جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "urban space" در نشریات گروه "هنر و معماری"

Uninterrupted urban development has brought significant changes in urban spaces, and the concept of the collective memory of space users has also been affected. These developments have been associated with social isolation and reduced social interactions. Collective memory is defined as the shared experience of people in social and spatial groups. Therefore, the present research aims to achieve results such as how to form factors affecting the formation of collective memory in the minds of different groups using the space. A semi-structured, in-depth interview technique was employed to identify the nature of the influential factor in collective memory. Interviews were conducted with 90 people who referred to the urban space. To analyze the data, the qualitative content analysis method and Atlas-ti software were used, and critical points were extracted and linked in the form of codes from the primary texts of the interviews. Then, these codes were used to describe the relevant content in the interviews, and maps and graphical outputs were created to analyze the intensity of the impact of each quality according to different groups of visitors to the spaces. Finally, the Arc-GIS software and the Euclidean distance tool were used to analyze the points specified for the expression of each quality based on the explanations of the interviewees until the distribution of the qualities in the studied urban space and the intensity of their impact. The research results underscore the crucial role of the physical elements of urban spaces and their social interactions in forming and transmitting collective memories. These findings demonstrate that social interactions, physical elements, and various events are intertwined, shaping the city's cultural, social, and mental image, which are instrumental in creating collective memories.

The service and social inequalities resulting from poor urban conditions underline the necessity of focusing more on children, who constitute a vulnerable and crucial segment of society. Meeting children’s needs and demands within the framework of child-friendly city principles is essential. This study aims to assess the status of child-friendly city components and indicators in Amol, prioritizing them based on feedback from children and their parents. The research methodology involves surveys, questionnaires, and interviews with children as the analysis units and the entire child population of Amol as the statistical population. Through Cochran's sampling method, 250 samples were chosen using cluster random sampling. Data analysis employed the one-sample t-test and Friedman's test. The findings indicate that not all components of a child-friendly city are deficient and exhibit a notable deviation from the desired level. Moreover, there is a significant variance in the importance levels of these components; notably, access to services ranks highest in priority, while participation and valuing of children rank lowest. This suggests a lack of attention to fulfilling children's needs and desires within the context of child-friendly city components. Children have not been adequately acknowledged as stakeholders in development decisions. To enhance child-friendly indicators, prioritizing children's participation and recognizing their value are imperative.

The quality of life and improvement of the quality indicators of the space entered the urban planning literature in the 80s. Many thinkers believe that improving the quality of life is something city planners and managers should always look for. This fundamental research aims to explain specific and practical indicators for future normative and operational research. Therefore, in this article, by reviewing the international and domestic literature, we tried to classify the indicators of quality of life and this word from a completely conceptual and abstract form and its objective and subjective components that should be considered in research. to check the primary indices, according to the existing foundations and the existing global indices, with the help of content analysis and the topics of the keywords used by the theorists of this index, which in some cases have differences and similarities, have been identified. The quality indicators were classified in two subjective and objective dimensions and six economic, social, environmental, environmental, health, transportation, and transfer components were converted and the relationship between these elements and components was determined theoretically. The indicators extracted in each part of the theoretical foundations were refined by interviewing experts and considering the background and context of Iran, especially the Tajrish field and its culture and target audience, and finally, a conceptual and theoretical model of the quality improvement indicators of the environment separately up to Quality of life is presented as a step for practical research in this field for researchers.

