and refinement, implementation, retirement and recycling) and the design actions, communication with the business model as well as the role and participation of all stakeholders in it are clearly defined, and the application of this process in the design of product oriented, use oriented and result oriented PSS is presented with practical examples. Therefore, it can be used more clearly as a product service system design process, along with practical tools by students and designers.

Advanced in technologies and cimputering power have improved academic’s ability to test complex theoretical models, nevertheless, to fully utilize the capabilities of recently developed software, researcher must also develop their skill and embrace the technology. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of unobserved heterogeneity in the context of partial least squares structural equation modeling and try to present a case study ,which illustrates how to identify and treat unobserved heterogeneity in PLS-SEM using FIMIX-PLS .The aim of this study with methodological approach is to recognize the health-orientation criteria in daylight design development and daylight design recommendation based on optimal zone .This study, therefore use human-oriented design approach in daylight design in residential complex. This work investigates the relationships between an assessment of the happiness and the mental health of residents using the Oxford Happiness Inventory and simulated annual daylight conditions in their living spaces based on a survey approach.Research Question: Our first research question addressed whether the different daylight illuminance in internal space in residential complex may generate various happiness effect on people living indoors according to indoor conditions. And the second question addressed whether the assumption of homogeneous and non- homogeneous data may case different result?

The study population included residents of residential units in mid-rise buildings in Isfahan, Iran. In this study, low-rise buildings are considered to be residential buildings with three to eight stories and between 860 ft2 and 2100 ft2 in size. 286 units were selected by two-stage random cluster sampling. Data were collected with Oxford Happiness Inventory and researcher–made questionnaire. The Radiance modelig software and STADIC plugin for Radiance was used to generate a parametric models of the living spaces .the simulation was automated by linking Python with Radiances, in this article we identified and interpreted unobserved heterogeneity in partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) by using the FIMIX-PLS module in the SmartPLS 3.2.3 software.

Data analyses indicated that the assumption of relatively homogeneous data characteristics or heterogeneity had different output. Since homogeneous data assumption indicate no relationship between daylight illuminance and happiness, in heterogeneity data assumption there was positive relationship between SDA500-%50 and Happiness and a high negative effect of sDA2000-%50 on happiness in one segment.A statistical analysis of regression in SPSS indicated some daylight design recommendations based on living space configuration, window features and site plan which prepare a possibility of assessment of happiness dimension and illuminatance fraction of living space. This approach brings together the physiological and psychological impacts of daylighting and illuminates their potentially pivotal roles in ordering and enriching architectural experience. This work suggests that environmental designers and architects can enhance well-being and public health by designing built environments with suitable daylight exposure levels. These results are consistent with other studies that explored the correlation between health and daylight in healthcare centers and schools, and performance in offices. According to those studies, inadequate daylight exposure has adverse effects on the health of people [28] and is associated with an increase in depression symptoms.

‘Case study’ is a common term in architecture referring to both the use of past projects as backdrops and a research strategy in a more general sense. Case study methodology is of particular importance in architectural pedagogy and research, because on one hand its widespread use cause confusion and weaknesses, and on the other hand having a good command of architecturally oriented features of case studies can shed light on the discipline’s neglected aspects. The two topics studied so far in this connection are its negligence as a systematic pedagogical tool and the vagueness of the boundaries between copying and proper adoption of the studied cases.
The aim of this study is to identify and assess case study techniques in two respects: methodological clarity and the ways in which case studies influence design, in order to fulfil prerequisites of its strategic organisation for the production of architectural knowledge. Nine current techniques are identified in this research. They are then positioned among four main areas, namely, ‘clear-‎pedagogical’, ‘clear-research-oriented’, ‘unclear-pedagogical’, and ‘unclear-research-oriented’. The results show that those techniques that are subjective and geometry-/ graphic-based are much more widely used than comparative, calculation-/ examination-based techniques. The positioning of the former show that they are limited in scope, lacking sufficient theoretical support, and mostly realised in pedagogy as paradigms rather than critical, transformational research. Apparently, the simple looks of certain techniques plus the late manifestation of their shortcomings gives the impression of their prevalence, whilst ruling them out as unhelpful can in turn result in their elimination instead of prompting attempts for their improvement.‎

