جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « آلودگی هوا » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Environmental pollution, is one of the main causes of increasing cognitive-neurological disorders. All pollutants, whether biodegradable or non-biodegradable, contribute to various neurological issues, including cognitive disorders, and affect human life, particularly in the early stages of development. Given the growing concern about the impact that air pollutants may have on children's learning and neural development, the current research aims to determine the relationship between exposure to pollution and neural development skills in children, in the early stages of education and schooling.

The present systematic review was conducted following international standards and according to the PRISMA checklist. English-language articles were searched from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases until September 2023. Eligible articles were screened by reading titles and abstracts by the researcher. Then, the full text of relevant articles was evaluated, and discrepancies were resolved before making the final decision. The studies reviewed in this research included air and soil pollution, one of the cognitive and learning disorders such as attention, memory, intelligence, thinking, neural development, etc., preschool, and elementary school. In the present study, articles were fully reviewed, and research that did not fall within the age range of preschool and elementary school was excluded from the review; such as articles related to air pollution during the fetal period or children over the age of 12 years. Articles that simultaneously included children within and outside the age range of the study were only reviewed for the relevant age groups, and review articles were also used to find studies related to the research topic.

The search strategy resulted in the identification of 528 studies related to the article’s topic. Based on the screening of inclusion and exclusion criteria, eventually 37 articles were selected that matched the objectives of this research. The results indicated a wide heterogeneity in neuropsychological assessment tools, geographical regions, and sample sizes recorded. Also, many findings reported significant detrimental effects of air pollutants on cognitive functions and sensory-motor abilities (reported a significant difference in terms of brain white matter volume and motor abilities among children exposed to pollution, indicating that living in a polluted area is a risk factor for disruption in sensory-motor functions), increased risk of ADHD, reduced intelligence and cognitive performance, reduced memory, reduced attention; and reduced learning power and perception, most of which examined the effects of several pollutants on cognitive changes in children in preschool and elementary stages. In two of the articles reviewed in this research, the relationship was analyzed based on gender. In these studies, boys were at greater risk in terms of active memory. Also, in the quality assessment of articles, most articles scored 15 or higher, indicating the desirable status of most of the selected articles.

The exposure to pollution with problems in cognitive skills; it is particularly associated with intellectual functions, attention, learning, comprehension, and memory skills. However, the association of pollution with specific neurodevelopmental skills in preschool and elementary school children is less clear and requires more research.

The importance of providing a healthy environment, which significantly impacts a patient’s health, renders indoor air quality (IAQ) a vital concern in medical settings. In particular, it is crucial to monitor and assess the air quality inside the building regularly. This study, conducted at Namazi Hospital, investigated parameters affecting air quality and measured them in the facility’s indoor air. In this research, the acceptable limit of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and PM2.5 and PM10 (particular matter) parameters were reviewed based on indoor air quality standards in medical environments. The measurements revealed that outdoor and indoor levels of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide were below the acceptable limit set by international indoor air quality guidelines. Indoor levels of nitrogen dioxide were also below the acceptable limit, but outdoor levels exceeded it. Furthermore, indoor and outdoor levels of PM2.5 and PM10 exceeded the acceptable limit. The traffic issue on the access routes to this hospital has directly impacted the air quality. Altering the arrangement of indoor furniture, using air purifiers in conjunction with ventilation devices, and renovating, especially replacing old windows and modifying the heating system, can enhance the air quality. Implementing environmental feedback strategies can also contribute to this improvement.

Air pollution is currently one of the most important environmental issues. The most common effect of air pollution on plants is the gradual decomposition of chlorophyll and leaf yellowing, which may result in the reduction of photosynthetic capacity. This study aimed to investigate the effect of air pollution on the chlorophyll content and zonation of leaf chlorophyll content of two tree species in Malayer city, Iran.

Samples were collected from two tree species, namely, Platanus orientalis and Robinia pseudoacacia in different parts of Malayer city, Iran (clean and polluted areas), each with three replications. The concentration of pigments in the leaves was measured by the Lichtenthaler (1987) method, which is the modified Arnon method (1949), at 663 and 645 nm wavelengths, absorbance being measured using a spectrophotometer.

