جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « آب درمانی » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is a leading cause of absenteeism and increased reliance on health insurance and healthcare services, impacting individuals' daily lives and overall quality of life. This study aimed to examine the impacts of aquatic open and closed kinetic chain exercises on psychological factors, pain, and lumbo-pelvic stability in men with non-specific CLBP.

In a randomized controlled clinical trial, 60 men with non-specific CLBP (diagnosed by a specialist) were randomly assigned to three groups: closed chain exercises in water, open chain exercises in water, and a control group. The intervention groups followed a prescribed exercise regimen for eight weeks, with three sessions per week in the pool. Pain was assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), lumbo-pelvic stability was measured with the Pressure Biofeedback Stability device, and psychological variables were evaluated using the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). The ANCOVA test was used to compare post-test values among groups while controlling for pre-test effects.

Significant differences were observed between the control group and both the open chain and closed chain exercise groups in terms of pain, lumbo-pelvic stability, and psychological variables (p<0.05).

The implementation of open and closed chain exercise programs in aquatic environments proved effective in reducing pain among individuals with CLBP, also showing potential for improving lumbo-pelvic stability and psychological well-being. Hydrotherapy programs, as part of comprehensive rehabilitation strategies, may be beneficial for patients with CLBP.

Physiologic edema in the feet can cause discomfort such as pain, muscle cramps and fatigue in the feet when walking and as a result lack of movement and increased probability of thromboembolism in pregnant women. Many non-pharmaceutical methods have been used to improve physiologic edema in pregnancy. None of these methods have been studied in a self-care context. Therefore, the present study was performed with aim to determine and compare the effects of self-care education with effleurage massage, hydrotherapy, and leg elevation on physiologic edema in pregnancy.

The randomized controlled clinical trial study was conducted in 2022 on 129 primigravid women who visited the Mahdieh Tehran Health Center. The samples were randomly divided to four groups: hydrotherapy, massage therapy, leg elevation, and control. The data collection tools included a demographic and obstetric questionnaire, investigation of complications and satisfaction from the intervention, observation checklist and examination before and after the intervention, and a non-elastic meter. After collecting information, data analysis was done using SPSS statistical software (version 24) and parametric and non-parametric statistical tests. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

In the intragroup comparison, leg edema decreased significantly after the intervention compared to before the intervention (p<0.001). The results of the analysis of covariance indicated a significant difference in the mean size of foot circumferences after the intervention among the groups (p<0.001). In a side-by-side comparison of the groups after the intervention, leg elevation had the greatest effect among other interventions (p<0.001).

Self-care with effleurage massage, hydrotherapy, and leg elevation were effective in improving physiologic edema in the legs during pregnancy. Furthermore, leg elevation was found to be more effective in reducing degree of leg edema compared to other self-care interventions, and effleurage massage had the least effect in improving physiologic edema.

The ankle joint is one of the most vulnerable joints in the body due to weight bearing. Pronated foot is one of the most common complications of the lower limbs. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of exercise protocol in water and theraband on the electrical activity of lower limb muscles in people with pronate foot during walking.

The present research was a clinical trial study that was conducted in a semi-experimental and laboratory. The participants of the present study included 45 students of University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran,  who had pronated foot. They were selected purposefully and divided into three equal groups. The age range of the subjects was 18-25 years. To measure the electrical activity muscles of lower limbs, it was recorded using an electromyography device. Electromyography data were analyzed using biometric datalite program. In addition, analysis of variance with repeated measurements and bonferroni post hoc test was used, and the significance level was P≤0.05.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between time*group activity of the gastrocnemius (P=0.001) and semitendinosus (P=0.046) in the three groups of training in water, theraband and control during the heel contact phase. Therefore, using the appropriate post hoc test (LSD), it was shown that the activity of the gastrocnemius muscle in the post-test compared to the pre-test in the group of training in water (P<0.001; d=6.08) and theraband (P<0.001; d=3.66) had a significant increase of 24.03 and 16.46%, respectively. The activity of the semitendinosus muscle in the post-test compared to the pre-test in the water training group (P=0.041; d=4.98) and theraband (P=0.048; d=4.76) had a significant increase of 21.06 and 19.01%, respectively.

