جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « master plan » در نشریات گروه « هنر و معماری »

The historical city of Mashhad has faced the emergence of new streets in two periods, first in the Safavid period and then in the contemporary period. For the first time, Safavid created a new structure for the city by building a street (Charbagh) connecting the gates of the city so that the role of traffic in it was secondary. This axis can be considered the most important social center of the city of Mashhad until the modernist interventions of the Pahlavi period in Mashhad. In the period until today, with the emergence of urban development plans such as the master plan, the streets were widened, and this was noticed with the advent of cars, which are known as transportation organs in the conventional reading. In recent years, the Ministry of Roads and Urban Development, to revive the lost meanings and roles of the street, published the regulations for the design of urban roads. 
To investigate the impact of this regulation on the revival of the street’s role in development plans, the current research raises two questions: 1.What is the approach of urban development plans to defining the role of urban streets? 2.To what extent has the urban street design code been effective in redefining the role of the street? Why?  For this purpose, this research investigated and compared the role of the street (Bala khiyaban and Paeen khiyaban) in the historical city of Mashhad in two phases: pre- and post-interventions of the master plan, and examined the position of the street in each period. The results of the research show that the partial approach of the master plan to the city is the reason for the reduction of the role of the street to mere access passages. The modernist approach of the master plan recognizes the street as merely connecting the functional zones of the modern city. This research underscores the need for a paradigm shift in urban development plans, recognizing the city as a whole entity, to prevent the reduction of the street’s role to mere access passages. Otherwise, similar regulations will not lead to significant changes in the role and status of city streets.

A range of criticisms have been put forward about urban master plans – the most important strategic documents for the planning and management of cities (or towns) – and their quality. The most important of these is about their prolonged processes of preparation, review, and approval as the main hinderance for efficiency and productivity. This pushes plans and programmes away from the realities at the time of approval, and makes them practically ineffective. In response, some urban planning experts are after fundamental changes in the process of preparation, review, and approval of master plans. This research focuses on finding reasons for prolonged processes, because without that all efforts to implement new approaches are doomed to fail, the experience of preparing urban structural-strategic plans in Iran being apoint in the case.To answer the main question of this research, urban planning managers of road and urban development in all provinces of Iran are selected to answer questionnairesdue to their seminal roles in the selection of consulting engineers, preparation, review, approval, communication, and even implementation of the urban master plans. Results show a variety of reasons for prolongation of the process, the most important of which being weaknesses, discordances, non-realisation of potentials, the lack of adequate training of experts, and the absence of experienced consulting engineers involving in preparation of master plans. The weakness of the experts and management bodies of institutions and groups causes problems such as the adoption of piecemeal approaches in master plans, or failures in fulfilling basic requirements for preparation of the plans such as acquiring updated aerial photographs, and as a result, it takes a long time bringingconsultation contracts to a conclusion.

Problem statement:

The evaluation of the feasibility of urban development plans, which has been carried outin various studies, suggests their failure and reveals the urgency to review and find out the main causes of the impracticability of such plans in urban planning.

Research objective:

This research investigates the main factors affecting the feasibility of ‌‌master plans for small cities. For this purpose, three small citieswere selected as a case study in Guilan Province.

Research method:

This qualitative study employed the grounded theory method to obtain reliable information and opinions using semi-structured interviews.Thus, 23 expertsin the field of the urban management of small cities were interviewed to achieve theoretical saturation. Each interview lasted from one hour to one hour and thirty minutes. The research process included multiple iterations.

Seven main themeswere extracted for the non-feasibility of ‌‌master plans based on the code analysis of the interviews. These themes are weaknesses of the management system, problems of the legal system, problems of the executive system, financial problems, substantive problems of the plan, lack of constructive participation, and problems with the plan preparation process system. For each theme, appropriate solutions were proposedaccording to the initial open codes and their frequency. The findings of this study showthat different factors of the non-feasibility of ‌‌master plans are closely related to each other, in other words, they can be connected like a chain. Some factors can also be improved by modifying other factors.