Data analysis showed that the a, b and total chlorophyll contents in the acacia tree species in the southern parts (southwest) of the study area reached their maximums, while their contents were lowest in the eastern and north-western parts and low to medium in the central parts of the study area. On the other hand, as regards the sycamore species, in the eastern and north-western parts of the study area the a, b, and total chlorophyll contents were the highest and reached their minimums in the south-western parts. However, as in the case of the acacia species, in the central parts of the study area the contents of the tree chlorophylls were low to medium.

The results of this study show that the a, b and total leaf chlorophyll contents of the two acacia and plantain species were higher in the polluted areas as compared to those in clean areas. On this basis, it can be said that a higher physiological index, such as an increased chlorophyll content, indicates the plant's response for resistance to air pollutants.

The ever-growing population and the industrialization of societies have led to an increase in environmental pollution, especially water and air pollution. In recent decades, air pollution in large cities has become a serious challenge that threatens the health of society. On the other hand, the water deficiency and the drying up of rivers, lakes and wetlands have led to an increase in dust production around cities, which in turn has worsened air pollution. Climatic factors also have an impact on changes in air pollution. Precipitation is one of the phenomena that can abruptly reduce air pollution, and air quality remains in a favorable state for some time after precipitation ceases. The aim of this study is to investigate the time when air pollution returns to the conditions before the occurrence of precipitation.

Currently, air pollution in the Isfahan metropolitan area is measured at 9 air quality monitoring stations by the Transportation and Traffic Department of Isfahan Municipality. In this study, Faiz station, which is located in an area with high traffic volume in terms of vehicle traffic, was selected among these 9 stations, which are scattered throughout Isfahan. In this study, the air pollution of Faiz station was evaluated based on the concentration of pollutants according to the standards of the US Environmental Protection Agency. Finally, the influence of precipitation on air pollution in the study area was examined.

looking at the CO concentration in the air, it was observed that the maximum time of reversal of baseline pollution after precipitation is associated with the precipitation events of March 11, February 1 and March 10 with 46, 37 and 31 hours, respectively. For PM2.5 concentrations, the maximum reversibility of pollution was recorded on May 3, January 27 and January 15, with the reversibility of this pollutant to baseline pollution being 59, 51 and 49 hours, respectively. For NO2, the maximum reversibility of pollution was recorded on March 10 and 7, which respectively 64 and 47 hours after the end of the precipitation, the amount of NO2 returned to its baseline value. As for the pollutant SO2, the effect of the precipitation of November 6 on SO2 lasted until about 3 days later, so that according to the available data, the amount of SO2 is lower than the baseline pollution at all hours of November 7.

The results show that in terms of CO in the air, there was good air quality in 99% of the cases recorded at the Faiz station and average air quality in 1% of the cases, and that in terms of SO2 in air, there was good air quality in about 99.8% of the cases recorded and average air quality in about 0.2% of the recorded cases. The study of the NO2 concentration in the air showed that 98% of the recorded cases classified in good air quality and 2% in average air quality. As for PM2.5 concentration, 26% of the time was in good condition, 48% in average air quality, 18% in unhealthy air quality for sensitive groups, 7% in unhealthy air quality and 1% in very unhealthy air quality. It should be mentioned that the PM2.5 concentration reached a hazardous air quality condition in some hours. Finally, the results of this study showed that on some days the occurrence of precipitation had no significant effect on the reduction of air pollution, while on other days precipitation caused a significant reduction in air pollution and air pollution had not reached the baseline level even after 215 hours. It is possible that after the rain stopped, other factors such as wind were effective in keeping air pollution low.

 Toluene (methylbenzene) is a volatile organic compound (VOC) that, when chronically exposed to low concentration, can cause a variety of adverse health effects, including immunological and neurological disorders. In addition, the release of toluene in the atmosphere causes various environmental problems, including the reduction of stratospheric ozone, the production of photochemical smog, and the increase of the greenhouse effect. The purpose of this research was to remove toluene from the air flow using imidazolate zeolite framework (ZIF-8) in order to be used in air purification processes and to prevent and reduce the risk of exposure to this hazardous pollutant in occupational settings and environments.