According to the present study, it seems that doing exercises in water and thera-band can play an effective role in improving the range of electrical activity of the muscles on lower limbs of people with pronated foot during walking. In addition, according to the effect size, it was found that training in water had a better effect on the activity of the gastrocnemius and semi tendinosus compared to thera-band.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of immediate and long-term water and Thera-Band exercises on the ground reaction force in people with pronate foot during walking.

The current research was semi-experimental with a repeated measurement design with a control group. The statistical sample of the present study included 45 male students of Mohaghegh Ardabili University with pronate, with an age range of 18-25 years, who voluntarily and purposefully participated in this study. Subjects were randomly assigned to three groups of exercises in water, exercise with Thera band and control. Walking speed and peak components of ground reaction force were investigated in three pre-test stages, immediately and after 8 weeks of training in water and traband. Bartek force plate with a sampling rate of 1000 Hz was used to record the ground reaction force during walking. Also, analysis of variance with repeated measurements and Bonferroni post hoc test were used to analyze the data at a significance level of p ≤ 0.05.

The results showed that walking speed increased significantly after 8 weeks of training with theraband (p=0.032) and training in water (p=0.025) compared to the pre-test. The vertical component of the ground reaction force in the heel strike phase after 8 weeks of training in water (P=0.002) and theraband (P=0.032) had a significant decrease compared to the pre-test.  Moreover, the vertical component of the ground reaction force in the push-off phase after 8 weeks of training with theraband had a significant increase compared to the pre-test (P=0.015). In addition, the anterior-posterior component of ground reaction force increased significantly in the push-off phase after 8 weeks of water training compared to the pre-test (P=0.001).

According to the results of the research, it can be concluded that the exercises in the water and the traband have long-term clinical and therapeutic effects on people with pronate and can be useful for correcting the walking pattern.

Background & Aims:

Training with theraband has been considered as an effective method, so that it is used to increase the strength and stability of the body position, and effective results have been obtained.
Also, hydrotherapy in a shallow pool has physiological and biomechanical advantages. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of hydrotherapy and theraband on ground reaction forces and electrical activity during running in people with pronitis.

Materials & Methods:

The current research was of semi-experimental and laboratory type. The sample included 45 male students with peronitis with an age range of 18-25, which were chosen purposefully and voluntarily. Subjects were randomly divided into three groups of water exercises, theraband exercises, and control groups. Before and after training in water and training by traband, ground reaction force variables were measured using a force plate device. Two-way analysis of variance and t-test at a significance level of 0.05 were used for statistical analysis of the data.

There was a statistically significant difference before and after training in water and training with the band between the effect of time on the peak component of the anterior-posterior force when the heel leaves the ground (P=0.019; d=0.124) and the time it reaches the peak of the anterior-posterior force when the heel leaves the ground (P=0/023; d=0.116). There was also a statistically significant difference before and after training in water and training with the band on the effect of the group factor in the peak anterior-posterior force component during heel contact with the ground (P=0.029; d=0.159) and peak vertical force during heel contact with the ground (P=0.037; d=0.145), The interaction effect of time*group in the internal-external force component during the contact of the heel with the ground before and after the exercises in the water and the training with the band showed a statistically significant difference (P=0.001; d=0.268). Also there was a statistically significant difference the interaction effect of time*group in the component of the time to reach the peak of anterior-posterior force before and after the exercises in the water and the training with the band (P=0.008; d=0.205).

The findings of the present study showed that the effect of exercises in water and theraband on the ground reaction force during running has a significant effect on the rehabilitation of people with peronitis, although the exercises in the water are more effective compared to the exercises with traband.

The relationship between the frequency content of ground reaction forces in people with peroneitis while walking is one of the fields of interest for researchers. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the training protocol in water and the thera-band on the frequency spectrum of ground reaction forces in people with pronate during walking.

The present study was a clinical trial study that was conducted in a semi-experimental and laboratory manner. The statistical sample of the present study included 45 students of Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, Iran, who had pronate and were selected purposefully and were placed randomly and equally in the three groups of thera-band, exercise in water, and control. Multivariate analysis of variance test was used to compare between groups. The significance level was considered as (P<0.05).

The results indicated that there was a significant increase in the frequency component with a power of 99.5% in the internal-external direction during the post-test compared to the pre-test (P=0.001). The results of the follow-up test showed that the frequency with a power of 99.5% in the internal-external direction during the post-test compared to the pre-test increased significantly, , for the groups of training in water, and the thera-band (Ps equal to 0.004 and 0.001, respectively). Based on paired t-test, the interactive effect of time-group on frequency with 99.5% power of ground reaction force in the anterior-posterior direction decreased by %22.19 (P=0.049). Also, in the vertical direction, the effect of the time factor on the mean frequency during the post-test was significant compared to the pre-test (P=0.044).