Today, graffiti is considered as a street art that is carved with paint, brush, spray, stencil or with various tricks on walls, vehicle bodies or spaces, and in which the message of the oppressed or deprived class of society is reflected. Urban space has been evaluated by thinkers from two physical and social aspects. This means that the view of architects was mostly focused on physical studies and social studies were from the perspective of urban sociologists, planners and urban geographers. Graffiti is the product of the last decades of the 20th century in America. But the political murals of Athens in the contemporary period go back to the occupation period of the Axis powers in 1941, the civil war of 1949-1941 and then the dictatorship period of 1974-1967. In these periods, it is different from the modern concept of graffiti as an art form. A new form of Athens’ graffiti appeared in 1998 at an international festival celebrating Athens' winning bid to host the 2004 Olympic Games. From that period until now, the walls of Athens have been the stage for the transmission of political messages. So that this city has been described as "the most stained and saturated city in the world".Until the 20th century, art, philosophy, science and social institutions were not separate from each other, the urban space represented the community and there was no difference between the form of the urban space and its function. With the beginning of the 20th century and the spread of modernism, modernism considered the urban space to be the result of the social functions that take place in the city, and relying on functionalism, the separation of urban elements, zoning and dividing the city into four main functions of residence, work, leisure and commuting left the urban space in the hands of oblivion. In fact, modernism considers the existence of any cultural and historical information in urban spaces not only unnecessary but also harmful and uses all its efforts to erase these works. This is the achievement of modern rationalism in modern times. In the sixties, the modern attitude towards urban spaces, which assumed it to be something infinite and abstract, was questioned, and the modernist view of urban space was questioned, and since then, urban space in its true sense was raised again. In new perspectives, the urban space is a space full of crowd and includes various economic, social, political and cultural uses and a new understanding of the space of perception in the fields of philosophical, psychological and sociological thoughts. is presented. The experts of this period consider urban space to be the result of the art of communication and believe that since space is nothing but society, changing the environment means changing social relations. Graffiti, as a form of modern art, which, like many other types of art, has its roots in the depths of history and prehistory, has the deepest social characteristics of the place where it is seen. Social issues may appear in different ways depending on the cultural, political and geographical features of a region. Group ritual gatherings, traditional or classical shows, singing and hymns, etc., each one shows a form of art in which the culture of that people can be evaluated. Graffiti is one of these forms of art that is more connected with the modern urban space. So that sometimes it is felt that some citizens use it to pretend to enter the modern age and break from the previous traditional atmosphere. Graffiti art has a common root in the history of the West and the East. Athens graffiti were the product of a protest movement in response to the deep economic crisis of Greece in the last one or two decades, which were different in context, how they were presented, and the subject and content; but they were all a protest reaction to a situation that was not managed. The purpose of this research is to know the experience of the Athens’ graffiti movement as a function of urban art in overcoming the crisis as a modern method of protest. This research has a theoretical approach in terms of purpose and is descriptive and analytical in nature; The author has purposefully selected 27 works from Athens’ graffiti. The provided data based on documentary and field studies are analysed with a qualitative method. The artistic experience of chaotic Athens with its graffiti may not be very pleasant to the mayor and visitors of this city, but for those who have the experience of the war-torn cities of the Middle East, this experience has been a fascinating period. Athens’ graffiti artists have considered this city as an ideal place to express their requests; with the new attraction it has created for tourists and foreigners, the city also shows an artistic reaction from the intellectual sublevels of its own society. These cultural and political views in which they are crystallised are interesting for many foreigners and they also find a part of their contemporary history in them. Among the graffiti works, there are messages with radical anti-materialist, socialist, anti-Nazism and fascism content. The Greek government's response to graffiti is not only directed at its content, but also includes the volume and size of advertisements. They had to accept the new look of the city and then appreciate some works of art; By explaining that they were forced to distinguish between art and the labels without aesthetic value that they were determined to destroy. From the very beginning of the new wave of graffiti design in Athens, parts of the government also agreed with it. During several decades of activity of graffiti artists, the existing works are now recognised as symbols and signatures of Athens, and government institutions hold ceremonies in their commemoration from time to time. Athens' graffiti boomed after the country's Great Depression. In them, the protesting cry of the voiceless class of the society against the existing situation was clear. In 2009, the first aspects of Greece's economic collapse were seen, and the government declared a high budget deficit and received financial aid for reforms from the Eurozone and the International Monetary Fund. The first reactions of the society towards the economic strictures, the next year in 2010. A year later, private investors forgave half of their outstanding claims from the government; but an opening was not achieved and the government changed. In 2012, the second foreign support package was injected into the Greek economy. But in the same year, the Greek government changed for the second time and again for the third time. In 2013 and 2014, austerity measures intensified and protests were formed accordingly. In the first month of 2015, for the fourth time, a new leftist government led by Alexis Tsipras took office. He also put the capital control program on his agenda. In the same year, a referendum was held and people voted against these plans; but the ruling party turned to new austerity reforms. In 2017, the International Monetary Fund announced the end of aid programs to Greece, and in 2018, Europe joined this decision. The international financial aid packages did not lead to financial stability and regulation of the economy, but instead led it to a long-term deep recession and skyrocketing unemployment. The effects of the austerity packages weighed heavily on low- and middle-income households, leading to deep poverty for the working and "ruined" middle classes, upward redistribution of wealth, the closure of thousands of small businesses, and a dramatic decline in living standards for the majority of people. With the conducted investigations, three spectrums of Athens’ graffiti performers can be identified. In the first row, there are parties. They usually do a large part of their goals and messages not officially, but through their fans. Due to the legal aspect and party responsibility, they refrain from destructive methods and present their message often in relatively appropriate ways. These messages often appear on public spaces under the control of the government and in the urban space at certain times when election campaigns are peaking. The mentioned economic collapse of Greece has provided the necessary social context for the slogans of leftist parties. Together with the radical nationalists (although both of them are opposites), they make strong slogans for fundamental changes. The second range of performers consists of six political, citizen, anti-totalitarian, religious and ecological groups. Religious messages in Athens’ graffiti are considered the third spectrum. Religious images with moral themes are often executed by experienced graffiti artists. The third spectrum belongs to the works of individuals; whose voices do not resonate in any group, they do not find any significant groups of like-minded people or they cannot be proposed in public spaces at all, and it may even have consequences for them with legal prosecution.