How does the framework of the planning research process define the elements of the ontology, epistemology, methodology, and methods continuum to employ a constructivist grounded theory method? This paper aimed to provide a rationale for use of such a method for urban and regional planning research. Embedded within the framework of the emic approach in planning research, the theory describes it from the participants’ points of view, generating a perspective on how they recognize it as a real, meaningful process. The underlying values and shared perceptions can be deciphered in urban and regional planning applications through recognition of the significance of stories and narratives on the factors involved in planning processes. In a constructivist grounded theory method, the researcher’s approach is explicitly based on the assumption that any theoretical interpretation suggests an interpretive image of the universe under investigation rather than a detailed image thereof. Constructivist inquiry begins with experience and how members construct it. In other words, constructivists recognize their interpretation of the studied phenomenon as a construction, a step forward in participants’ understanding of meaning. The application of the theory was described and analyzed in this research in accordance with the process proposed by Charmaz. The data for analysis of the participants’ mental elements were provided through semi-structured in-depth interviews. After the pre-coding steps, including data collection and implementation, were taken, the data analysis stage and the three phases of coding, i.e. initial coding, focused coding, and, finally, theoretical coding, were delineated.Furthermore, the conceptualization processes in constructivist grounded theory were highlighted using memo-writing and theoretical saturation. The recognition of this approach among those adopted to the theory and its successive process, which is applicable to planning research with a descriptive-analytic method, has resulted from extensive theoretical studies and the practical experience of applying the process as a survey. It can be concluded that the constructivist grounded theory method can be applied to arrangement of urban and regional planning, detection of planners’ understanding of the outcomes of planning, the planning environment, and the social context. Given the spatial nature of planning theories, middle-range content planning associated with a particular situation is applicable in their practice. In the present study, the scholar’s philosophical position was realized through adoption of constructivism. The ontological and epistemological bases of the research—the relativist ontological position and the subjectivist epistemological position—are consistent with the research purposes, plan, and methodology. The constructivist grounded theory was focused here on the measures, interactions, and social processes of planners.

Researching art organisations and institutions from a discursive point of view with a focus on art events needs an interdisciplinary method based on a specific theory and approach, </span>in order to shed light on procedures and structures of power and ideology. </span>The present paper investigates the challenges of exploiting critical discourse analysis method (</span>CDA). </span>After focusing on organisations and events, </span>data collection and analysis methods, </span>it moves on to the foundations of the methodologies of CDA, </span>and then on Norman Fairclough’</span>s theories, </span>showing how data is gathered and analysed using contemporary Iranian Art organisations and events. </span>The research shows that based on the tri-</span>level CDA method of Fairclough, </span>which is in line with Roy Bhaskar’</span>s analytical model, </span>and also taking advantage of Fairclough’</span>s Organisational Discourse analysis, </span>one can refer to archival data such as statutes, </span>regulations, </span>recalls, </span>and then use intertextual and interdiscursive analyses of discursive behaviours of organisations and their events, </span>to identify features and paradoxes of discursive hegemonisation in art and culture.</span></span></div>