Industrial Revolution and subsequent developments were led to the revolution in urbanization in the second half of the nineteenth century and the revolution changed human settlement in other cities and resulted in unprecedented expansion of cities. This was an epidemic phenomenon that Iran would not be safe from it. In order to deal with the development and distribution of the city in Iran from mid-century imitation of the western planned systems, comprehensive plans that have in their hearts policies to control and limit urban growth were used. In the form of the comprehensive plans have been accomplished policies of the Green Belt to determine the physical limits of the city (urban growth boundary). After more than four decades, providing the first comprehensive plans for cities and for urban growth boundary, yet comprehensive and accurate assessment has not been made from success and effectiveness of the urban growth inhibition tools. Those factors caused we executed this research and in this research has been selected Tehran metropolis as study sample. After that, this study sample has been investigated in order to assess the measure of success and effectiveness of the urban growth boundary. In this research has been used qualitative research method. Research indicator has been derived from the theoretical foundations and satellite images and Envi 4.8 software has been used to verify adaptation comprehensive plan of urban growth boundary and the real border. The main findings of this research are follows: Urban growth boundary that has been determined in comprehensive plan 1371 not effectively control urban development. In the period 1371-1386, a large part of the new development outside of the urban growth boundary has been located. When the ability of urban growth boundary control by using of growth boundary inhibition was measured, the results were shown that the value of this indicator is 0/15 percent and the result means that urban growth boundary of comprehensive plan has no ability in limit of urban growth of Tehran metropolis. Size scope of the urban growth boundary specified in the comprehensive plan that has been determined in 1371 had been appropriate and had been more than the necessary amount. Thus, the failure of the urban growth boundary in respect to evolutions and developments in outside of the East Tehran metropolis and thrown out in the southern part is clear. Size scope of the urban growth boundary specified in the comprehensive plan that has been determined in 1371 had been appropriate and had been more than the necessary amount. Thus, the failure of the urban growth boundary in respect to evolutions and developments in outside of the East Tehran metropolis and thrown out in the southern part is clear. Size scope of the urban growth boundary specified in the comprehensive plan that has been determined in 1371 had been appropriate and had been more than the necessary amount. Thus, the failure of the urban growth boundary in respect to evolutions and developments in outside of the East Tehran metropolis and thrown out in the

The status and importance of the urban development plans and their evaluation through various methods is still an outstanding challenging issue in the academic and practical settings. Plan quality evaluation is known as an emerging methodology for assessing the quality of plans. It typically evaluate plans in relation to whether they contain certain desirable features, and aims to answer questions about the suitability of plans, applying methods and theories of planning, their strengths and weaknesses related to the ideal situation in different fields. During the past two decades, researchers have been able to formulate conceptual consensus based on the preliminary principles of plan quality. The purpose of this study is to introduce concepts and methods for plan quality evaluation describing an appropriate systematic conceptual model in order for quality evaluation of urban development plans in Iran, so that planners, while knowing the appropriate content of the plans, can try to carry out further research focused on specific topics and fields. It should be mentioned that the method used in this study is an explanatory overview. As the theoretical foundations, different methods and studies related to the subject have been comprehensively investigated and analyzed, consequently, the suitable "model and method" for evaluating the quality of urban development plans in Iran is clearly explained and adjusted to the whole country. In this research, six main stages for content analysis of the plans were clearly described including (1) determining the subject of evaluation, the level and scope of the research, explaining the conceptual model, identifying and determining the main features of the plan; (2) making a protocol composed of components, criteria and items (questions and items) related to each feature; (3) determining the method for scoring items in the protocol; (4) coding principles and methods; (5) checking the reliability of scores; and (6) interpreting, analyzing and comparing of plan quality scores. Additionally, due to the clarification of the concepts and theoretical framework and the literature review of the plan's quality, in order to explain the conceptual model of the comprehensive plans quality in Iran, the provisions of the definitions, requirements and methods of (rational) comprehensive planning, the description of contract services for the development plans (type 12), laws, guidelines, approvals and opinions of researchers, experts and critics of urban development plans, the results and content of studies on evaluation of plans in Iran were widely utilized. Finally, a conceptual model was designed with 10 main components (i.e., fact base, analysis and inference, preparation of plans, implementation, inter-organizational coordination, participation, presentation, monitoring and evaluation, planning methods, sustainable development). This conceptual model can be both a guide and a checklist for planners to improve the content of their plans and identify the strengths, weaknesses and shortcomings of them. Last but not least, this study motivates researchers to appropriately apply this conceptual model or counterpart models to their research topic for the purpose of initiating and extending studies on the quality of plans in Iran.