According to the results from the above research, it can be said that training in water and thera-band may probably be useful for improving balance and reducing walking fluctuations in people with pronate.

Objectives :

Knee osteoarthritis is one of the most common musculoskeletal problems in older adults. Pain, stiffness, tenderness, decreased muscle strength and joint range of motion, impaired proprioception, and balance problems lead to impaired physical function, making the person incapable of performing functional activities. Therefore, it is necessary to use strategies to control and reduce the complications of this disease and improve the daily functional activities of patients. This study aims to compare the effects of land-based exercise and hydrotherapy on functional activities in older women with knee osteoarthritis.

Methods & Materials :

Fifty-four female patients with knee osteoarthritis aged 60-69 years (Mean height:159.96 ±5.53 cm, mean weight:76.93±9.50 kg) were selected using a convenience sampling method and randomly divided into two groups of land-based exercise and hydrotherapy. The interventions were performed for 8 weeks. To evaluate the patients' functional activities, timed up & go test, 30- second chair stand test, 40-meter fast-paced walk test, stair climb test, and 6-minute walk test were used. Repeated measures analysis of variance was used for data analysis in SPSS v. 26.

Results :

Both land-based exercise and hydrotherapy caused significant changes in the scores of functional tests (P≤0.05). The difference between them was not significant (P≥0.05), which indicates their same effects.

Conclusion:

 Both land-based exercise and hydrotherapy can improve the performance of older women with knee osteoarthritis in timed get up & go test, 30-second chair stand test, 40-meter fast-paced walk test, stair climb test, and 6-minute walk test. These two methods are recommended based on the conditions of each patient.

Upper Crossed Syndrome (UCS) is a musculoskeletal disorder leading to postural deformities such as forward head posture (FHP), rounded shoulder posture (RSP) and hyper kyphosis. This abnormality has spread among people in the community due to modern lifestyle and excessive use of communication technologies. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the eight -week comprehensive corrective exercises carried out in water on forward head, rounded shoulder, and hyper kyphosis as well as pain correction in men with UCS.

In the current randomized controlled clinical trial, The minimum number of samples was determined using G.Power 3.1 sample size estimation software, 30 people. After initial screening 200 students using the posture screen, including a possible drop of 5% in the research process, 34 men with upper crossed syndrome, with mean age of 23 ± 0.80 years, weight 71.61 ± 2.2 kg, height of 171.75 ± 1.24 Cm And body mass index of 23.60 ±.67 Kg / m2), they were purposefully selected. These individuals were randomly divided into two groups: experimental (n = 17) and control (n = 17). The case group experienced comprehensive corrective exercises carried out in water for eight weeks and the control group received no intervention during this period. Before and after the intervention, measurements were performed to measure the forward head and rounded shoulder angles by imaging and angular analysis was done by AutoCAD software and kyphosis angle was determined by flexible ruler. Data were analyzed by SPSS software and the significance level was considered 0.05. Paired t-test was used to compare within the group and independent t-test was used to compare the mean differences between the groups.

The results showed that the experimental group had significant improvement in in terms of the kyphosis (P= 0.001), FHP (P=0.001) and RSP (P=0.001).

According to the results, Eight weeks of corrective exercises in the water environment can be significantly effective in reducing the angle of the head forward, round shoulder and hyper kyphosis in people with upper cross syndrome, and it can be recommended to specialists as a treatment.

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of 4 weeks of aquatic exercise prehabilitation pre-surgery along with eight weeks of exercise rehabilitation after laminectomy surgery on pain and core muscles electromyography in women with a chronic low back.

A total of 30 females with CLBP candidates for laminectomy surgery enrolled in this single-blind randomized controlled trial. The participants were randomly allocated into the intervention (n=15, Mean±SD age 46.2±5.45) and control (n=15, Mean±SD age 46.26±5.39). The Visual Analog Scale (VAS) was used to measure pain, and a surface Electromyography (EMG) device was also used to measure selective core muscles activity of participants. The intervention group participated in 4 weeks of aquatic therapy as a rehabilitation program pre laminectomy surgery and eight weeks of aquatic therapy as a rehabilitation program after surgery. The control group participated in the same program only eight weeks after surgery as a routine rehabilitation program. All tests and measurement procedures were done for all participants, pre-surgery and at the end of 8 weeks rehabilitation.

