جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « آنتی بادی » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

COVID-19 is one of the biggest pathogens that mainly targets the human respiratory system. Among the preventive methods against contracting COVID-19, vaccination has had an important effect in preventing COVID-19 and is an essential component in prevention. Various vaccines were provided to prevent COVID-19, one of these vaccines was Sinopharm, which was used for cancer patients in Iran, so this study aimed to determine the antibody response following the injection of Sinopharm vaccine in cancer patients in Iran in 2021.

This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2021 on 74 patients with various types of cancers in Amol and Sari cities who received two doses of the Sinopharm vaccine. Subjects participated in the study after obtaining informed consent. Cancer patients who were referred to vaccination centers were asked to refer to the reference laboratory 4 to 6 weeks after the second dose if they wished to determine the antibody level. A 5 cc blood sample was taken 4-6 weeks after receiving the second dose of the vaccine, and then the serum was separated from the samples and stored at -20. The level of SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing antibody, Anti-RBD, and Anti-Spike IgG were provided by Kit Eliza, Pishtaz Tab Company. The sensitivity and specificity of the kits used for neutralizing antibodies are 100% and 99% respectively, for Anti-RBD 98.4% and 97.7%, and Anti-Spike IgG 98.16% and 99.01% respectively. Finally, according to the instructions of the kit, neutralizing antibody values greater than 2.5 Mg/ml and optical absorption greater than 1.1 for RDB antibody and anti-spike antibody values greater than 8 RU/ml were considered positive.

The average age of the subjects was 57.1±11.7 years. In terms of gender distribution, 45 people (60.8%) were women. The neutralizing antibody status was positive in 41 people (55.4%). There was no significant relationship between the presence of neutralizing antibodies and gender (P=0.811) and age (P=0.443). Antibody against RDB antigen was positive in 31 people (41.9%). There was no significant relation between the presence of antibodies against RDB antigen with gender (P=0.091) and age (P=0.336). Antibody against Spike virus antigen was positive in 20 people (27%). A significant relationship was observed between the presence of antibodies against the Spike antigen and gender (P=0.008) and the proportion of women who produced antibodies against the Spike virus antigen was more than men, but there was no significant relationship between the presence of antibodies against the Spike gene and age (P=0.336).

The results of the present study showed that the vaccination of COVID-19 by Sinopharm in immunocompromised patients such as cancer patients can induce an antibody response, although the percentage is not high. Also, no significant relationship was observed between antibody production and age.

Covid-19 is a viral disease of the respiratory system. Considering that the persistence of antibodies against COVID-19 has been different in the reports and since ethnic and racial differences have been effective in this status, the purpose of this study was to examine the status of antibodies and persistence in patients with COVID-19.

This longitudinal study was conducted in 2019 on patients referred to a fever clinic in Miandorod City. The diagnosis of the disease was based on the history and real-time PCR test or lung CT scan. 87 patients were included in the study based on the diagnostic criteria, and the exclusion criteria included cases of non-return in the follow-up. The level of IgM and IgG antibodies was measured by ELISA method and Pishtaz Teb kit at the beginning of the diagnosis, and to check the stability, the IgG level of the same patients was rechecked 6 months later, and according to the instructions of the kit, values higher than 1.1 were considered positive. Data including background information, lung involvement in CT scan, and ELISA results were analyzed after entering the computer with SPSS 21 statistical software and T-test and Fisher's exact tests. P<0.05 was considered a significance level.

The mean age of the patients was 47.7±17 years. 55 people (63%) were women, 20 people (23%) had high blood pressure and 18 people (20.7%) had diabetes. 84 patients had positive real-time PCR tests, and 43 patients (49.4%) had CT lung involvement. Initial IgM was positive in 20 people (23%), initial IgG was positive in 58 people (66.7%), and after six months IgG was positive in 36 cases (41.4%). Antibody was stable in 67.4% of men and 56.4% of women (P=0.41). High blood pressure (P=0.329) diabetes (P=0.21) and lung involvement in CT scan (P=0.586) had no significant relationship with antibody stability. The average age of people with stable antibodies (50 ± 16.2 years) and those whose antibody was negative (42±14.1 years) had no significant difference (P=0.077).