 Zeolite imidazolate framework (ZIF-8) was synthesized in situ, and its structure was investigated using X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and BET testing. The absorption performance of toluene by ZIF-8 in the gas phase was studied using a dynamic adsorption system developed according to BS EN ISO 10121-1:2014 and previous studies.

 The results of the structural tests showed that the synthesis of ZIF-8 was successful. Its specific area has also increased compared to several similar articles. The average toluene adsorption capacity of ZIF-8 at a temperature of 30.5 degrees Celsius, a relative humidity of 33%, and a flow rate of 300 ml/min, with a mass of 10 mg, was equal to 2828.91 mg/g. In addition, the initial removal efficiency is reported to be 88.67%. The breakthrough time for 100% of ZIF-8 was determined to be 21,660 seconds. The recovery rate after 6 cycles of ZIF-8 remained as high as 84.7%.

 ZIF-8 exhibits a high adsorption capacity for toluene in the gas phase, along with a high initial removal efficiency and breakdown time. Due to its effective ability to adsorb toluene, this MOF can be considered for use in air purification and purification processes. However, further studies are needed to fully evaluate its potential as an industrial adsorbent, taking into account relevant considerations.

Air pollution from different channels leads to weakening of health and increasing demand for health care, and as a result, increasing per capita health expenditure. On the other hand, it is possible that the impact of air pollution on health costs is asymmetric; In this sense, the effectiveness of health costs from increasing and decreasing the air pollution is not the same. Based on this, the main purpose of this study is to experimentally estimate the asymmetric effect of air pollution index on per capita health expenditure in Iran.

The present descriptive-analytical and applied study using the time series data during the period of 1989-2020, investigated the short-term and long-term effects of positive and negative air pollution shocks, per capita income, dependency burden, and urbanization on per capita health expenditure. The data used were also collected from the Central bank of Islamic Republic of Iran database and World Development Indicators belonging to the World Bank. Also, the model was estimated in the form of a regression model using the Non-linear Auto-Regressive Distributed Lags (NARDL) method in Eviews 12.0 software.

The results show that in the short and long term, the effect of positive air pollution index shocks on the increase of health expenditure per capita is greater than the effect of its negative shocks on the decrease of health expenditure per capita (confirmation of asymmetric effect). With a one percent increase in CO2 emissions, in the long and short term, per capita health expenditure will increase by about 0.18 and 0.04 percent, respectively. On the other hand, with a one percent reduction in CO2 emissions, in the long and short term, per capita health expenditure will decrease by 0.06 and 0.01 percent, respectively.

Considering that the effect of increasing shocks of air pollution on health costs is much greater than the effect of decreasing shocks, adopting policies and strategies to prevent the increase of air pollution emissions in the current period can help reduce future additional per capita costs in the health sector.

The current study was designed to investigate PM2.5 status in Tehran from 2011 to 2022.

Hourly data of particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations in the air of Tehran city were examined from all air quality monitoring stations belonging to the Department of Environmental and the Air Quality Control Company. The health effects of this air pollutant were estimated, including the number of attributed deaths, using BenMAP-CE and the latest version of AirQ+ software. Additionally, the economic costs associated with health impacts were calculated using the Value of Statistical Life approach.

During the 12-year period under study (from 2011 to the end of 2022), PM2.5 concentrations in of Tehran city consistently exceeded the established standards by a significant margin. The annual values were approximately 5 to 8 times higher than the new guidelines of the World Health Organization and 2.5 to 3.5 times higher than the national standards. As a result, the citizens of Tehran have been exposed to a considerably high level of this cancer-causing risk factor. The number of deaths attributed to PM2.5 in the year 2022 reached around 9,241 (with a range of 8,583 to 9,647) in individuals over 25 years of age. Furthermore, the economic loss resulting from these deaths due to PM2.5 in the ambient air of Tehran in the year 2022 were estimated to be around 2.5 billion dollars.

Considering the undesirable air quality in Tehran city, planning and implementing scientific and practical programs to reduce air pollutant concentrations in this city are considered vital necessities.

Despite the legal prohibition of asbestos fiber usage in the country, numerous studies have documented its presence in the air of various cities, including Tehran. This urban air pollution stems from the extensive use of asbestos in construction materials such as pipes, insulators in cooling and heating systems, and friction devices like brake pads and clutch plates, among other consumer products. Prolonged exposure to these fibers can have severe health consequences for residents, leading to respiratory issues, pulmonary fibrosis, and cancers such as mesothelioma. Consequently, we conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study to examine both the extent and nature of asbestos fiber distribution in Tehran’s air.