In the modern world, urban spaces, on the one hand, and contemporary citizens, on the other hand, are heavily influenced by the effects of smart and virtual spaces and technologies. Hence, it is pivotal to establish spaces that would simultaneously meet the health needs of contemporary humans and pay special attention to the smart dimensions of contemporary life. The concepts of a healthy city and a smart city are emerging ideas that were introduced towards the end of the twentieth century, driven by the rapid growth of urban populations and the resulting challenges, along with economic and technological changes brought about by globalization. The concept of healthy cities was developed within an initiative framework by the World Health Organization and was introduced in the wake of the search for promoting health by a general entity of the international sphere (Taylor, 2010). The concept of smart cities was also initiated by technological companies in the private sector and refers to the utilization of innovations and technological sources in urban infrastructure and services. Accordingly, just as there are a large number of innovative approaches, there are common indicators used both in healthy cities and in smart cities. Assuming a general health priority, the subject of smartization in urban space is regarded as a strategic objective, causing the fatality of pandemic and non-pandemic diseases to be fewer and thus helping to create a prosperous and competitive economy. The present study aims to explain the components affecting a smart and healthy urban space and to provide a general conceptual framework in this connection.

From a goal perspective, the study was applied, and from the nature of information and its analytical perspective, it was qualitative, falling under documentary research. The present study was also considered a mixed research method. In this direction, the dimensions and components of a healthy and smart city, raised by professionals and experts, were first collected and were then coded by using content analysis, leading to the determination of a general healthy and smart city framework. Next, the determined indicators were firstly incorporated and then scored and ranked by ten experts by using the five criteria of urban space scales, health and smartization relevance, easiness of access to information, measurability, and spatial diversity changes via the Goeller scorecard method. Because the five criteria are not equally important, the AHP method and Expert Choice software were used to assign weights to the criteria. To calculate the final score, the score of each indicator was multiplied by the weight of the relevant criterion, and then all the scores resulting from the indicators were added up, leading to a final score of 10. The indicators that received a score of higher than 5 were selected and the “general conceptual framework of a healthy city with a smart city approach” was explained. Finally, to control the quality of the extracted framework, the Cohen’s Kappa Index was used to compare the researcher’s view with an expert’s to finally provide an ID of indicators.

The explained conceptual framework consisted of 5 economic, social, managerial, physical and environmental dimensions, encompassing 12 components and 52 indicators of a healthy and smart urban space. The economic dimension consists of the component of economic prosperity and the indicators of strengthening local markets, tourism, and business diversity. The social dimension consists of the component of social communications with the indicators of social engagement, social and ethnic plurality, participation in social life, the component of social facilities with the indicators of accessibility and the awareness-raising of cultural events, accessibility and the awareness-raising of recreational events, access to sports amenities, access to welfare services, access to high-speed Internet, wireless coverage, and finally the component of health with the indicators of access to healthy food, promoting bodily exercises, awareness-raising and training health principles, and access to healthcare services. The managerial dimension consists of the component of urban management that involves the indicators of cultural heritage preservation (regeneration), citizens’ satisfaction with urban management performance, administrating the effective programs of garbage collecting and recycling and traffic management. The physical dimension consists of five components titled as accessibility with the indicators of access to public transportation, access to pedestrian zones, access to cycling paths, access to places of rest, access to green spaces, access to clean public spaces, access to washrooms, access to parking lots, safety with the indicators of the safety of cycling paths, the safety of pedestrian zones, traffic safety, the quality of urban pathways, security with the indicators of lighting and illumination of urban spaces, 24-hour land uses, the new generation of rescue police, social monitoring (urban smart cameras), transportation with the indicators of various and diverse options of vehicles, providing the Internet in public transportation, timers indicating the time of arriving at the destination, the applications showing the position of the public vehicles, the quality of public transportation (using sensors to improve public mobility), non-motorized public transportation (EVs, hybrids, and scooters), and environmental design with the indictors of land use diversity, design proportionate to peoples’ needs, diverse greenery, the quality of urban furniture, and place attachment. The environmental dimension consists of two components of energy with the indicator of using renewable sources and the environmental quality with the indicators of air, sound, and visual quality, water quality, and surface water collection and disposal.

According to the scores calculated, the environmental dimension with a score of 9.4 held greater importance than other dimensions and should be paid special attention in urban planning and designing. As all indicators of environmental quality received a score of 9.9, a key requirement for creating a healthy urban space with a smart city approach is to focus on air and water quality, reduce sound and visual pollution, and manage and collect surface waters effectively. The physical dimension with a score of 8.6 ranked second, followed by the social dimension (a score of 8), and economic and managerial dimensions with scores of 7.6 and 6.9, respectively.