The findings showed that the antibody against the disease was not produced in one-third of the patients and after 6 months, the amount of IgG had decreased in a significant part of the patients. Also, the results showed that antibody stability had no significant relationship with age, gender, lung involvement in CT scans, and underlying diseases such as hypertension and diabetes.

Brucellosis is one of the most common infectious diseases transmitted from animal to human. Different methods of blood culture, serology, PCR and ELISA are used to diagnose brucellosis. The aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic value of ELISA tests with Brucella serological tests in patients with brucellosis.

In this cross-sectional descriptive study that was conducted from the beginning of April 2018 to the end of March 2019, 231 patients referred to the Infectious Diseases Clinic of Sina Hospital in Hamadan with clinical symptoms and possible diagnosis of brucellosis were included in the study. 5 cc of blood was taken from the patients to prepare serum, at the same time as Wright, Combs Wright and 2ME serology tests, IgG and IgM ELISA tests were also performed using the ELISA kit of Pishtaz Teb Company (Made in Iran), which is designed with the cut-off method. Then the test results were analyzed with SPSS software, version 16 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).

231 patients suspected of brucellosis including 147(63.64%) men and 84(36.36%) women with an average age of 44.60±16.16 years and a minimum of 10 years and a maximum of 80 years were examined. IgG and IgM results were positive with brucellosis in 80.1% and 30.30%, respectively. The results of IgG and IgM were positive in 1/80 and 30.30%, respectively, and they were diagnosed with brucellosis. In comparison with 2ME, Wright and Coombs-Wright serology tests, the sensitivity of IgG was between 83.80% and 94.28% and its specificity was between 20 and 33.34%, the sensitivity of IgM was also between 34.78 and 40.0% and its specificity was between 78.67% and 89.47% at different cut points.

Compared to diagnostic serological tests for brucellosis, IgG is more sensitive and IgM is more specific. If serological tests are not available, ELISA can be used to diagnose brucellosis. But because of their lower diagnostic value, they cannot be replaced.

B-cell activating factor (BAFF) belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily and plays a critical role in B-cell survival and differentiation. Overexpression of BAFF has been linked to autoimmune diseases and B-cell malignancies. The biologically active segment of this protein is a soluble domain, making it a promising target for antibody-based therapies. This study aimed to develop a polyclonal camel antibody capable of detecting BAFF on cell surfaces.

An expression vector, pET22b, containing the extracellular domain of the BAFF protein (NM_001145645.2), was constructed and introduced into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) using the calcium chloride heat shock method (CaCl2). Subsequently, the recombinant protein was induced using 1mM IPTG and protein purification was carried out with Ni2+–NTA resin. A 9-month-old female Camelus dromedaries was immunized with purified recombinant BAFF protein (rBAFF) mixed with Freund's adjuvant. Following immunization, the isolated polyclonal antibody was assessed using ELISA, western blotting, and flow cytometry to detect rBAFF protein.

The study confirmed the successful preparation of recombinant BAFF protein and the effectiveness of camel immunization and purification processes. The isolated polyclonal antibody demonstrated the ability to identify recombinant BAFF proteins in ELISA and western blot tests. Flow cytometry demonstrated its capacity to detect BAFF protein on cell surfaces.

Given the significance of diagnosing and developing novel adjuvant treatment methods for autoimmune diseases and cancer, this study's findings support the potential use of polyclonal antibodies targeting the BAFF antigen as valuable tools for these purposes.

Clinical studies have shown that the simultaneous use of two different immune checkpoint inhibitors, nivolumab and ipilimumab, has significantly improved the safety and efficacy compared to using each one alone. Diabodies are engineered antibodies with dual specificity that simultaneously target two different antigens and can be produced in bacterial expression systems. The present study aimed to produce a novel diabody to simultaneously target two immune checkpoints in the periplasmic space of Escherichia coli.