This study measured the concentration of asbestos fibers in Tehran’s air over a 12-month period. Monthly samplings were conducted at eleven Tehran Air Quality Control Company-operated stations. The sample collection, preparation, and analysis adhered to the NIOSH 7400 method. Microscopic examination results were then translated into asbestos fiber concentrations using the appropriate formulas.

Analysis of samples taken across four seasons revealed that spring recorded the highest average asbestos fiber concentration at 0.00134 f/ml, while the lowest concentration was observed in summer at 0.117 f/ml.

Given the widespread ban on asbestos use in many countries, including Iran, its presence in urban air is unexpected. Regrettably, flawed policy decisions made during the import ban announcement and the extended timeframe set for the ban’s initiation allowed companies to import and stockpile asbestos indiscriminately for future use.

Regarding to the role of trees in reduction and absorption air pollutants, assessing the tolerance of different tree species to environmental pollutants is very much important in order to select suitable species around any polluted place. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the tolerance of P. orientalis, M. nigra and A. altissima species to air pollution using biophysical and biochemical leaf biomarkers.

For this purpose, sampling of the leaves from all three species was carried out at six stations in Isfahan, after being transferred to the laboratory, the Stomatal density, total protein content, soluble sugars and anthocyanin were calculated.

The results showed that M. nigra and A. altissima species responded to air pollution by increasing and P. orientalis by reducing the density of stomata. The amount of total protein content of M. nigra, P. orientalis and A. altissima leaves were 48.93, 55.76 and 23.53% higher in polluted areas than in unpolluted areas. The value of soluble sugars and anthocyanins in M. nigra, P. orientalis and A. altissima leaves were found (90.22, 38.65 and 88.88) and (19.64, 88.8 and 80.05%) in polluted areas compared to non-polluted areas.

According to the findings, it can be concluded that trees have differently respond to air pollution in relation to stomata density, which can be done in two ways, increasing or decreasing stomata density. Increasing the amount of total protein, soluble sugars and anthocyanins in the leaves of trees in the polluted area indicates that these trees are tolerant to pollutants and they applied these useful strategies to adapt and deal with pollutants.

One of the fundamental problems of air pollution is that it often affects large areas of various land uses, such as cities and agricultural products hundreds of kilometers away from the source of pollutants, or results in cumulative effects with other industries. This research aims to quantify the concentration of pollutants in residential areas around industrial areas.

In this study, the AERMOD software was used for modeling air pollutants. This software uses meteorological data, digital elevation models, and information about pollutant sources. It assesses and quantifies air pollution levels related to PM10, SOX, NOx, and CO pollutants in a specific location.

The results of this study indicate that in these 28 population points surrounding the targeted industrial land use, pollutant concentrations in both scenarios with and without background concentrations did not exceed the standard limits for any pollutant. The most significant pollutant in this research was NOx, which showed the slightest difference from the permissible pollution limit. Furthermore, due to the closer proximity of pollutants to environmental standards in this region, increased loading of industrial land uses can lead to various health, economic, and social problems.

The findings of this research demonstrate that to assess and quantify pollutant concentrations in the areas surrounding industrial pollutant points, it is advisable to consider background pollution in addition to modeling point sources for greater accuracy in the direction of sustainable development in such areas.

Plasma is considered as the fourth state of matter. Non-thermal plasma is more popular due to its unique features such as easy operation, quick reaction at ambient temperature and short residence time. In this study, the application of plasma technology in air pollution control will be reviewed.

Plasma is considered the fourth state of matter. Non-thermal plasma is more popular due to its unique features such as easy operation, quick reaction at ambient temperature, and short residence time. In this study, the application of plasma technology in air pollution control will be reviewed.

In this study, Science Direct, Google Scholar, ISI, Scopus, and Pubmed search engines were used. The keywords searched included plasma, cold plasma, thermal plasma, air pollution control, and non-thermal plasma from 2016 to 2022.