The ancient Jey, in Isfahan, enjoys lots of things left from the pre-Islamic period. After dislocation of the city centre from to Yahādāyeh Neighbourhood, this town gradually lost its development and remained as a village at the eastern margin of the city and away from the historical growth. Anonymity and negligence in the cultural heritage of Jey, through centuries, led in the urban management’s inattention to the importance of this historical-natural site. In the second half of the 1990’s, due to the growth of overhead costs of the projects as well as about rise of high-rise building construction, a large part of the agricultural fields of the region has been destroyed and irreversible damages incurred into the historical centre of the Ancient Jey. At the same time, the Comprehensive Planning project of the region neglected the historical-natural aspect of the area and prominent historical properties, as cultural heritage, of the region, were limited and abandoned as forgotten islands. As a consequence, in winter 2003, ICHHTO provincial office in Isfahan prepared a very urgent project to determine the buffer zone of Jey. The project tried to follow two main objectives 1. scientific reconnaissance and clarification of the significance of this historical-natural landscape in development and transition of Isfahan for the city managers. 2. Safeguarding of agricultural heritage, historical properties, natural resources and the urban structure of the town against insecure development under a series of safety recommendations and laws. Determination of the buffer zone of the historical-natural landscape of the ancient Jey engages with numerous conservation and heritage concepts: on-ground and underground architectural and urban properties, water irrigation system and traditional agriculture, and specific topography of the land along with the river. Due to lack of archaeological excavation as for massive expenditure and time, first of all, careful fieldwork was carried out. Then, the updated and old maps have been compared with existing conditions. They have also been juxtaposed with historical documents and texts. In this way, the general structural basics of the ancient Jey especially the town and its suburbs have been identified. In the second phase, for providing a precise limit of the buffer zone, the following points have been taken into consideration: the traditional system of the Iranian urban planning, historians’ descriptions, examination of passageways, a method of land plotting, singling out  residential places from the urban agricultural areas. At the final stage, a series of field investigations and interviews have been carried out carried out. The agricultural systems and the range of cultural impact of the town have been studied. Determination of the buffer zone aims in identifying the cultural assets and providing a document which may extend the lifespan of the properties. The first phase is precise reconnaissance, examination and documentation of the site. In this way, one can foresee future safeguarding circumstances. In the same phase, values and factors that are instrumental in forming identity are defined. The second phase engages with management, planning and setting limits for the regulations. It should be kept in mind that the limits which are based on natural and historical specifications are more stable. The buffer zone and its deferent layers are determined based on the very primary reconnaissance and discernment of range of impact of the property. The third phase is to determine the regulations within the defined limits. The regulations for Jey’s buffer zone are divided into two groups of regulations: prohibitive and didactic. The best time to determine a buffer zone of a historical property is before conducting an urban comprehensive planning project as there exists enough time for carrying out archaeological sounding, documentation and providing an estimation of threads and opportunities.

The visual capabilities of the Nastaliq calligraphy have made it to be the most widely used calligraphy in the script of manuscripts from the ninth century AH. In the contemporary era, the possibility of innovation with this calligraphy in various forms of Ketabat, Chalipa, Katibeh, Gheteh Tarkibi and Siah Mashgh has caused the creation of numerous calligraphy artworks in a variety of compositions and so its link with visual arts has become more apparent. But It seems that the traditional calligraphy has not yet entered the subject of scientific criticism, which is commonplace today in visual arts so the field of critique of Nastaliq artworks has not progressed and strictly needs to be reviewed and developed. Undoubtedly ancient masters have had a high visual and aesthetic perception and their adherence to the principles and rules of calligraphy, albeit indirectly, could be considered by his special attention to the issue of evaluating calligraphy works. But the fact is that these principles, although have sufficient rules for teaching and executing a successful work, do not have the exact criteria for critique and evaluation of the effect. On the other hand the traditional Calligraphy Principles and Rules are an ancient legacy of calligraphy education, and it is supposed to enter the critique on the Nastaliq calligraphy it has the potential to adapt to modern scientific critique methods such as technical and structural critique and comparative critique. With the analysis of critique in the art world, we find that understanding the artwork of Iranian calligraphy, other than the conceptual understanding of the readers, of its text, is based on its visual and aesthetic perception of the entire work.it Has a high ability to critique and through this, systematic principles can be formulated to critique the works of calligraphy. From a practical point of view, the purpose of critique in calligraphy is to extract the principles and measures by which they can make calligraphy works in the artistic value scale and define the scope for their judgment. This research that is organized by analytical and descriptive methods and library studies, In addition to critically analyzing the principles and rules of the Nastaliq calligraphy and examining its compatibility with the rules of contemporary art critique, intends to achieve the development and systematization of a method for criticizing the works of Nastaliq calligraphy, using the principles of arts and the principles of Gestalt theory. At the end of the paper, By compiling and presenting a combination model for criticizing calligraphy works by the Nastaliq script, this conclusion is reached that the methods of critique by the principles and rules of calligraphy, the principles of visual arts, and the principles of Gestalt theory, each enable to active a part of the capabilities of the calligraphy artwork; In other words, these methods complete each other so referring to one of them alone, causing a flaw and ambiguity in the critique process.