People in a society become sophisticated when they face unfamiliar and unknown social and public challenges and spend part of their daily lives in the public arena. This issue raises the level of solidarity of people and makes the place a familiar one. The spaces we face daily, engage us socially, culturally, and communicatively. And by creating a high environment, they build a sense of peace and improve the spirit of society. (Cattell et al. 2008.) Since the urban space is incomplete and undefinable regardless of its social processes, many thinkers consider the importance of social space more than physical space. Social space is a social product, and every society produces its own space. The centrality of daily social attitudes and actions in space is considered concerning the importance of spatial aspects of the social organization of space. Therefore, the space is at the center of the continuity of historical and social processes and includes the confrontation over meanings and values. Continuous relationships between elements through shape, color, texture, and continuity patterns form the perception of organizational elements in the space and prevent any change and interruption in the space. The existence of sociable public spaces is an important supplement for people's socialization. The sociability of public spaces promotes the spirit of solidarity and individual growth of the city's people, regardless of race, age, socio-economic status, and gender. (Najari and Mehdinejad, 2019) Since urban space is incomplete and incorrect, regardless of its social processes, many thinkers consider the importance of social space more than physical space. Social space is a social product and each society and its production method produces its own space. Therefore, engaging in environmental links with the undeniable part of daily social and individual biological experiences and strong visual communication and spatial visualization causes that even with relocation, one's thinking develops. Living cities all have systems with active and identifiable public spaces for the city, where people can meet, move, and communicate with each other. Physical space, to respond to social needs with the necessary opportunities to acquire social business, and public space in cities, can respond to these needs. But in contemporary societies, the downward trend of audience presence in public spaces and the weakening of the social sense, causes the experts of architecture and urban planning, in connection with the issues of social quality of the place, the amount of audience attraction, and the promotion of social belonging in the public space, researchers. Knowing the factors from the point of view of thinkers to understand the concept of concepts and its effect on the urban body and to investigate how to promote social needs and environmental connection in the Pamenar neighborhood is the main goal of this research. To answer this; The study investigates the interconnectedness of social interaction and the urban body and its environmental connections with a qualitative method of case study and analytical perspective, and by inferring the relevant findings and opinions of social science experts in the urban field to provide a reliable definition of the interaction between the body of the city and social interaction, and finally to explain the criteria for promoting interaction. Social presence is studied in the local plaza as one of the most effective public spaces in cities. The neighborhood studied in this article, Pamenar, is located in the heart of the historical context of Tehran. It is also a residential neighborhood whose residents can play an active role in maintaining and promoting its identity. The research findings indicate that the two primary indicators in the development of social interaction are the physical body and the creation of a social event (activity). The revitalization of this context depends on the development of social interactions. Therefore, the present article considered the two main factors of attention to the urban physical body and the reproduction of social events as endogenous factors in shaping urban revitalization. It examines the origin of the Pamenar revitalization within its context, exploring the historical background as a source of inspiration for generating fresh ideas. According to the particular location and the subject of the research, and based on the research and field investigations and multiple visits to the target site, designing a plaza with a revitalization approach is one of the best options in this place. Furthermore, the architectural significance of plaza design entails the creation of public and urban spaces comprising various elements like amphitheaters, cafes, galleries, bookstores, small vendors, and other necessary public areas. These communal spaces will be meticulously designed, evaluated, and scrutinized.

Nowadays, most urban public spaces, including streets, have strongly been under the control of cars and lost their liveliness because of irregular increases in the use of motor vehicles. The street, a place for human interactions and activities, has changed into a place to pass and be taken up by cars. The people who used to talk and trade in the street, the children who considered the street to be a place to play, the young people who come into the street for amusement, and people who are the case in increasing liveliness, all of them have become pedestrians, who are only permitted to pass the pedestrian crossing. Therefore, according to the issues raised and available evidence, it is important to consider the needs of all citizens, including children and the young, by increasing their intellectual and psychological health and a feeling of relaxation due to a suitable space to be present. Meanwhile, the complete street is one of the appropriate strategies that can bring security, relaxation, and easy access for drivers, pedestrians, cycling, and public transport drivers simultaneously and revive the interactions and social liveliness of the past years. So this present research aims to investigate the affected factors in spatialsocial liveliness by complete street principles. Methodolgy: This present research has been conducted with a qualitative approach and the method of grounded theory. This theory is data-driven and avoids the only test of deductive hypotheses. In this regard the researcher tries to discover dominant processes of social context from the vision of subjects.

The data from interviews with 79 and 39 citizens of Shirazi and Hamadan in order were coded in three stages: open (initial), central, and selective. Open codes include 25 concepts that relate to Shiraz and 35 concepts that relate to Hamadan and central codes include three major categories, which include dynamism, attractiveness, and people and activities (active and passive). Social-spatial justice was identified as the central core of the present research.

According to the results of the research, the core category (selective code) is "spatial-social justice". This category covers all the other categories. The citizens participating in this research have explained social-spatial justice as a major factor in increasing spatial-social liveliness. The grounded model of this explanation consists of a series of conditions that include causal conditions, contextual conditions, and mediating conditions, which lead to the emergence of activities and interactions. The consequences of these activities and interactions are social-spatial justice. The causal conditions of this model are favorable urban management, which plays an essential role in creating lively spaces in cities. On the other hand, responding to the needs of all people has a great impact on the presence and enjoyment of space. Correct behavioral activities are the mediating conditions that create interest in using space. All these conditions lead to a series of activities and interactions that create social-spatial justice.