The amino acid sequence of diabody was designed based on the variable regions of nivolumab and ipilimumab antibodies; its genetic code was optimized for expression in the bacterial system and after chemical synthesis, the gene was ligated into pET-22b plasmid. Protein expression was performed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) at different temperatures and with different inducer concentrations. After periplasmic protein extraction, the diabody purification was carried out using nickel affinity chromatography.

SDS-PAGE results confirmed a protein's expression with a molecular weight of approximately 55 kilodaltons. The highest amount of soluble protein was obtained with 1 mM IPTG (the inducer) and at 23 °C. The expressed soluble protein was successfully purified by affinity chromatography with a purity of about 90%.

Our results indicated that optimization of culture conditions can lead to improvement of soluble expression of similar proteins in the periplasmic space.

Helicobacter pylori is a microaerophilic Gram-negative bacterium that is usually found in the stomach. The presence of this bacteria in the stomach can lead to gastritis and decrease gastric acid production. Also, studies have reported the relationship between this infection and gastric cancer. Early diagnosis of infection with this bacterium is crucial in its treatment. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the level of anti-H. pylori antibodies in infected and non-infected patients.

A total of 85 patients with symptoms including 46 Hp+ and 39 Hp- samples were included in the study. Finally, the serum level of IgG and IgA antibodies was measured using an ELISA kit (Roche - Germany).

The average age of the studied subjects was 43.83 ± 13.41 and 41.28 ± 12.65 in the Hp+ and Hp- groups, respectively. The Hp+ group included 17 females and 29 males; the Hp- group included 22 females and 17 males. No significant relationship between age and gender was observed in the two groups. Data analysis found that IgG and IgA levels were significantly increased in people with H. pylori infection compared to Hp- people (p<0.001). Also, the results showed no significant relationship between the level of antibodies and the gender of thepeople.

According to the results obtained from this research, H. pylori infection can occur at any age and gender. Considering the high prevalence of this disease and the economic and time costs, it seems necessary to conduct more studies on itand its causes.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines are administered worldwide. However, lactating women have been excluded from clinical trials, and limited information is available on the safety of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 in lactating women. Therefore, comprehensive information is needed for mothers to make informed decisions about the need for vaccination to control the spread of the virus. This review study was conducted aimed to know the necessity of vaccination of breastfeeding mothers against the SARS-COV2 virus and to know the immune responses created in plasma and breast milk after the injection of COVID-19 vaccines.

In this systematic review study, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct information sources were used in the period of 2021 to 2022 to extract research articles containing information and the safety of milk and serum of lactating mothers vaccinated against SARS-COV-2. The articles which were not related to the purpose of the article were removed from the study process.

Out of 1770 articles related to the initial search, data from 30 papers met the inclusion criteria. Among the available vaccines, only the effects of AstraZeneca, Pfizer, and Moderna vaccines wereidentified on antibody secretion in breast milk and serum. The results of the presentresearch confirmed the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in vaccinated serum and breast milk. So, IgG was the predominant antibody reported in many studies after vaccination.Thus, unlike post-viral immunity, the specific response of the vaccine is to dominate IgG and not IgA.The role of IgM was also less than that of other antibodies.

Vaccination of lactating mothers enhances the protective effects of milk against COVID-19 infection. More efforts are needed to encourage breastfeeding mothers to be vaccinated and support breastfeeding during the outbreak.

Helicobacter pylori is one of the most common infectious bacteria in the world and the most common cause of type B gastritis. The aim of this study is to determine the amount of anti-H. pylori antibodies in healthy and asymptomatic people.

A number of 264 people in two age groups, 15-20 and 45-50 years, were selected after completing the questionnaire. A serum sample was prepared from each person and the amount of IgG and IgA antibodies was checked by ELISA method.

The frequency of antibodies in the entire population and in two age groups and by gender (girls, boys, women and men) in the case of IgG is 57.2, 52.9, 32.3, 69.7 and 7.7 respectively and in the case of IgA it was 10.6%, 7.1%, 4.8%, 5.2% and 15.2% respectively. In terms of the amount of positive IgG and IgA, a significant difference was observed between the two age groups (p<0.05), so that the amount of the two antibodies was higher in the age group of 45-50 years. In terms of gender, no significant difference was observed in the entire population. Also, the amount of positive cases had a direct relationship with the number of family members and an inverse relationship with the income level.

Therefore, age and sex (in young people), number of family members, and income had an effect on the frequency of antibodies. It is suggested to improve the economic, health, medical and cultural status of the society in order to reduce the frequency of infection with H. pylori.

The objective of this study was to determine the seroepidemiological history of SARS-CoV-2 infection among asymptomatic children in Tehran.

Blood samples of children younger than 14 years old were collected during the period autumn-winter 2020 and spring 2021 and tested for SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody using the EUROIMMUN ELISA kit. In addition, questionnaires were used to collect demographic and infection status information in the participants. Data were analyzed using the SPSS software.

Out of the 1142 children collected from the children with no COVID-19 symptoms, 33.3% (381/1142) were found to have had a history of SARS-CoV-2. The positive samples in girls and boys were 34.1% and 33.03%, respectively. Analysis of the data showed no statistically significant differences between the infection rate on the one hand and age, family size, underlying diseases, gender or occupations of the family members on the other hand. In addition, the infection rate was significantly lower in autumn 2020 than in winter 2020 and spring 2021.

SARS-CoV-2 infection can occur in children with no clinical symptoms. In addition, the infection rate is in direct correlation with an increase in age of the children.

in-vitro immunization is one of the common methods of immunization as a preliminary step in the production of Monoclonal Antibodies. In this method, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) are isolated and incubated in culture medium with necessary factors for immunization. Antigen-specific B lymphocytes proliferate and differentiate into cells that secrete specific antibodies. In the current study, we aimed to identify various factors and contributing elements on B cell In-vitro immunization process for the generation of antibody against Kell blood group antigen.

In this experimental study, Kell antigen was purified from Kell+ whole blood. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated using a density gradient approach from Kell- whole blood bag. After exposure to L-Leucyl-L-leucine methyl ester (LLME), they were incubated with other required factors for immunization, including antigen (500-1000 ng/ml), adjuvant (5-20 mg/ml), and cytokines (9.5 pg/ml). After 7-11 days, cells supernatant was evaluated using a sensitive method, ELISA, for antibody production.

It was observed that the most desirable culture condition for immunization and further production of specific anti-Kell antibody from mononuclear cells was 0.25 mM concentration of LLME employing 500-1000 ng of Kell antigens and 10 microliter MLC. In the mentioned condition, the optical density was read at 450 nm as 2.052 ± 0.03, which was the representative of production of specific anti-Kell antibody.

  Based on the study, immunization in culture medium against Kell antigen can be done. By employing different factors, the production of anti-Kell producing cells in culture condition can be optimized.

Candidemia showed high morbidity and mortality and should be diagnosed immediately. The aim of this study was to provide a simple and rapid method for direct detection of Candida in the blood, using conjugated antibodies with gold nanoparticles by the agglutination method.

In this study, yeast species isolated from 40 blood samples of patients tested by the BACTEC method were used.  After identifying the etiologic agents by morphological and molecular methods, a mixture of yeast antigens was prepared. Briefly, a mixture of antigens was prepared from the Candida isolates detected from candidemia, and injected into healthy rabbit skin with complete adjuvant to produce antibodies. After injecting the incomplete adjuvant in four reminders, blood samples and serum were finally prepared from the rabbit. Antibody production and its efficacy were confirmed by ELISA method. Gold nanoparticles were chemically conjugated with antibodies. For rapid diagnosis of candidemia, the nanoparticle method was examined on the blood of four patients and blood contaminated with a certain number of Candida yeasts in the laboratory.

Candida albicans was the most common etiologic agent of candidemia, followed by Candida glabrata and Candida parapsilosis complex. In determining the cut-off nanoparticle method, the least yeast detectable in the patient's blood was one yeast. The sensitivity and specificity of the nanoparticle method for detecting Candida in the blood of four patients compared to blood culture was 100%.

Under our laboratory conditions, if testing 15 µl blood of a suspected patient to candidemia containing one yeast or even just Candida antigens exposed to 35 microliters of the nanoparticles conjugated antibodies, it shows agglutination during one minute.

Dear Editor The current epidemic of the novel Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) risen from Wuhan, China, turned to a worldwide concern because of its incubation period (2-14 days) and its high transmission rate. The first cases of the infection were reported in December 2019 in Wuhan with symptoms like pneumonia with an unknown reason. Very soon it was known as a novel kind of Coronavirus on 31 December 2019. severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the main viral agent of this disease, is belonging to betacoronavirus genera, Coronaviridae family, an enveloped positive sense RNA virus. Like SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 attacks the organism by binding to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Recently, some reports of SARS-CoV-2 infection have been shown that the virus is found not only in the respiratory tract but also in the gastrointestinal tract. In recent year, SARS-CoV-2 is still infecting populations that lack immunity to the virus, causing significant disease and mortality (1, 2). Immunity to SARS-CoV-2, either through natural infection or through vaccination, to some extent protects and reduces the risk of significant clinical consequences. For example, it has been estimated that improved seropositive individuals can have up to 89% protection against re-infection (3) and that vaccine efficacy has been reported to be 50 to 95% (4). However, the duration of the created immunity period is not known and over time, this immunity weakens (5, 6), in addition, there is concern about the escape of new variants from the immune system (7). An important question here is to identify the immune link with protection against SARS-CoV-2 and thus predict how these changes will affect the clinical outcome of the disease. Neutralizing antibody titer is an important predictor of the effectiveness of vaccines in development. Studies show that the level of neutralizing antibodies decreases over time and a booster may be needed within a year. However, protection against the severe form of the disease may be significantly longer. It can be said that the development of a strong or weak humoral response depends on the interaction of the virus and the host and the inflammation that occurs. If the challenge is low, the antibody produced has poor performance, but if the challenge is high, the antibody produced is more functional and responds more aggressively to re-exposure to the pathogen. In addition, cellular immune responses can play a prominent role in this regard (8). Therefore, if existing vaccines, such as natural infections, are able to stimulate the cellular immune response in addition to producing neutralizing antibodies, the immunity persistence of the vaccine will also increase. Another question that arises is whether determining the antibody titer after a natural infection or vaccination can be a correct marker of the state of protection against infection? Antibodies act as markers of infection and, if persisted, can lead to long-term immunity. In most clinically approved vaccines we measure the binding antibody titer, while this is a neutralizing antibody titer that indicates how immunogenic is a vaccine. An antibody, in addition to binding to the desired antigen, must also be able to neutralize that antigen, either by blocking the infection by preventing the pathogen from binding to the receptor or by stimulate immune cells for clearance and disease control, which should also be considered in vaccine studies. In addition to antibody titer and function, knowing how antibody function is related to cellular immunity and the nature of T and B cell immunity is essential to realizing long-term protection against re-infection (9). It is not yet known how some people get re-infected despite having antibody titers. Can the presence of specific antibodies against other viral antigens compensate for the low titer of functional RBD specific antibodies? The answer is no. Experiments show that when the Ab-mediated complement deposition (ADCD) and Ab-dependent neutrophil phagocytosis (ADNP) tests were performed, virus neutralization was seen only in individuals with high IgG antibody titers against the RBD region. Therefore, it was concluded that only antibodies against RBD are neutralizing (10). However, it cannot be said that a high titer of anti-RBD antibody means high immunity because not all antibodies against RBD are neutralizing. Does it mean that there is no protection against re-infection if the antibodies lack good binding or function? We cannot say for sure because the role of the T cell, which acts as a strong immune responder to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), cannot be ignored. Suppose we measure the antibody titer in a number of volunteers at time T0 (test start time). Are only symptomatic people positive for neutralizing antibodies? According to an experiment conducted by YC Bartsch et al. (9) asymptomatic individuals also had specific antibodies against RBD with a specificity of over 99.5% by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). This means that this antibody was present in both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, but its titer was higher in symptomatic individuals. After tracking subjects for antibody titers after a certain period of time, a small number of participants completely lost their antibody response, and in the remaining individuals, almost half of the subjects had decreased antibody titers and the other half had a dramatically increased antibody titers. This observation can be justified in two ways, first, that these people differed in the length of time they spent with the infection, and second, that people with elevated antibody titers may be re-exposed to the infection. Knowing this, it can be concluded that measuring the antibody titer after infection or vaccination will not give us accurate information about the level of protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Routine clinical laboratory methods such as ELISA will never be able to make sure that the antibodies produced in your body are neutralizing or not, because this requires specialized neutralizing tests. In addition, knowing the initial antibody titer, it is not easy to estimate that the rate of antibody reduction will be faster or slower. Therefore, models that predict immune responses to infection need to determine the link between the protection provided by expanding vaccines. Because in different studies, a single method has not been used to measure the neutralizing antibody titer, there is a need for data normalization methods to better compare the results. In addition, we suggest that in addition to measuring the neutralizing antibody titer, the responses of memory T and B cells, which are associated with high protection against SARS-CoV-2, be measured so that we can have a better prognosis for neutralization.

The prevalence of infertility in the world is increasing and treatment of infertility is one of the important issues. This study was performed with aim to investigate the relationship between IgG and IgA titers of Chlamydia Trachomatis and tubal obstruction in infertile and fertile women referred to Ali ibn-e Abitaleb hospital of Zahedan.

This case-control study was performed in 2019 on 203 women referred to infertility clinic of Ali ibn-e Abitaleb Hospital of Zahedan. The healthy fertile women were considered as the control group. IgG and IgA antibody titers of Chlamydia trachomatis were measured in both groups. For infertile patients with positive IgG and IgA, laparoscopy was performed and tubal occlusion was evaluated. For patients with negative IgG and IgA, hysterosalpingography were done for more evaluation. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 21) and t-test and Chi-square test. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

In this study, 203 women were studied. In quantitative comparison, mean IgG and IgA titers were significantly higher in infertile women than fertile women (P=0.039) and (P=0.02), respectively, but in qualitative comparison, the frequency of positive Chlamydia antibody was not significantly different between the two groups (P=0.951). IgG and IgA titer was significantly higher in infertile women with tubal obstruction than infertile women without tubal obstruction (P<0.001).

Although the mean IgG and IgA titers were significantly higher in infertile women than fertile women, but the frequency of chlamydia positive antibodies did not differ significantly between the two groups. Also, the titer of antibodies was significantly higher in infertile women with tubal obstruction.

Staphylococcus aureus is an important microorganism that causes the development of various diseases in humans by secretion of factors that are known as supra-antigen of staphylococci. Enterotoxin B of Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterial antigen responsible for food poisoning in humans. To produce the corresponding polyclonal antibody, an antigen is injected into a susceptible animal and the serum of antibody content is extracted. Bacterial superantigens are potent T cell activators that can have acute or chronic effects on the central nervous system. This study aimed to develop a mouse polyclonal antibody against enterotoxin B of Staphylococcus aureus.

The Bradford method was used to determine protein concentration. For evaluation and identification of the antigen, the samples were transferred onto a nitrocellulose membrane by SDS-PAEG gel and analyzed by western blot analysis. Mice immunization was performed at intervals of zero, two, and four weeks using intraperitoneal injection. Antibody titer was measured in antisera isolated from the animal by the ELISA method.

Different concentrations of protein (0-32 μg) with different adsorption were calculated with the formula y = 0.0279x + 0.1222. There was no excess protein in the acrylamide gel. In the western blot analysis, the resulting bands represent complete conformance with the standard sample and are free from any unwanted protein. The results of the ELISA test were significant for the secretion of the second time at p <0.05. In the double diffusion test, there was a bond between the control and the antigen.

Prepared toxoid has completely lost its fecundity and therefore could be used to immunize and produce polyclonal antibodies against enterotoxin B of Staphylococci.

SARS-COV-2, the latest member of Coronaviridea family as the cause of the recent global epidemic, has inflicted sever damages in different fields on most governments. Appropriate strategies such as identifying infected individuals and isolating them, trying to produce an effective vaccine, finding efficient treatment and making correct decisions in the social, economic and health fields are the current priorities of the world. Serological tests provide useful information in all of the above areas. In this article we will discuss the importance of performing SARS-COV-2 serological tests in diagnosis, vaccination, treatment and proper planning in the society.

Synthesis of homogeneous and equally important nanoparticles is very popular in various sciences. Preparation and use of gold nanoparticles is very important according to their applications in biotechnology. For synthesizing homogeneous gold nanoparticles many substrates and nanostructures have been used. This study aimed at synthesis of gold nanoparticles by apoferritin to be conjugated to antibody for detection of vibrio cholera.

In this study, gold nanoparticles were prepared in apoferritin and compared with apoferritin free gold nanoparticles. Data were characterized by UV-Vis, DLS, and FE-SEM spectroscopy.

Findings showed that the synthesized gold nanoparticles in apoferritin are more homogeneous.

The distribution of synthesizing gold nanoparticle in presence of apoferritin was so homogenous. In the following step, gold nanoparticles were separated from apoferritin and conjugated to recombinant antibody for detecting vibrio cholera. By bacteria aatchment on gold nanoparticles, red shift ocured on wavelength, which was also visible to naked eyes. So, gold nanoparticles could be considered as a colored biosensor for detection of vibrio cholera.

Glanders is one of the oldest contagious and dangerous zoonotic diseases manifesting ulcerative granulomatous lesions on the skin and mucous membranes. Early methods possessing desirable sensitivity and specificity is important to diagnose the disease considering the just only one case report and preventing disease by identification and eradication. The present study was aimed to design and optimize Dot-blot ELISA system using specific antigens for simple and rapid detection of glanders using equine sera samples. Burkholderia mallei strains were cultured in nutrient broth supplemented with glycerol 4%. Whole cell antigens of bacterial strains were precipitated by trichloroacetic acid (TCA) followed by sonication method. The optimum concentrations of antigen-antibody were determined by checkerboard titration. The nitrocellulose membrane was coated by antigen, then stopped by skimmed milk as a blocker. The suspicious equine serum was added to the membrane following HRP-conjugated antibody, the signals were detected by TMB as a substrate. 4 out of 90 sera samples were positive by Dot-blot ELISA. The specificity and sensitivity of the test were evaluated 96.62% and 100%, respectively. B. mallei culture and isolation from clinical specimens of the horses validated the test. Our study showed that the Dot-blot ELISA is specific and sensitive in glanders diagnosis and it seems to be practical and efficient test due to the rapid, easy interpretation without any special tools, cost-effective and also field-friendly.

  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the most common cause of death and disability due to pulmonary disease, in Which microbial agents has a significant role. Regarding the role of Chlamydia pneumonia infection in the initiation and development of COPD, this study aimed to evaluate the serum antibody level against C.pneumonia infection in patients with COPD in Tabriz hospitals in 2017. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 200 patients with COPD participated. Anti C.pneumoniae titers were determined by ELISA method. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software and T-test. The mean IgG antibody was 73.94% and the mean IgM antibody was 0.955%. There was no association between sex with antibody level, smoker status, coronary artery stenosis, and anti-infectious antibodies to C.pneumoniae. According to the results, although there was no significant correlation between C.pneumonia infection and COPD, However, due to the importance of C.pneumoniae as a causative pathogen, it is recommended to use more specific methods, such as determining the presence of the bacterial genome in the case and control groups.

Aptamers are short single-stranded nucleotides (or peptide) folded into particular three-dimensional structure which can bind to their targets with high specificity and affinity. Small size, inexpensive and rapid production process, low immunogenicity and high stability, made them very attractive biomolecules in some investigational fields especially in planning of innovative diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. In this review, we have described the process of nucleic acid aptamers development, advantages and disadvantages of aptamers compared to antibodies, and potential applications of these new agents in medicine. Limitations of aptamers and existing answers to overcome this limitations has also been discussed.