The findings of the presents study indicated that prehabilitation program pre laminectomy surgery in women with CLBP significantly reduced levels of pain (p<0.0001) and increased muscles strength or EMG of selective core muscles (p<0.0001) of the intervention group compared to the control group at the end of the program.

In general, the statistical analysis concluded that pre-rehabilitation exercises as a hydrotherapy protocol had significant pain intensity and main muscle activity. Therefore, a comprehensive rehabilitation program for women with chronic low back pain has more beneficial effects than a routine rehabilitation program for these patients. Therefore it is recommended it is most helpful if the healthcare system in Iran includes a rehabilitation program as part of a comprehensive program for patients with CLBP. They are a candidate to have laminectomy surgery.

Back pain is a common problem among obese people in most societies. One of the new methods that has received more attention is hydrotherapy. Also, other suggested solutions are the use of drugs, especially anti-inflammatory and analgesic herbs such as ginger. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of hydrotherapy and ginger on psychological indicators and factors related to obesity in women with low back pain.

The present study was a quasi-experimental. 48 obese women with back pain in Behbahan were randomly divided into four groups: hydrotherapy + ginger consumption (n=12), hydrotherapy group (n=12), ginger supplement group (n=12), control group (n=12). The training program was performed for eight weeks, three sessions per week, each session lasting 60 minutes. Subjects in the hydrotherapy + ginger group and the ginger supplement group consumed one gram of ginger powder daily for eight weeks. Resilience, sleep quality, body mass index, weight and waist to pelvic ratio (WHR) were measured before and after eight. SPSS software version 24 was used for statistical operations. A significance was considered P ≤ 0.05 in all tests. Analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data.

Comparing the results in two stages showed that there was a significant difference between the indicators of resilience, sleep quality, body mass index and body weight of obese women with low back pain in the different groups (P≤0.05). There was no significant difference in the waist to pelvis ratio (P≥0.05).

According to the research results, concomitant use of ginger supplement along with hydrotherapy exercises can reduce back pain, increase resilience and improve sleep quality and weight loss in obese women with low back pain.

Knee osteoarthritis is one of the most common diseases of the elderly that leads to pain, dryness, and difficulty performing activities, impaired function and reduced quality of life. It is necessary to use a solution to control the complications of the disease and improve the quality of life of patients. This study aimed to compare the effect of hydrotherapy and land-based exercise therapy on physical and psychological indexes of patients with knee osteoarthritis

This study was applied and quasi-experimental. 54 women with knee osteoarthritis ranging from 60-69 years (height: 159.96±5.53, weight: 76.93±9.50) were purposefully selected and randomly divided into two groups of hydrotherapy and land-based exercise therapy (for 8 weeks’ knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome score questionnaire were used to pain, disease complications, difficulty in activities and quality of life. Analysis of variance for repeated measures in SPSS 26 software was used to analyze the data.

The results showed that both of methods lead to intragroup changes in of pain (P=0.001), disease complications (P=0.001), daily activities (P=0.001) and quality of life (P=0.001) indicators of patients. Only in the index of functional and sports activities, the effect of hydrotherapy was more than land-based exercise therapy (P=0.04).

Land-based exercise therapy as much as hydrotherapy reduces pain and complications, convenience in performing activities, and increases the quality of life of patients with knee osteoarthritis. Therefore, either of these two methods can be prescribed according to the patient's condition.

Since varicose veins pain in MS patients are much more than others and these two factors have a detrimental effect on the quality of life of these women during menopause and on the other hand due to the positive effects of non-pharmacological methods such as hydrotherapy, this study was performed with aim to investigate a course of hydrotherapy exercises on varicose veins pain in postmenopausal women with multiple sclerosis.

This randomized controlled clinical trial study was performed in 2019 on 24 postmenopausal women with multiple sclerosis with varicose veins pain in Sina Hospital of Tabriz. The subjects were randomly divided into control and intervention groups. The intervention group performed 24 sessions (eight weeks) the exercises in the pool for one hour each time. Pain intensity was measured before the study and one month after the end of the study. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 21) and dependent and independent t-tests. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

After the end of the intervention, it was found that pain intensity in the intervention group significantly reduced (P=0.001), while pain intensity in the control group did not change significantly (P=0.298). Comparison of pain intensity at the end of the study between the two groups showed that the pain intensity was significantly lower in the intervention group compared to the control group (P=0.001).