The researches carried out in the relics of the history of architecture and urban planning of Iran in the field of architectural studies and urban planning have been more closely related to the body of these relics. In the meantime, social factors, cultural, religious and customary structures and the opinion of the master craftsman, architect or even the king and the courtiers have been neglected in the form of regulations, despite their undeniable effect. It seems that Iran's architecture has principles based on which architects have acted in relation to durability and long useful life of buildings. The creation of desirable and high-quality architectural works that have the capacity to last and adapt to life and the passage of time has been happening in Iran for a long time. This article seeks to answer the question of whether the regulations related to architecture during the Qajar era until the constitution were involved in increasing the lifespan and quality of the  relics, or did they take steps to reduce it? This study has been carried out in the context of a part of history, from the time of the rule of the Qajar kings to the emergence of constitutionalism. In this era, with the emergence of the first forms of urban organization, regulations play a more prominent role than in the past. In this article, the data collected and analyzed systematically during the research process have been used. Based on this method, first open coding is done up to the stage of theoretical saturation, and then classification and analysis of the codes is done up to the stage of selective codes. The purpose of compiling this article is to first read the documents belonging to the mentioned period and extract the existing regulations at that time and then measure its effect on increasing or decreasing the useful life of architectural  relics. Therefore, firstly, the regulations related to architectural constructions or urban spaces from the Qajar era to the Constitution have been summarized and then the relationship between these factors and the useful life of the building has been investigated. According to the nature of the Qajar period and the emergence of factors that reduced the lifespan and quality of architecture, the classification has been separated into two general categories: increase and decrease in durability.

The promotion of social interactions is one of the most important manifestations of successful urban spaces. But in the present era, the increasing use of cars and the gradual domination of pedestrian movement has reduced the social participation in urban spaces. This issue, while addressing the importance of social interactions in urban life, raises the need to return to the category of pedestrians. Therefore, the present study is based on identifying and evaluating the factors affecting the promotion of social interactions in pedestrian streets. The present study was conducted as a case study in Chaharbagh Abbasi Pedestrian Street of Isfahan. This research is of applied type and descriptive-analytical research method and an attempt has been made to determine the importance of each of the effective criteria and indicators using the opinion of experts. Therefore, effective criteria for promoting social interactions were identified in three components: physical, social and activity-functional. Then, using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Expert Choice software, the importance coefficients of the criteria, sub-criteria and their prioritization were determined. The study population consisted of experts who were randomly selected to answer the questionnaire questions. The results indicate that , the physical criterion with a weight of 0.31 is more important than the other criteria and the sub-criteria of visual diversity and permeability of the main physical criterion with a weight of 0.29 have the highest coefficient of importance in the process of promoting social interactions from the perspective of experts.

Holding different custom and rituals in every society strengthens the social ties of that society. Meanwhile, in Shi’a culture, Muharram mourning ceremonies have been valued semantically and create the basis for a set of rituals which gradually found diverse social functions and became part of popular culture. During Qajar period, unlike the previous periods, due to the role of religion and religious ceremonies in the social life of this period, special places were crated for holding these ceremonies, most important of which were Ashura rituals. In Nain, the space system of Husseinieh square (consisting of bodied squares and the physical form of Husseinieh) was influenced by these traditions during the Qajar period. The present study, as a case study seeks to explain how ceremonies and rituals interact especially Muharram and Safar mourning ceremonies as an identity and cultural factor of the city of Nain. Results of the questionnaires along with theoretical analysis, showed that in the interaction between the Ashura rituals and the city of Nain in terms of physical characteristics, they created certain elements and spaces in the Qajar period in Nain (Heptad Husseinieh squares) which are considered as the most important spatial and ritual elements which formed urban space and central neighborhoods and also considered as an important factor in the structure of the spatial system and its physical integrity. Also, mourning ceremonies have influenced the spaces associated with it due to their accordance with the beliefs of city’s resident and was effective in the identifying the spaces and their sense of belonging. Performing t is carried out in all aspects with the role and participation of people, and as a result of the experience of this group work in working together, provides the for creating social consistency and local integrity in the course of holding such ceremonies.

The expansion of urban societies caused significant changes in the living environment of humans. These changes caused many problems, including the increase in thermal tensions and lack of thermal comfort in the cities. Among these changes is the presence of artificial surfaces in urban spaces, which have replaced natural surfaces and include a high percentage of the surface of cities. The difference in the characteristics of the artificial surfaces has made their impact on the thermal comfort conditions of the environment different compared to the natural surfaces. In this research, sidewalks, which include a large part of artificial surfaces in cities, are the subject of study, and the effects of changes in their characteristics on thermal comfort in open spaces are evaluated. Field measurements and numerical simulation methods were used in this study. Field measurements were carried out by a data logger on the campus of Imam Khomeini University of Qazvin. Also, numerical simulations were performed for the hottest day of the year (July 25, 1401) by modeling the site using Envimet software. The results of the data obtained from the simulations were validated with the measured data. Then two characteristics of pavement materials, albedo (reflection coefficient) and material thickness, were investigated in different amounts of simulation and the results obtained from their impact on the thermal comfort of the environment were evaluated by two indices of Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) and Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI). According to the results, albedo has a greater effect on thermal indices, and reducing its value from 0.8 to 0.2 to a maximum of 3 and an average of 0.4 degrees Celsius will cause a decrease in the thermal comfort index of PET. The thickness of the pavement materials was also evaluated, and the related results indicate the very small and partial effect of changes in this characteristic on the thermal comfort of the environment.