Plasma catalysis is a useful tool for increasing pollutant degradation and energy efficiency in processes. Nevertheless, some limiting factors including the cost of catalysts, the possible cost required for their stabilization, and the resulting secondary pollution must be taken into account.

To commercialize plasma technology, we are facing problems such as increasing the cost and applying the mentioned technology in the real environment. The simultaneous use of catalysts and plasma technology is a useful tool to increase the destruction of pollutants and energy efficiency in processes. No wastewater production and no need for reagents are advantages of the combination of dielectric barrier discharge plasma and catalyst. The combination of dielectric barrier discharge plasma and catalyst will be very attractive methods due to low energy consumption. It seems that the recent research will be in the direction of increasing efficiency, increasing speed, and flexibility, reducing the cost and energy consumption, and making the advanced systems based on cold plasma more environmentally friendly.

Climate change and environmental pollutants affect the growth of plant species. These effects can be recognized in the tree growth rings. This study aimed to investigate the effects of the precipitation and temperature in four decades (1975-2015) and air pollutants in the last decade on the average growth of pine trees (Pinus eldarica).

The studied area is Chitgar Forest Park located in the northwest of Tehran city and the studied species is the forest pine (Pinus eldarica). The research method is descriptive, the required climatic information was obtained from Mehrabad meteorological station and sampling was done by disc cutting from 10 forest pine trees. After preparing the samples, the number and width of annual rings were counted and measured using binoculars and a measuring table. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used at a significance level of 5% to investigate the significant difference in growth width in four decades.

The results show that there is no significant difference between average precipitation in four decades, while average temperature and average growth have significant differences (p < 0.05). The amount of growth based on the growth index has decreased during four decades, and this decrease is more significant and obvious in the fourth decade due to the increase of pollutants such as ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2).

In general, the growth of forest pine trees has decreased during forty years with the increase of average annual temperature, which excessive decrease in the fourth decade is caused by pollutants such as ozone and nitrogen dioxide. It is suggested to do more research on sensitive species planted in urban areas to better understand the effect of pollutants on the growth and development of trees.

Air pollution is one of the most important problems facing people all over the world today, especially in big cities. The ever-increasing population growth, as well as the increase in vehicles and the number of industrial factories in the city of Isfahan, have led to this city being considered one of the largest industrial cities in Iran. Therefore, this city is considered the second most polluted city in Iran after Tehran. The city of Isfahan faces the crisis of air pollution on many days of the year, which directly and indirectly affects all aspects of people's lives in this city. Among these impacts is the quality of rainwater in the area, which joins the surface and groundwater in the region and affects its quality. This cycle will continue and air pollution will affect the quality of drinking water, agriculture, respiratory diseases and, in a word, the health of the people in this region.

In this study, the effects of air pollution in Isfahan on the quality of rainwater in the 10th district of Isfahan city were investigated. The quality of rainwater was studied based on the World Health Organization standard for drinking water, APHA standard for running water, Chinese standard for agricultural use, and Iranian standard for drinking water and agricultural use. To evaluate the air quality of the region, the statistics of the Isfahan Meteorological Organization station were used and the meteorological parameters were analyzed based on the American Environmental Protection Agency standards.

The results showed that the EC value of rainwater is more sensitive than pH to determine the suitability of rainwater quality for drinking uses, so when considering pH, many samples have favorable quality, but when considering EC value of the same sample, the quality of rainwater is unfavorable. The results of air quality monitoring based on the amount of PM2.5 on rainy days showed that 5 days were clean, 13 days were acceptable, and 6 days were unsanitary for sensitive groups.

Isfahan urban runoff needs to be treated for drinking but it is suitable for agriculture. The results showed that the EC of rainwater is more dependent than pH to the rainfall depth. The results show that rainfall with a relatively small depth caused a significant increase in EC of stormwater. This decrease in the amount of precipitation has led to an increase in the amount of CO and PM2.5 in the atmosphere. The amount of rainfall did not affect the pH of rainwater, while with the increase of rainfall depth, the EC of rainwater has decreased significantly. In general, rainfall depth has a significant effect on EC concentration of rainwater. The results showed that in all the rainy days, the amount of CO, SO2 and O3 pollutants are in a clean state.