Exercise in water has led to positive effects in reducing the severity of varicose veins pain in postmenopausal women with multiple sclerosis.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition, characterized by deficits in social interaction and the presence of restricted interests and repetitive behaviors. ASD is not progressive, and over time, the relevant neurological impairments neither eliminate nor aggravate. One of the newest methods to enhance social interactions is hydrotherapy. Using water at different temperatures can present different effects on various systems of the human body. Hydrotherapy is based on buoyancy, hydrostatic pressure, turbulence, and flow. Accordingly, this approach provides multiple sensory stimuli through water temperature, it helps the circulatory system, as well as muscle relaxation. The current research aimed to investigate the effects of Halliwick aquatic therapy on social interactions in males with ASD hospitalized in the boarding ward.

This was a quasi–experimental study with a pretest–posttest–follow–up and a control group design. The statistical population of this research included all children with ASD in Karaj City, Iran. The sample size was determined by the G*Power software. Among the boys hospitalized at the boarding ward of the Kahrizak Alborz sanatorium, 24 were selected by convenience and targeting sampling methods concerning the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the study. The inclusion criteria of the study were the diagnosis of ASD by psychiatrists and psychologists, the age range of 4–11 years, and the ability to understand oral instructions. The exclusion criteria included the presence of physical–motor disabilities, audiovisual impairments, epilepsy, and infectious diseases. The research tool employed in the pretest, posttest, and follow–up phase included Gilliam Autism Rating Scale–Second edition (GARS–2) (Gilliam, 2006). The experimental and control groups were tested before the intervention. The treatment sessions were performed according to the Halliwick program (Grosse, 2001), which consisted of 24 sessions and 3 sessions a week. Next, a posttest was performed in the groups; subsequently, after one month, the follow–up test was performed in the research groups. The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean & SD) and inferential statistics, including repeated–measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the Least Significant Difference (LSD) posthoc test. Data analysis was performed in SPSS at a significance level of 0.05.

The ANOVA data were significant for the intragroup factor (time) (p<0.001) and the intergroup factor (p<0.001). Additionally, the interaction between group and time was significant (p<0.001) with an effect of 0.56. In social interactions, there was a significant difference between pretest, posttest, and follow–up stages (p=0.001). However, there was no significant difference between the posttest and follow–up stages, indicating the persistence of the effects of the intervention in the follow–up stage (p=0.571).

The present research results revealed that hydrotherapy significantly increased the quality of social interactions in children with ASD. Thus, this method can be used as a complementary approach in rehabilitating children with ASD.

Osteoarthritis is the most common articular and musculoskeletal disease, globally. It is the most prevalent complication in synovial joints, also known as osteoarthritis, osteoarthritis, and hypertrophic arthritis. The exact etiology of osteoarthritis remains unspecified. However, age, gender, genetic issues, congenital defects, overweightness, the overuse of joints in daily living activities or special occupations, severe physical activity, muscle weakness, structural abnormalities, and neuromuscular disorders are among the effective factors in this respect. Despite numerous therapeutic approaches used in patients with orthosis, no definitive non–surgical treatment has been found. Furthermore, the progression of the disease has continued and surgery is the last option for patients with an orthosis. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the effects of hydrotherapy on pain, Range of Motion (RoM), and Quality of Life (QoL) after arthritis replacement in elderly women with knee arthritis.