The realization of a sustainable university as an institution that prioritizes environmental, social, economic, and cultural sustainability in its strategies, policies, and practices; As a strategic center, it plays a central role in urban environments, and in the last few decades, it has been the focus of urban planning and designer researchers. A university, as a higher education institution that provides three areas of educational performance: educational space, educational experience in context, and natural environment, plays an important role in the balance and interaction of social activity, built-physical environment, and natural environment. They play Providing a method and a tool to evaluate the level of stability of the educational space as a physical-spatial space is the subject that is addressed in this research. For this purpose, various types of assessment tools are introduced, and then the graphic assessment tool of sustainability in the university (GASU) is examined as one of the analytical tools. This research is based on its interpretative approach, following the introduction and application of an evaluation method to measure the sustainability of university campuses as a special type of urban public space. Based on this, this research has used the strategy of reviewing the research literature using library resources (a heuristic approach). The results are presented in two parts: the framework of GASU indicators and the rereading of this method for its application in the university with the aim of turning it into a public space in the city. The results indicate that the general indicators are centered on the institutional core of the university campus in order to create a vision for information and public participation; economic indicators are another part of the institutional core, seeking to draw the conditions of competition, benefit, and public participation in the economic field; And finally, the environmental index to describe a nature-friendly environment is based on local values and technology-based energy efficiency.

The development of information and communication technology in the 20th century and the entry into the information age in the field of change in the global political and economic environment have seen many developments. Entering the information age has provided the foundation and root of the construction of the neoliberal government since the 1970s, and it has included changes in the current structures in its projects. Under the banner of these changes, the reorganization of capitalism can take place by describing the changes by informants. The economics of information provides an overview of the components of the economy and new changes, considering Castells' belief in connecting those components in the concept of "space of flows" as opposed to "space of places". Because of this, the city faces a new nature of space. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to reread the concept of space and urban space and its changes under the influence of the development of information and communication technology.

For this purpose, using the systematic review method, articles related to the effects of information and communication technology development on the city and urban space and place have been extracted, examined, and analyzed. This started by searching for valid articles and was done by studying the abstract and research results of more than 100 articles, monitoring them, and finally selecting 42 articles after entering the Excel software environment. The published articles are in English and between the period of 30 years, 1990-2020.

The review and analysis of the articles have separated the sub-branches related to the change of urban space and place due to the development of information and communication technologies into four main areas: urban design, urban planning, urban participation, and travel patterns. According to the results of the analysis, the areas and sub-areas effective in creating changes in the urban space and place were extracted, and shared spaces and dedicated spaces related to the four main areas were presented.

The development of information and communication technology will affect urban spaces and places in different ways and different aspects. Therefore, there is a need to reorganize urban activities and urban space and place. Information and communication technology can play a role as a factor in strengthening urban space, improving the quality of public spaces, and improving the performance of urban spaces. Therefore, the valuable location values multiply and affect the issue of location. Keyword

This article addresses the methodological shortcomings in the study of urban spaces in Iran and highlights the usefulness of ethnographic research in motion for urban and urban design studies based on fieldwork on gender relations in the physical space of the Tehran Bazaar. It also examines the innovative approaches employed by the authors in applying this method. The ethnographic research in motion concerning the chosen case study provides insights into the formation and remembrance of a sense of place during movement in the bazaar, critical interventions in space through women's navigation and crossing of gendered boundaries within the market, the creation of new spaces, as well as the rhythm of women's presence in the space, which encompasses both long movements and short stops, and their specific decision-making processes for navigating the unique physicality of the market .The results of this article demonstrate that the use of ethnography in motion, particularly in movement-based urban space studies, is valuable. In addition to providing analyses of people's emotions and experiences at different points in their presence within the space, it offers a macro-level perspective on people's trajectories and locations in the space, providing researchers with a unique set of data on the formation of perceived space and enabling specific analytical capabilities not easily accessible through other methods. Ethnography in motion can contribute to a deeper understanding of the gendering of the environment, the inclusivity of the urban environment, and the overall production and appropriation of space by different groups and segments of society, showcasing the critical engagement of groups (in this case, women) with the dominant spatial discourse. When the knowledge gained through this approach intersects with the qualitative qualities of the analyzed environment, it can be highly beneficial in designing urban spaces that cater to the diverse segments of society.

Everyday urban experience is achieved through the process of perception and sense experience through sensory organs. Living in a multi-sensory environment is inevitable, and the experience of encountering sights, smells, and sounds makes it possible to know the environment. It seems that in different urban spaces of Iran, taking into account the native conditions of the environment and current traditions among the people, the role of sensory landscapes and its effect on the quality of the urban space requires more investigations. The main problem of the current research is the need to pay more attention to the issue of "sensory richness" and analyze its indicators and examples as one of the important qualities of the urban space, with an emphasis on the two senses of smell and taste. Based on this, the present article aims to explain the process of recognizing and analyzing an urban space with an emphasis on improving the quality of sensory richness in the two areas of smell and taste senses.

Theoretical Framework:

Regarding the sense of smell, the variety of smells, the presence of sources of smells in the environment, smells dependent and related to time, consistent smells, smells of passers-by, and smelling comfort are among the indicators that, according to sources, affect the richness of the space. There are also researches about the effect of the sense of smell in the urban space, in the context of racial, ethnic, native, historical and cultural contexts, and it shows the effect of different cultural contexts on the transmission of social meanings and values and the display of historical heritage through the sense of smell in an urban space.Regarding the sense of taste, while emphasizing the dependence and direct connection of this sense with the sense of smell, the presence of fruitful plants, local memories related to the experience of taste in space, and the presence of land uses that stimulate taste have an effect on the richness of the sense of taste.

In order to conduct this research, the "qualitative" strategy has been used to collect and analyze data. In the first step, the review of library resources was carried out with the aim of compiling the theoretical framework of the research and extracting effective indicators in the thematic area of sensory richness. After that, the indicators obtained from this part were analytically recognized and field studied in two steps in the studied sample; In the first step, the sensory perception of the environment was carried out by "sensory walking" with the help of field survey by one of the researchers as an urban studies expert. After that, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 21 space users. These numbers were selected as available samples and the interviews were continued until reaching a kind of "theoretical saturation" and repeated answers. The data obtained from the interviews were coded in "Atlas" software and subjected to content analysis.

The findings of the interviews revealed the deep dimensions of the smell experience along the way for users. In these interviews, special users with a keen sense of smell were mentioned many times along the way. In some of these comments, the use of smell to remember the length of the route and even addressability was clearly evident. This issue, while clarifying the process of tracking odor sources by space users, shows the effect of place and the inseparable dependence of sensory experiences with place.In a deeper layer, the analysis of the interviews shows that remembering and recalling smell experiences, especially in urban spaces with historical qualities, is very tied to nostalgia and memory and has an effect on deepening the sense of belonging to a place. This issue is very important from the analytical point of view of urban space. Context—which can be a set of antecedent conditions or facts about a place or a particular event in it—plays a decisive role in the quality of the smellscapes in a place.The findings show that in the sensory experience of Hafez Street, in particular, the presence of "orange trees" as an example of the "fruitful plants" index, in addition to the possibility of simultaneously deepening the senses of smell and taste, to the perception of the "sense of time" as well as the "memorability of space" and Also, "identifying the sensory experience of the path" has also been effective. In the experience of the sense of taste along this path, as expected, the findings indicate the effect of the use of taste stimuli on the deepening of the sensory experience of space and its perception.

Among the indicators of the quality of the senses of smell and taste, "smell comfort", "presence of fruitful plants" and "memorable uses with taste stimulation", have a greater role in the experience process of citizens' environmental perception. Also, in the analysis of the findings from the qualitative survey, it is possible to emphasize the two-way relationship between the deepening of the "sense of smell" and the memorability and identity of the place, as well as the reciprocal relationship of "perception of time" with the depth of the smell sensory experience.It seems that, especially in urban spaces with historical value, paying attention to the identity aspects of odors from natural resources or users with an identity smell or taste experience, both in the layer of future research and in the layer of executive plans, can have a multifaceted effect on improving the quality of the space and help deepen the sense of belonging to the place among the users.

The increase in size and population and the spatial elements of cities has caused physical-spatial complications in cities, so that it is hardly possible to understand urban relations and to know the main structure of cities and their morphology based on the analysis of all the city components. Analyzing the spatial structure of cities needs methods that can respond to these complexities. Among the theories and methods that study the structure and configuration of urban space is the theory of space syntax. Spatial integration as a spatial value in the analysis of the spatial structure of cities is a concept developed based on the method of space syntax. In this article, using the spatial structure analysis method, the existing spatial structure of Bandar Abbas city has been explored as a case study. The research carried out shows that the growth and expansion of the city in different directions and the expansion of the physical extent of the city has caused many changes in the spatial configuration of city, which is necessary for effective methods and techniques in solving the problems. One of these methods is the method of space syntax, the use of which will be very effective in understanding the complexities of the physical structure of city and the pathology of the spatial structure of localities. Just as the improvement of underdeveloped urban neighborhoods, without an accurate understanding of the spatial structure of the neighborhoods in relation to the structure of the metropolis, will cause the project to fail, the ability to be lost, and the neighborhood to become more isolated, the analysis shows that it is not possible to Revival of spatial structure and separation of all tissues suggested a solution; Because the problem of some of these tissues is not internal and is the result of the lack of proper structural connection between the tissue and the city. Therefore, it is necessary to know the structure and spatial organization of urban tissues in relation to the structure of cities, and the use of space layout method in the analysis and predictions of designers will be useful.