Industrial development, on one hand, creates harmful chemical products and industrial waste, including heavy metals. On the other hand, it increases energy consumption and leads to the release of atmospheric pollutants, causing environmental pollution. Bandar Abbas, compared to other areas of Hormozgan province, has a high concentration of industries. Therefore, it is necessary to study the pollution caused by these industries in the region's environment. The general purpose of this study is to investigate the amount of heavy metals associated with industrial activity.

Ambient air sampling was conducted at seven locations in the region during winter and spring (2020). The sampling and preparation methods were based on EPA and NIOSH Standards. Sampling was performed using a High-Volume pump with a flow rate of 1.7 cubic meters per minute for a duration of 24 hours. The sampling device was installed at a height of 3 meters above the ground. The heavy metals in the collected samples were measured using the Varian Z220 atomic absorption spectrometer with the furnace technique. Circular fiberglass filters with a diameter of 47 mm were used for environmental sampling.

Based on the analysis of air particles, the concentration of heavy metals showed a decreasing trend as follows: V < Cd < Fe < Pb. The average concentrations of these elements were 0.0006, 0.0060, 0.0061, and 0.339 micrograms per cubic meter, respectively. With the exception of lead, the average concentration of these metals exceeded the limit value.

The amount of suspended particles at all sampling locations exceeded the environmental standards. Additionally, except for vanadium, the average concentration of metals in the samples from residential areas was below the limit value.

Air pollution is one of the biggest environmental risks to human health. Ambient air pollution caused 4.2 million premature deaths worldwide in 2019. Particulate Matters are one of the most dangerous organic pollutants that are associated with heart and lung diseases, asthma attacks, reduced lung function, stroke, respiratory symptoms, and adverse birth outcomes. Considering the importance of air pollution and its effects on health, this article examines the statistics of deaths caused by air pollution in the world and Iran and deals with the new air quality guidelines of the World Health Organization and the strategies to achieve the level of the guidelines.

Environmental air pollution is one of the most important environmental problems and the Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) has identified it as the fifth most dangerous human and environmental health hazard in the world. So, they are facing the problem of air pollution on a local, regional and global scale. Toxicity associated with air pollutants can cause a variety of health effects on humans such as respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and even death (1,2). The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 800,000 people worldwide die prematurely each year from these diseases caused by air pollution (3). Suspended particles (Including PM2.5) are major air pollutants in terms of public health hazards. PM2.5 particulate matter penetrates deeper into the lungs and causing some of the more dangerous health effects compared to PM10 (2). Ahvaz city with an approximate population of more than 1 million people, an area of 220 square kilometers, and the capital of Khuzestan province is one of the cities in the southwest of Iran. In recent years, due to industrialization, the amount of environmental pollution, including air pollution, has been increasing in this metropolis. This study aimed to estimate the health effects of PM2.5 pollutants on years of lost life (YLL) and expected life remaining (ELR) indicators in the air of Ahvaz city from 2008 to 2017 using AirQ+ software.

The present study was a quasi-experimental study with a statistical population of 10 years for residents of Ahvaz. In this study, the long-term health effects of PM2.5 pollutants on YLL and ELR indicators in the air of Ahvaz city during the period years (2008-2017) were estimated using AirQ+ software. PM2.5 pollutant data were collected from environmental and meteorological organizations in Ahvaz city and the health effects of PM2.5 were estimated. In the next step, this data was processed by Excel software and the data processed by Excel was given to AirQ+ software. Data processing was performed using overlapping Excel sheets in the Excel environment and R and Minitab software. Also, the validation of PM2.5 data for ambient air quality in Ahvaz city was performed based on the methodology of WHO and Aphekom (16,17). PM2.5 averaging data and ELR and YLL data for the entire population in the age range of 0-64 and over 64 years were processed and entered into AirQ+ software. Also, the significant relationship between PM2.5 pollutant concentration and ELR was investigated with the Pearson correlation test at a significance level of 5%.