Urban development plans are guiding documents on how cities are developed, enabling urban managers to look at the long-term vision of a desirable city landscape. The Tehran Master Plan is a document that aims at sustainable development in Tehran. The important thing here is the extent to which progress is being made on the path to realization of the plan at any time. In the words of the comprehensive plan of Tehran, as a strategic document, we need criteria and indicators that can show at what point in what specificities are the perspective of the plan. And how much of its goals and strategies have been realized. As a result, the measure of the implementation of the plan is based on the process and criteria adopted at the same time as the approval of the plan. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the criteria for the comprehensive plan of the Tehran metropolis. The research is descriptive-analytic and the information has been collected using a documentary and library method. The statistical population of this research includes expert And considering the impossibility of conducting research on the whole society, a multi-stage random sampling method has been used. And the information is analyzed using the Delphi method and the technique of multi-criteria decision-making methods of Tapsis. And the results show that the criteria for not using the participation rate of local and popular institutions in the process of reviewing, approval and implementation of the project with a score of (0.735193) has won first place.

One of the major studies in order to understand the distribution of activities in the city is studying how urban land use is organized. Rapid urban development in the last century and especially in recent decades, causing widespread plans for building a harmonious development in urban arias. Comprehensive plan for the city as an important tool in the management of inventory in the decades, since its emergence had faced with with faint. Today, the urban green space as one of the main indicators of sustainable development and healthy city is referred to be a measureable factor for urban development. Impact of urban development and the complexity of environmental problems, the availability of green space and expanding it to seem to be inevitable. One of the major problems for cities is urban green space that adversely affects every aspect of human life. Compared with urban planning standards, in addition to the low level of use of green space in cities and its variations has created some problems such as the lack of equitable distribution of green space in the city and pointed out the problems of citizens. From the perspective of planning and urban design, landscape spread wider context of the development of vegetation and improve the natural environment of the city. Standards per capita should be made clear, before any plans for the development of urban green space and, In line with the above, the present study aims to assess the user realizing urban development projects; emphasizing the use of green space in the city Dorud a descriptive - analytical study. Studies show researcher adopted comprehensive plan Dorud compared to existing designs residential, educational, cultural, recreational, medical, industrial, and transportation and is quoted. Other members of the proposed Master Plan, adopted in with unrealized designs are available. Dorud in use per capita green space in the status quo is 4.04 square meters, The 9 square meters per capita compared with the approved plan has been approved, is not realized. Model of SWOT strengths of 11 to 25 internal weaknesses and external opportunities for 11 to 16 external threats In conjunction with the existing implementations of Urban Development Goals have been identified and studied. Impacts of urban development and the complexity of environmental issues, and expand the availability of green space it always has been inevitable. Concentrated in cities as centers of human activity, in order to ensure its sustainability choice but to accept the structure and function of natural systems are affected... Among these green spaces as an integral and essential component of the body cities. They have a fundamental role in the metabolism deficiency can cause serious problems in urban life created Due to the critical nature of urban green space management mechanism and also the necessity of justice in an effort to expand access to city parks and green spaces suitable, Equitable distribution of land in the city, is considered one of the issues of urban planning, Therefore, to address the issue of social justice in the distribution and location of urban essential problem seems to be. Conducted studies on how to increase public participation in the creation, preservation and maintenance of green spaces (parks within the city) and increasing social control through the use of popular participation is essential Studies undertaken to prepare a comprehensive plan for the city's green spaces Dorud and integrated planning for this type of user, any plan to create green space, And urban parks in the city should be in the context of the proposed studies.

Undoubtedly، the seven river valleys of Tehran city have been the most significant natural factors in the city structure throughout history; the factors which no longer play a part in city estimation. Although the river valleys، as the most important factors of urban ecological structure، play a role in creating a balanced relationship between city and nature space، they have not been considered as significant factors of Tehran master plan. Despite the fact that the last master plan largely refers to the potentials of the river valleys، the proper way of fulfillment has not been clarified in the organization program. This paper focuses on the facilities، opportunities، limitations، threats and strategies for planning and restoration of the natural environment as initial proposals aimed at improving the quality of life by reviewing the position of Tehran river valleys in municipal documents and actions taken in the case of Farahzad river valley in Tehran. This article will also focus on these two basic points: 1) natural potentials of river valleys including green space and water flow 2) human scale and construction of pedestrian path connected to river valleys. Considering these two facts and combining the natural potentials of river valleys with human needs can lead to favorable results in organization of the valleys.

It is almost four decades from preparing and executing developmental urban plans (master and detailed), but there has been no real practical success in urban development. Lack of social justice, extension of deteriorated areas and urban bipolarities are the results of this underdevelopment. In this regard, scientific identification of the deterioration phenomenon and specification of its place in urban development plans is of great significance. In case deterioration continues on, these areas will definitely be destroyed and a crisis may rise. It has been a long time since partial viewing has caused confrontations between different organizations, and as a result deterioration has accelerated and expanded. Nowadays, the global approach towards urban development plans is a problem-oriented approach with the purpose of resolving urban difficulties. Undoubtedly, the deteriorated areas of the city of Isfahan is one of the most important problems of this city, and identification and analysis of the problems and finding appropriate solutions are the expectable results of urban development planning.As a result of the delay in renovation of deteriorated areas, analyzing the efficiency of urban development plans (master and detailed) in renovating these areas is quite significant from the pathological aspect. Because of the significance of urban development and renovation of deteriorated areas in the metropolitan historical city of Esfahan, analysis of verification of urban development plans and their effects in renovating old constructions of this city was selected as the case study. First, a comparison is made between the urban development plans in Iran and those of other cities of the world by means of the library method. Then, by studying the documents and the detailed plan (ratified in 1996) and the reviewing plan of the city of Isfahan (ratified in 2011 but not notified yet) a comparison is made between the proposed per capita services of the detailed plan and the present situation of the reviewing plan, and the rate of verification for the detailed plan of Isfahan is analyzed.Then, the rates of restoring and renovating deteriorated areas are determined by studying certificates issued by the Isfahan municipality between 2007 and 2011. This period was selected for study because bank facilities were given to applicants for renovating the deteriorated areas of the city.Finally, by means of analyzing the obtained results and considering the service descriptions for the studies and preparing the reviewing plan in the detailed plan of Isfahan, it is suggested that the master plan and consequently the detailed plan of Isfahan have been unsuccessful regarding the proposed per capita services. Moreover, the plans have not been efficient in renovation of the deteriorated areas of this city. They have been useful only for identification of these and at stabilization of the existing situation at maximum.In conclusion, four subjects have been introduced as possible solutions for improving the current situation and for verifying urban development plans and renovation of deteriorated areas. These subjects are: “providing capacities and social capital”, “the notion of process in preparation and execution of urban development plans”, “urban mangers and verification of urban development plans” and “performing studies and preparing specific plans for renovations”