Extended Abstract

Contemporary public spaces often do not adequately meet all human needs, resulting in a deficiency in their social dynamics. They tend to be reduced to mere origin-destination places. While previous research has identified this issue to some extent, it has not yielded clear solutions. This study aims to identify the key factors for enhancing the functionality of these spaces, drawing inspiration from architectural and urban planning principles and thoughts. It prioritizes these factors within the context of religious public spaces, specifically focusing on the forecourt of Jame’ Mosque in Qazvin, using the third-place theory. The study seeks to establish a strategic framework to transform the forecourt space into a true third-place, proposing solutions to enhance its role within the forecourt of Jameh Mosque in Qazvin.

The study adapts a combination of approaches, starting with quantitative factors and subsequently incorporating qualitative reasoning to offer design recommendations. In order to translate these qualitative factors into quantifiable aspects and ensure their impact on the design process, a questionnaire was developed. This questionnaire was designed based on theoretical findings related to the spatial aspects of the forecourt and the conceptual framework of the third-place. During the initial phase, the most significant components and indicators were gathered from a pool of 24 influential factors identified through the Delphi method, involving 20 experts. After analyzing the questionnaire using SPSS software, the top 14 factors with the most design influence were extracted in the second phase. Following this, by identifying the key components and indicators for evaluating a place according to the third-place concept, the study evaluated the study area (the forecourt of Jameh Mosque in Qazvin). Ultimately, the research offers design solutions aimed at incorporating the qualities of the third-place into the shared entrance area of Jameh Mosque. 

To create a gradual change from one place to another, based on the qualities, criteria and indicators identified in the theory of “third-place” and their prioritization from the architecture and urban design experts’ view, the most important criteria to achieve the quality and nature of the third-place in public places in the theoretical field were defined. These criteria were prioritized for other studies in the field of urban design and architecture. In order to make the forecourt act as a joint according to the theory of the “third-place”, complications arise in ensuring the functionally of the joint, which may result in either chaotic or monotonous designs. In this way, according to the investigations, there are effective indicators which determine the creation and sustenance of a place classified as a “third-place.” Incorporating these characteristics is essential for the continued existence of such spaces within today’s urban public areas.

After analyzing the third-place theory and examining the indicators, design priorities were presented to improve the quality of social life in the forecourt of Jameh Mosque in Qazvin. The results can be generalized to other public spaces with a similar spatial nature. Readability, invitingness, proper access, social interactions and maintaining the place efficiency are the requirements of “third-place” according to this research. To enhance the readability within these areas, it is advisable to reduce the density compared to the nearby blocks. This will make it easier to perceive information. Following this, the invitingness will also become more effective. However, the key factor in reinforcing the invitingness within interface spaces lies in the utilization of various elements. Furthermore, indications of the adjacent spaces are present to serve as an initial welcome for users to engage with. In order to achieve a space for establishing social interactions, it is better to use a suitable space for pausing and having a conversation, which is suitable through the selection of urban furniture. Finally, design solutions were introduced in the case study.

One of the mos t important factors in the analysis of urban space is the attention to ethical norms of the society, which has become a part of religious culture in Iran. The path of analysis and explanation of urbanization from the perspective of Islamic principles is based on the principles and attributes that through the modes and concepts of the transcendental and through the tools and rules, takes on a special physical s tructure, so that ultimately the full effect of the city occurs in which the person at all times is aware of the transcendental and spiritual dimensions of life. This research, by relying on written sources and introducing an ethical approach in analyzing urban spaces and focusing on the concept of pudency, explains its features in the city's body and the modes of manifes tation and embodiment of the aforementioned traits. The method of research is to analyze and characterize the characteris tics of pudency in religious, exploratory and analytical teachings. By referring to well-known, and repeated narratives in Hadith sources, its content has been inves tigated. In the following, in an inductive and analytical approach, the mode of manifes tation of pudency in urban spaces has been explained based on indicators excerpted from Hadiths, the ways and the effects of it. Generally speaking, in the path to the rise of spiritual and moral values in urban space and its physical manifes tation, it is a legible process that explains and clarifies it more precisely and objectively s tep by s tep. In this regard, in this s tudy, the content analysis of the consecrated Hadiths in relation to pudency in order to achieve the basic concepts has been considered. In the complementary s tages, with its adaptation and environmental analysis, the five principles derived from pudency, including dignity, sanctity, spirituality, supervision and rationality, and each of them was analyzed separately, and finally, in the form of 13 methods and 32 manifes tations, the dimensions of manifes tation and spatial-physical imagination of pudency are discussed. But the emergence and objectivity of the final propositions expressed in urban space requires attention to spatial and behavioral aspects. More precisely, emphasizing and directing people to the inner and spiritual areas of pudency in urban space requires some arrangements that some of them can be achieved in the form of physical measures in urban space, but the nature and scope of pudency in relation to others, Requires social and behavioral considerations. In this regard, the final cases explained in the form of s tatements can be divided into three main categories: (a) The major cases of the s tated physical form are arrangements that have a deterrent and preventive role in the occurrence of abnormalities and can be the basis The occurrence of a variety of social behaviors; (b) It has been s tated that, in addition to the previous role, self-indications and physical analogy are related to veneration; (c) In some cases, in addition to emphasizing physical equipment, social interactions and Creating privacy and appropriate physical conditions are discussed.