The average annual variation of PM2.5 concentration was very variable the highest concentration was 70.72 micrograms per cubic meter in 2010 and the lowest was 41.97 micrograms per cubic meter in 2014. In all measurement years, the concentration of PM2.5 was higher than the WHO standard with a range of variations between 4.2 and 7.7 times. The highest number of YLL for ten years in the age group of 0-64 years, was 412.77 years in 2010, and the lowest number of YLL for the age group of 0-64 years, was 135.79 years related to 2014. Also, the maximum and minimum YLL for ten years for the age group over 64 years was 1135.96 years for 2010, and 262.88 years for 2014, respectively. For ELR, the highest value for the total population of Ahvaz city during ten years, at all ages for 2014 was equal to 72.56 years and the lowest in 2010 was equal to 62.17 years.

In all years of measuring PM2.5 (2008-2017), the amount of this pollutant in the air of Ahvaz city has been more than the WHO standard, and its range of changes between 4.2 to 7.7 times more than the standard (10 Micrograms per cubic meter). Therefore, Ahvaz is considered one of the most polluted cities in the world. The polluting factors of this city include the geographical and topographical location, the phenomenon of dust, increased transportation, being close to the Arabian desert and the large deserts of the neighboring countries, and the increase of important production industries such as oil and steel (21,22). The maximum and minimum YLL for all ages in Ahvaz city were 1548.73 years in 2010 and 398.67 years in 2014, respectively, which are linearly related to PM2.5 pollutant concentrations. The highest and lowest PM2.5 concentrations were obtained in 2010 and 2014 in Ahvaz city. From the results of this study, it was estimated that in all the studied years, people over 64 years old had higher of YLL than people aged 0-64 years. The ELR index can be useful in evaluating all the plans made in the field of health and well-being of the population. Prolonged exposure to relatively low concentrations of ambient air pollution results in a significant reduction in the ELR index (30). A comparison of the results with the Iranian standard and EPA showed that in all years the ELR from 2008 to 2017 was lower than the standard. The highest ELR index was 72.56 years (2014) and the lowest was 62.17 years (2010). The values ​​of this index had a significant relationship with the concentration of PM2.5 pollutants. The ELR index decreased and increased with increasing and decreasing the concentration of PM2.5 pollutants, respectively. By examining the significant relationship between PM2.5 pollutant concentration and ELR in Ahvaz city through Pearson's correlation test at a significance level of 5%, the correlation coefficient showed a value of -0.97, indicating a negative correlation between these two parameters.It seems that in the west of the country, the number of days off due to dust has increased significantly in recent years. Therefore, the use of AirQ+ software not only for Ahvaz but also for other cities in the west of the country can be a powerful tool for estimating the lost years of life and reducing life expectancy attributed to PM2.5 pollution. Therefore, estimating the long-term health effects of YLL and ELR exposure to various air pollutants, including PM2.5, can be very useful to evaluate plans for health, population well-being, and the development of general environmental policies.

Sports activities are hindered by the lack of clean air in large and industrialized cities, and the countless benefits of exercise are not considered. With the search of the literature, 89094 articles related to air pollution that have been published in SID, PubMed, and Web of Science until December 2021 were found. Ultimately, 80 articles were extracted after selecting the articles and narrowing the search to exercise inflammation and lung tissue. After removing out-of-date articles (not published between 2000 and 2021) and those without full text, 65 articles were included in the review. Based on the review, exposure to air pollution is associated with increased inflammation and decreased cellular immune function, which is characterized by the activation of toll-like receptors and downstream signaling pathways. Regular exercise improves the inflammatory status in different pulmonary diseases. People who exercise in polluted environments are at increased risk of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases due to the elevated amount of pollutants delivered to the lungs. However, studies did not take into account the potential anti-inflammatory effects of exercise training, which could inhibit the pro-inflammatory events induced by air pollution. It seems that regular exercise modifies pulmonary inflammatory responses and body mass and in part decreases the risk of pulmonary diseases.

Air pollution and the damages caused by it in the city of Tehran are considered as one of the main problems of the urban area in the shadow of the existing laws in this field. One of the causes of damage to the environment is air pollution due to human activities. Actions that sometimes take place intentionally and with awareness and sometimes unintentionally in nature and cause its change or destruction. From a legal point of view, it is important to check the existence of responsibility for these actions. Responsibility for air pollution in regulations and laws guarantees civil and criminal enforcement. Looking at the existing laws and the necessity of interdisciplinary legal debates and the lack of research in this field, constructive suggestions are made to solve the problems of this field.

The present research was carried out using a descriptive-analytical method and by collecting information in a library form, and it is trying to investigate the guarantee of legal and criminal executions for the causes of air pollution.

Ethical Considerations:

 Despite the lack of sufficient internal resources, while respecting the authenticity of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness have been observed.

One of the causes of damage to the environment is air pollution due to human actions. It should be mentioned that the responsibility due to air pollution exists in civil and criminal regulations and laws. However, it seems that due to the importance of this issue, the guarantee of enforcement in the laws is not enough, and new regulations should be established regarding liability cases in the civil field and punishments in the criminal field.

In the field of air pollution, which is one of the main causes of damage to the environment, there are many provisions in Iran's laws and regulations. This provision exists both in the main laws such as the Constitution and in other criminal and civil laws, but more than the existence of laws, the possibility of implementation and the manner of implementation of these laws are important. From the civil point of view, the area of responsibility for the factors that cause air pollution is possible through the general rules of civil liability, such as the existence of damage and the relationship of causation, it is possible to file a lawsuit and claim damages. First, in many cases in this field, it is difficult and sometimes impossible to prove the three cases of civil responsibility. In the criminal field, there are also laws related to air pollution punishing by imprisonment and closing the polluting center or preventing the traffic of polluting vehicles. In addition, some punishments such as fines can be combined with other punishments to have a better effect. In addition to the mentioned cases, it can help a lot due to the intertwining of the law and ethics of culture in the field of this issue.

 

Air pollution in Tehran is one of the main problems of this city. Self-care includes all activities related to maintaining health, prevention and treatment of diseases by It becomes the person. Self-efficacy is a person's confidence in the ability to perform specific behaviors in specific situations. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between self-efficacy and self-care among students of Iran University of Medical Sciences.

 

  In this cross-sectional study, 300 students in Iran University of Medical Sciences were selected by simple multi-stage random sampling method.  Then the data through Stata software version 14 data were analyzed by using analytical tests.

The mean and standard deviation of perceived self-efficacy score in the studied students were 23.1 ± 2.1 and the mean and standard deviation of the self-care score in the studied students was 31.1 ± 2.3. There was a statistically significant relationship between self-efficacy with gender (P = 0.014) and income level (P = 0.028). Only a statistically significant relationship was observed between self-care and the educational level of the studied students (P = 0.003). Also, a statistically significant relationship was observed between self-efficacy and self-care using Fisher test (P> 0.02).

Perceived self-efficacy about maintaining health during air pollution and self-care during air pollution is insufficient in the studied students and in designing promotional interventions to increase self-efficacy, boys and students with lower income should be emphasized and to increase self-care in these students. Also emphasize on increasing self-efficacy.

 AERMOD model is a Gaussian model, which is widely used to model the emission of air pollutants from different sources and for distances less than 50 km from emission sources. Nowadays, petrochemical industries are one of the essential and cost-effective industries for the country. So, along with the progress of these industries, air pollution control should be considered. The purpose of this study is to model the dispersion of two pollutants, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides, emitted from Maroon petrochemical stacks.

 In this study, the emission of carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides from the stacks of the Maroon Petrochemical Complex was modeled using the AERMOD model in 2019. For modeling the dispersion of pollutants using AERMOD, which is the model proposed by the EPA for comprehensive studies of air pollution, the three-hour data from Bandar Mahshahr synoptic station as well as a digital elevation model with 30 m pixel size were gathered and then modeling was done in an area of 2500 square kilometers. 

 The results indicated that the average annual concentration of nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide pollutants was 1.44 and 1.3 mg/m3, respectively, at a distance of 900 meters from the stacks. This land area includes Maroon Petrochemical Complex and does not affect residential areas.

 The results of this study also indicated that the AERMOD model is suitable for comprehensive studies, with a focus on pollution concentration. The results of this study showed that the concentration of carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide pollutants is lower than the standards assigned by the Iranian Department of Environment. Maintenance programs, employee health monitoring, output control, and appropriate controls under EPA recommendations have a significant impact on controlling and reducing pollutant emissions. The result of this study also showed that the AERMOD model is highly efficient in comprehensive air pollution studies that require a detailed investigation of pollutant concentration.