In formal research in Art and Design, one of the most urgent debates has been about methodology. How can we carry out rigorous and respectable inquiry using methodologies and methods appropriate to practice – research without using merely theoretical, laboratorial and scientific methods. It was clear, and still is, that there are no simple answers! The most fruitful way to identify appropriate methodologies has been through an analysis of completed researches, and through evaluations of research in progress. The growth of completed research degrees in arts past two decades by using practice-based methods in many universities in other countries is a sign of the inadequacy of the methods that penetrate by irrespectively the nature of the arts. Because of the diversity and innovation in this field of research, is expected to be various maps depending on the nature of each project so this article presents a selective review of recent PhDs that identify and analyze the methodological innovation that is occurring in the field of arts, in order to give a general map. Practice-based Research is an original investigation undertaken in order to gain new knowledge partly by means of practice and the outcomes of that practice. In a practice-based research, claims of originality and contribution to knowledge may be demonstrated through creative outcomes in the form of designs, music, digital media, performances and exhibitions, etc. Four characteristics were found in practice-based art PhD innovations in the format and structure of the thesis, a pick-and-mix approach to research design, situating practice in the inquiry, and the validation of visual analysis. Research through practice refers to research where art or design practice is the vehicle of the research, and a means to communicate the result. And finally, research for the purpose of practice aims to communicate the research embodied in a piece of design. Artists and designers have taken an active role in contextualizing and interpreting the creative process in practice, as well as the products of this process, by looking at the process itself and the works produced through it. From this new point of view, the knowledge and the skills of a practicing artist or designer form a central part of the research process, and this has produced a new way of doing research. In this new type of research project, part of the research is carried out as art or design practice. The central methodological question of this emerging field of research is: how can art or design practice interact
with research in such a manner that they will together produce new knowledge, create a new point of view or form new, creative ways of doing research? In this article, the making and the products of making are seen as an essential part of research: they can be conceived both as answers to particular research questions and as artistic or designing argumentation. As an object made by an artist–researcher, the artefact can also be seen as a method for collecting and preserving information and understanding.

Despite its simple appearance, the Islamic city is one of the most challenging concepts studied in scientific disciplines including architecture, urbanism and the history of art. Besides theories approving or rejecting this concept, much research has been devoted to the study of the nature of the Islamic city and similar concepts. The importance of this concept is due to the fact that the viewpoints presented about it have had a considerable role in any attempt for designing, planning, and organizing of cities based on Islamic culture in the contemporary period and the Islamic city has been considered as the key to the explanation of Islamic urbanism. Despite the consensus about the importance and urgency of planning and design coordinated with inhabitants principles, values and cultures, coherent methodologies missed. In this regard using qualitative methods combined with critical thoughts about their facilities and capabilities can provide activist methodological tools to expose and reenvision the characteristics of Islamic city and Islamic urbanism. Over past twenty years situational analysis had used in a range of fields including art and humanities. In this article, we describe possibilities for using situational analysis in Islamic urbanism and provide examples of situational mapping from a study focusing on characteristics and components of Islamic city. In this regard we used pertinent texts from Persian literature about Islamic city as data and mapped individual and collective elements/ actors, nonhuman actors and discursive constructions. Situational maps, social worlds/ arenas maps and positional maps illustrated. The results of the study have two main aspects. On one hand the results is about Islamic city. In this case, this study concludes that Islamic city concept in its current place as described and introduced mostly by western researchers cannot be useful for explaining the relationship between city and culture and Islamic values and consequently for the manifestation of Islamic urbanism in contemporary cities. On the other hand the results is about using situational analysis in Islamic urbanism. Because of its capabilities and features, situational analysis can shed some light in research about Islamic city and Islamic urbanism.

Architecture as a process of perception and qualified brokers in its cultural context meaning. The semiotics can affect the appearance of semantic architecture and the city that it need analysis and reading philosophical methodology of semiotics in architecture and urban design. This research seeks to explore and develop a way of reading architecture is based on the findings of semiotic theories. The knowledge of the phenomenon of reading a text or puts, and Tmamykhvanshhay result of decoding encompasses phenomena. The method of research is descriptive and documentary methods and meta-analysis summarized the available research to achieve the philosophical basis of semiotics methodology is focused on architecture and urban design. The findings show that in Semiotics and Syntax space, specific physical strains placed readings. This method interns through the plot justification for patterns hidden life, in the form design and living space, and believe that can be used to “social hierarchy” and “social functions” be achieved.