This was a quasi–experimental study with a pretest–posttest and a control group design. The statistical population of this study included the elderly female patients in the age range of 55–70 years who were referred to orthopedic specialists in Shohada Hospital with grade 4 knee arthritis and undergoing one leg knee replacement surgery by a specialist in 2017. According to Krejcie and Morgan’s Table (1970), 40 patients with 6 months past surgery was voluntarily selected as the study sample. Then, they were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups (n=20/group). However, 4 samples in the experimental group withdrew due to familial and financial problems; subsequently, the experimental group sample size was reduced to 16 subjects. The inclusion criteria of the study, according to the opinion of the orthopedic specialist, were as follows: adopting a similar lifestyle (approximately equal extent of daily activities); non–regular or irregular use of steroidal and Nonsteroidal Anti–Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) within 2 months prior to entering the study, and osteoarthritis only in the knee joint. On the other hand, the study subjects' non–cooperation with the researchers and absence from >3 intervention sessions were considered as the exclusion criteria. Furthermore, before and after conducting the treatment, the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) (Roos et al., 1998) was used to assess pain and QoL. Besides, an electro–goniometer was applied to measure RoM in the study participants. The experimental group performed 18 sessions of the hydrotherapy training program in 3 sessions per week for 6 weeks; each session lasted 45–60 minutes. According to the physiological rules, the study subjects first conducted warm–up activities, such as walking, marching, going forward, walking backward, stepping sideways (for 10 minutes). Then, lower extremity exercises were performed for 30 minutes, (stretching & non–weighted power movements, orderly). Eventually, the research subjects were allowed to cool down for 5 minutes and return to the baseline level. The obtained data were analyzed using Paired Samples t–test for intra–group and Independent Samples t–test for analyzing the differences between groups at the significance level of 0.05 in SPSS.

The results of the intergroup test indicated that after providing hydrotherapy training, the pain was significantly decreased in the exercise group (p<0.001). Accordingly, RoM (p=0.011) and QoL (p<0.001) were significantly increased in the exercise group. The results of the in–group test also signified that pain was significantly decreased (p<0.001) and RoM (p=0.001) and QoL (p<0.001) were significantly increased in the test group.

According to the current study findings, hydrotherapy exercises provided positive effects on the study participants. Furthermore, due to the numerous benefits of water–based exercises to patients with knee osteoarthritis, they can be considered as a complementary and useful method along with other conventional physiotherapy and pharmacotherapy approaches. The achieved data highlighted the importance of the rehabilitation of patients with knee arthroplasty and similar characteristics and conditions.

Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in women. Cancer can predispose people to mental health problems and reduce their quality of life. The aim of this study was to investigate the The effect of 6 weeks of hydrotherapy on cognitive flexibility and quality of life of women surviving breast cancer.

This study was a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest design with control group. The statistical population of this study were women who survived from breast cancer, 40 individuals were selected by simple random sampling and divided into two groups (each group: 20 people). Experimental group performed water training for 12 weeks, 3 sessions per week and 60 minutes per session and control group did not receive any intervention. The WHO Quality of Life Questionnaire (1996) and Cognitive Flexibility were used for data collection. Descriptive statistics and covariance analysis were used to analyze the results.

The results showed that performing different exercises in water significantly increased the quality of life and cognitive flexibility in the experimental group compared to the control group (p <0.05).

The results showed that water training effectively improves quality of life and high cognitive flexibility in women who survives from breast cancer. Therefore, it is recommended that this approach can be used to improve the quality of life and increase the cognitive flexibility in women who survives from breast cancer.

The upper crossed syndrome is a type of musculoskeletal disorder in the upper extremity, leading to deformities such as forward head, round shoulder, and hyper kyphosis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of corrective exercises carried out in water on static and semi dynamic balance on patients with upper crossed syndrome (UCS).

In the current randomized controlled clinical trial, after initial screening, 30 students with UCS were selected and were assigned randomly into experimental (n=14) and control (n=16) groups. Before and after the intervention, static and semi dynamic balance variables were measured using Biodex Balance System (BBS). Data was analyzed in SPSS, version 20 (Inc, Chicago, IL). Paired sample t-test was used to compare the mean of the pretest to posttest and independent t-test was run to compare the differences between the two groupsgroups with the significance level set at 0.05.

The results showed that the experimental group had significant improvement in static (P= 0.005) and semi dynamic balance (P= 0.002) (overall stability), as well as in static (P= 0.001) and semi dynamic balance (P= 0.003) (the anterior – posterior stability). But in the static (P = 0.720) and semi dynamic (P = 0.426) balance (lateral stability), the effect was not significant.

According to the results, in the current study, the focus of the corrective exercises protocol was on postural correction and its effects on balance improvement. The overall stability and the stability of the anterior-posterior direction improved after abnormalities correction. So, this protocol can be recommended as an effective protocol to improve posture and balance in the patients with upper crossed syndrome.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) affects communication skills and appropriate response to the outside environment. One of the newest ways to improve the communication skills of children with autism spectrum disorder is hydrotherapy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of hydrotherapy on communication skills of children with ASD.

This study is a single case study with A-B design. The statistical population includes all children with ASD in Alborz province in 2017. Purposeful sampling was used to select the sample. Accordingly, 3 children with autism disorder symptoms and symptoms were selected from Kahrizak rehabilitation center as a sample. The research instrument was the second version of the Gilliam Autism Rating Scale (GARS-2) and a researcher-made checklist for measuring communication skills.  According to the Hollywick program, treatment sessions were conducted in 2 sessions (one hour) per week and for 2 months during 8 weeks (16 sessions).

During the visual analysis of chart, intervention was effective in all three subjects. The percentage of non-overlapping data (PND) in the two baseline and intervention situations for the 3 subjects were 100%, 80%, and 90%.

The results showed that hydrotherapy significantly increased the communication skills of children with ASD, which could be achieved by enhancing sensory motor skills as well as providing the necessary contexts and conditions for communication. Therefore, it is recommended to use this method as a complementary approach in the field of education and rehabilitation of children with ASD along with other therapies.

Hydrotherapy has positive effects on the behavior of people with autism. Studies have shown that BDNF plays an important role in autism neurobiology. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of hydrotherapy on the BDNF level in children with autism spectrum disorders. In this semi-experimental study, a pretest-posttest, control-group design was applied. A total of 32 participants were randomly assigned to the control (n, 16) and experimental (n, 16) groups. The Halliwick intervention continued for eight weeks, three sessions per week for 60 minutes. Blood samples were collected to measure the BDNF level before and after eight weeks of intervention. There was no significant difference between BDNF in pre-test and post-test in control group and experimental groups. There was no significant difference between BDNF levels the control and experimental groups in the pre-test and post-test. (P≤0.05) According to the results, Hydrotherapy on serum BDNF level does not have a significant effect on children with autism spectrum disorders.

  Aggression is a phenomenon prevalent among children with ASD which makes the processes of training and rehabilitation difficult for them and can result in delays in acquiring developmental skills. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of hydrotherapy on the degree of aggression in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The present study used an A-B single-subject research design. The population consisted of all children with ASD in Alborz Province. Making use of the purposive sampling method three children were diagnosed to suffer from ASD. The research instruments were the Gilliam Autism Rating Scale (GARS) and a researcher-made checklist to measure aggression. Therapy sessions were conducted according to Halliwick instructions for two months (totally for 8 weeks and 16 sessions). To analyze the data, after drawing charts and the stability and process container, the effectiveness of the independent variable on the dependent variable was assessed applying intra- and inter-situational analyses. During visual analysis of the data chart, intervention was effective on all of the three participants. The Percentage of Non-Overlapping Data (PND) in the two baseline and intervention situations for the three participants were 100, 87.5, and 100%, respectively. The results indicated that hydrotherapy significantly results in reducing aggression in children with ASD. Thus, it is suggested that this method be used as a complementary method in training and rehabilitation of children with ASD.

Patellofemoral pain syndrome is the most common knee musculoskeletal disorder. The aim of this study was to evaluate three therapeutic protocols’ effects on pain, disability, static balance and quality of life in women with patellofemoral pain syndrome.
Subjects and In this semi-experimental study, 45 women with patellofemoral pain syndrome were selected and divided randomly into three exercise groups: aquatic therapy, aquatic therapy with temporary kinesiotape and aquatic therapy with permanent kinesiotape. In order to assess the pain, McGuillan's questionnaire was used, to assess the disability, Vanukurf questionnaire was used, to assess the balance, Biodex Balance System was employed, and to assess the quality of life changes, Sherne Bourne questionnaire was used. Paired sample t-test and one way ANOVA were used to means comparison. We considered α 0.004. The results showed, except for pain (P=0.002), there was no significant difference between the pretest-posttest mean differences in disability, static balance and quality of life among the groups. However, the results of t-test showed significant differences between pretest and posttest of these three factors. Pain relief was significant in sensory (P=0.001), as well as disabilit (P=0.001) and quality of life (P=0-.001) were significant. Balance factors in open eyes and in closed eyes position were not significant between pretest to posttest in all of three groups. Aquatic therapy with permanent patella kinesiotaping had more effect on pain reduction. On the other hand, pain can effect on quality of life, so we recommend aquatic therapy with kinesiotape as an effective protocol to patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome