جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « بیماری های قلبی عروقی » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

 To overcome the limitations of the definition of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in clinical use, a health index named quantitative Metabolic Syndrome Severity Score (cMetS-S), has been recently introduced and validated in the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. This study investigated the association between the severity of MetS based on age and gender (cMetS- score), and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) beyond the components of MetS.

 At the beginning of the study, participants aged 20-60 years were enrolled. Those with cardiovascular disease, cancer, use of corticosteroid, estimated glomerular filtration rate <30 ml/min/1.73m², or pregnancy were excluded. The association between cMetS-S and cardiovascular diseases was evaluated continuously for 18 years follow-up among 8,500 participants using Cox proportional hazards regression models and its performance in predicting cardiovascular disease events was compared with the MetS criteria.

 Participants with higher cMetS-S showed a significant increase in the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), coronary heart disease (CHD), and non-coronary heart disease (non-CHD). Independent of the confounding factors of metabolic syndrome components, each 1-SD unit increase in cMetS-S was associated with risk ratios of 1.67, 1.60 and 1.88 for cardiovascular diseases, coronary and non-coronary cardiac events, respectively. Model fit analysis showed better CVD prediction value for cMetS-S independent of (MetS) components, compared with metabolic syndrome (p<0.0001).

 The cMetS-S predicts cardiovascular diseases more accurately than the MetS and its components. The standardized cMetS-S, which considers the weighted contribution of MetS components and their variations by age and gender, may serve as a health metric for determining the severity of metabolic syndrome.

Knowledge, positive attitude, and proper practice are the most important factors in controlling cardiovascular complications in chronic diseases such as diabetes. So, this study investigated the knowledge, attitude, and practice of cardiovascular disease prevention in patients with type 2 diabetes.

In this descriptive-cross-sectional study, 385 patients with type 2 diabetes who visited the Diabetes Clinic of Ganjavian Dezful Hospital from January 2023 to April 2024 were selected by convenience sampling method. To collect data, the demographic information questionnaire and the questionnaire by Koohi et al. (2021) related to the knowledge, attitude and practice of prevention of cardiovascular diseases were used. The Cronbach's alpha of the questionnaire was >0/6 for all dimensions of the questionnaire, and its CVR and CVI in this study were 0/90 and 0/85. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16 software and p-value of less than 0.05. Descriptive statistics including frequency, mean, and standard deviation as well as inferential statistics such as Pearson correlation, independent t test, and ANOVA were used to analyze the data.

This study showed that 57.1 percent of the participants were in the age range of 40 to 60 67/5 percent of whom were women. Patients had a high level of knowledge and attitude toward preventing cardiovascular disease (20/06 ± 5/42) and (46/80 ± 4/99), respectively); however, their performance level was not high (8.65 ± 5.03). A significant positive relationship was also observed between knowledge and attitude (r = 0/6, P= 0/001).

Despite patients’ high level knowledge and attitude toward the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, their performance in this field is not appropriate, and this issue requires planning by hospital managers

Cardiovascular diseases are among the most lethal physical diseases of the 21st century, posing a greater threat to human life than any other disease and problem. This research compared the effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction and emotion-focused therapy on the cognitive flexibility of cardiovascular patients in Isfahan City. The research was conducted using a quasi-experimental design with a pre-test-post-test and a three-month follow-up with a control group. The statistical population included 380 male cardiovascular patients admitted to Shahid Chamran Cardiovascular Hospital in Isfahan in the winter of 2023. Forty-five patients were selected by purposive sampling and randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group. Patients in the first experimental group received eight 90-minute sessions of mindfulness-based stress reduction, while those in the second experimental group received eight 90-minute sessions of emotion-focused therapy. The measurement tools were the Cognitive Flexibility Questionnaire (Dennis & Vanderwaal, 2010) and a short clinical interview. Research data were analyzed through mixed variance analysis using SPSS version 24 software. The results showed that both intervention methods increased the average cognitive flexibility and its components, including alternatives, control, and alternatives for human behaviors of patients (P≥0.01). No significant difference was observed between the effectiveness of the two methods (P≤0.01). According to the research results, it is possible to use the intervention method of mindfulness-based stress reduction program and emotion-focused therapy to improve the cognitive flexibility of cardiovascular patients.

Today, cardiovascular diseases are one of the main causes of death. This study was conducted to compare the effect of resistance and endurance training on predictors of cardiovascular diseases and arteriosclerosis in aged male rats.

The present study is an experimental and fundamental research with a control group conducted in 2021 in the basic science laboratory of Shahrekord University in Iran. Fifty elderly male Wistar rats with an average weight of 432.7±4.4 grams and an age of 23±2 months were randomly divided into five groups. The control group was divided into two resistance training groups (climbing a special ladder) and two continuous training groups (running on a treadmill), and they did the training protocols for eight weeks and five sessions every week. Data analysis was performed using a one-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc test with SPSS 22 software at p≤0.05 level.

The results of the present study showed that the level of HDL increased significantly in all four training groups compared to the control group (p≤0.05). LDL level and LDL/HDL ratio decreased significantly in all four training groups compared to the control group (p≤0.05). The level of TC decreased significantly only in the high-intensity resistance training group (p≤0.05). Even though both training methods led to changes in the levels of TG, VLDL, ApoA1, ApoB, and ApoB/ ApoA1 ratio, these changes were not statistically significant (p>0.05). The difference between the two training methods was insignificant (p>0.05).

Both training methods caused positive changes in HDL, LDL factors, and LDL/ HDL ratio. Performing both training methods is recommended for older adults and people at risk, especially the military, although endurance training has more effect and fewer risks.

Food insecurity and poor quality of diet are among risk factors of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The main objective of this study was to assess the association of food insecurity with atherogenic glucose and lipid profile in women.

In this cross-sectional study, 630 women between 18 and 50 years of age were selected by cluster sampling and interviewed face-to-face. To assess the household’s food security status, we used a household food insecurity access scale (HFIAS) questionnaire, which its validity and reliability had been determined in the Iranian population. The serum levels of glucose (FBS), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were measured and LDL/HDL, TC/HDL, and TG/HDL ratios were calculated.

The mean serum concentrations of TG and TG/HDL ratio were significantly higher in the women suffering from moderate and severe food insecurity compared to those in the food-secure women (p=0.002). Compared with the food secure group, women with moderate and severe food security were more likely to develop hypertriglyceridemia (adjusted OR, 1.63; p=0.018) and a high TG/HDL ratio (adjusted OR, 1.52; p=0.030). However, food security status showed no significant associations with the probability of having the impaired fasting glucose, hypercholesterolemia, high LDL, low HDL, and abnormal ratios of LDL/HDL and TC/HDL.

Food insecurity may be associated with increased risk of hypertriglyceridemia and high TG/HDL in women.

Psychological factors might play a role in the onset and exacerbation of cardiovascular disease. This study aimed to determine the relationship between Alexithymia and Emotional Maturity with the mediation of Attachment Styles among cardiovascular patients in Zanjan, Iran. The present study has a descriptive-correlational design. The statistical population of this study encompassed a range of 670 patients with cardiovascular diseases who were referred to the Cardiology Clinic of Ayatollah Mousavi Hospital in Zanjan from March and August 2019. The sample size was estimated to be 244 people using Cochran formula. Data collection tools included Hazen and Shaver’s standard adult attachment style questionnaire, Toronto’s ataxia, and Singh and Bhargava questionnaires. The Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analyses were done using SPSS 24 software. There was a positive correlation between alexithymia with emotional instability (r=0.14, P<0.01), personality decay (r=0.36, P<0.01), and emotional maturity (r=0.38, P<0.01). The results of multiple regression analysis showed that emotional instability (P=0.009), personality decay (P=0.016), and emotional immaturity (P=0.009) significantly predicted secure style. Additionally, difficulty in describing emotions significantly predicted avoidant style (P=0.034). Emotional maturity (P=0.006) and difficulty recognizing emotions (P=0.009) also significantly predicted ambivalent style. Personality traits and emotional alexithymia can be used as indicators for predicting attachment styles and social behaviors, and specifically, lack of emotional stability, personality disintegration, and emotional alexithymia can predict secure and ambivalent styles to some extent. Also, difficulty in describing emotions and emotional immaturity have the ability to predict the avoidant style. These results can help to better understand individual behaviors and design solutions to improve behavior.

In Iran, half of all deaths and 79% of deaths from non-communicable diseases are attributed to cardiovascular diseases. On the other hand, more than 76% of the total burden of diseases and the first cause of catastrophic health expenses in Iran are related to these diseases. This study was conducted with the aim of determining the status and trend of providing cardiovascular disease risk assessment services by gender, in order to carry out the necessary interventions in the comprehensive health service centers of Ardabil province, Iran.

The present descriptive study was conducted in Ardabil University of Medical Sciences. It used the data available in the registration system of the Health Network. The research population consisted of all men and women aged between 40 and 80 who visited the comprehensive health service centers to perform risk assessment of cardiovascular strokes in the province from 2018 to the end of 2022. The data were entered into Excel software. FORCAST function was used to predict the future through a linear regression analysis. To compare the final results, which is actually a reduction in mortality due to cardiovascular diseases, the difference test of two mortality rates due to cardiovascular diseases was used in 2018 and march 2023.

The results showed a relatively high prevalence of some risk factors for cardiovascular diseases including history of hypertension, diabetes, abdominal obesity, suspected diabetes, lipid disorder, body mass index of 30 and above in women. Also, the results of the study showed that 38.3% of men and 61.72% of women were at the risk level of 10-20%, 34.8% of men and 65.2% of women were at the risk level of 20-30%, and 28.9% of men and 71.1% of women were at the risk level above 30%.

Women were more at risk of cardiovascular diseases and complications than men. Knowing the common risk factors in the region helps to focus interventions on effective prevention and treatment measures and to adopt evidence-informed policies in order to reduce these risk factors.

The changes in the causes of death in South Khorasan province, Iran, during 2002-2022 were examined in the present research. According to the data available in the “Mortality Data Registery” during these 20 years, cardiovascular diseases (CVD) was the most common cause of death, and its rate has increased from 20% in 2002 to about 37.8% in 2022. Even during the COVID pandemic, CVD was the first cause of death in the province. In 2022, the most common causes of death were CVD (37.8%), respiratory diseases (15.2%), cancers (14%), and accidents (9.2%). One of the most effective factors in preventing CVD is paying attention to"Life’s essential 8 Cardiovascular Health", i.e., having normal blood glucose, blood pressure, serum lipids, body mass index, sufficient physical activity, healthy diet, sufficient night sleep, and being a non-smoker. In addition to individuals’ attention to these factors, it is necessary for healthcare system decision-makers to have systematic and continuous planning to enhance people's awareness and attitude regarding these eight factors.

Fetuin-A, as a hepatokine, plays an important role in the regulation of whole-body metabolism, which is increased with chronic diseases. Therefore, the aim of this meta-analysis is to investigate the effect of exercise training on Fetuin-A levels in individuals with metabolic and kidney diseases.

A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases until November 2022 using the keywords "exercise training" and "Fetuin-A". To determine the effect size, standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval were calculated using CMA2 software. Heterogeneity was evaluated using the I2 test, and publication bias was evaluated by visual interpretation of the funnel plot and Egger's test. The quality of the included studies was evaluated using the PEDRO checklist.

A total of 16 studies including 21 trials arms and 554 subjects with type 2 diabetes, obesity and kidney disease were included in the meta-analysis. Exercise training resulted in a significant decrease in Fetuin-A levels [-0.93 (CI: -1.35 to -0.51) P= 0.001]. There was a high heterogeneity (I2= 89.24, P= 0.001) and also a significant publication bias (P= 0.001). The results of subgroup analysis based on the type of exercise training showed that aerobic training resulted in a significant decrease in Fetuin-A (P= 0.001) while the reduction of this marker with combined training was not significant (P= 0.33).

Exercise training, especially aerobic training, results in a decrease in Fetuin-A levels in metabolic patients, which may be contributed to the beneficial effects of exercise.

Cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of death. Improving the quality of the diet, such as increasing the consumption of whole grains, vegetables, and fruits, has a beneficial effect on cardiovascular complications. The Qur'an is a heavenly book in which there are 11 words about fruits and their derivatives, which indicates the value of fruits from the Quran's point of view. In general, the holy book of Qur'an has highlighted 5 fruits including olives, figs, dates, pomegranates and grapes and has repeated them in various verses.

In this review study, noble verses of Qur'an, books on interpretation of Quran and reliable scientific databases such as Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, IranMedex, Magiran, SID and Google Scholar were reviewed from 2000 to 2021. Related articles were reviewed using the keywords of Quran, olives, grapes, dates, figs, pomegranates, and cardiovascular disease.

The results suggest that the fruits mentioned in the Qur'an such as olives, figs, dates, grapes, and pomegranates, play a major role in human nutrition and health due to their strong antioxidant effects, which reduce oxidative stress, and substances such as carotenoids, anthocyanins, and phenolics. The results of the studies have shown the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant role of these fruits. It has been proven that these fruits have a high potential to prevent cardiovascular diseases, reduce the complications of cardiovascular diseases and improve the health of these patients.

The results of the studies have suggested that consumption of the fruits mentioned in the Qur'an reduces the risk of cardiovascular events, causes recovery in cardiovascular patients and reduces mortality due to cardiovascular diseases.

Cardiovascular diseases, including ischemic heart disease (IHD), are one of the main cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide and are currently one of the top ten causes of death. Ischemic heart disease is a type of heart disease that is caused by narrowing of arteries feeding the heart itself. The present study aimed to use data mining algorithms in screening and early prediction of IHD according to the patient's characteristics and risk factors.

In this research, data of the first phase of Yazd Health Study (YaHS), focusing on 21 characteristics of 10,000 participants aged 20-70 years such as age, type of chest pain, blood sugar level, body mass index, employment status, etc. which have been collected since 2013 were analyzed.

Data analysis was conducted using Random Forest and Naive Bayes algorithms which showed 74.51% accuracy in predicting IHD.

The study findings revealed that via applying Random Forest and Naive Bayes algorithms, ischemic heart disease can be predicted with high accuracy. Moreover, early screening and timely treatment in the early stages of disease may reduce mortality and morbidity.

Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers and the fifth leading cause of cancer deaths in Iran. The present study aimed to investigate the absorbed dose received by the heart and its relationship with cardiac complications in radiotherapy of patients with left breast cancer using a three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy technique.

A total of 181 women with left breast cancer who received radiotherapy after surgery were included in the study. Dosimetric parameters were obtained using dose-volume histograms for the heart, whole lung, left lung, and clinical target volume. Electrocardiography tests were performed for all patients before and one year after the radiotherapy.

The mean doses of heart, left lung, whole lung, and clinical target volume were 6.3±3.1, 13.3±4.5, 6.9±3.7, and 47.3±6.4 Gray (Gy), respectively. A significant reduction in T-wave amplitude was observed in 57% of patients three months after radiotherapy. T-wave amplitude decreased from 3.03±0.92 mm to 1.56±0.83 mm. The reduction in the T-wave amplitude displayed a significant relationship with the mean dose of the heart (β = 2.653; P= 0.019).

In women with left-sided breast cancer, cardiac complications are frequent, for which electrocardiographic tests can be used for cardiac evaluation after radiotherapy. Based on the obtained results, the most frequent side effect caused by radiotherapy in these patients was an abnormality in T-wave

Improving the knowledge and Practices of the residents has a significant impact on the quality of care provided by them. this study was conducted with the aim of determining the knowledge and practice of Residents of Bushehr Province Regarding Risk factors of cardiovascular diseases and their prevention strategies in Bushehr province in 2016.Practice.

This is a descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study. The researched population was the Residents in the health centers of Bushehr province (391 people) who were included in the study by census method.  The demographic information, knowledge, and practices questionnaires were used by the self-report method. After entering the SPSS 19 statistical software, the data were analyzed using Descriptive and analytical tests (Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, and Pearson correlation coefficient).

The Results showed that 62.42% (244 people) people had good knowledge, 35.54% (139 people) had average knowledge, and 2.04% (8 people) had poor knowledge. Also, most of the people had good performance, 86.68% (338 people), 10.74% (42 people) had average performance, and 2.58% (11 people) had poor performance. The lowest and highest knowledge and practice are in the area of (smoking and blood pressure) and (smoking and diabetes).

Our study showed that the average score of the knowledge and practices of residents regarding the control of cardiovascular disease is higher than the average score. Considering the priority of educational needs in the field of knowledge and practices, which is related to the knowledge of Residents about the risk factor of tobacco and the Practices of Residents in the field of encouraging patients to be more physically active, Therefore, it is recommended to design and implement retraining courses for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases and the risk factors.

Metabolic syndrome is characterized by a cluster of symptoms including insulin resistance, blood pressure, abdominal obesity, defects in glucose metabolism, and dyslipidemia. Considering the increasing prevalence of cardiovascular diseases and metabolic syndrome, the aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between metabolic syndrome and its criteria with cardiovascular diseases.

The present study was a case-control study that utilized the results of the enrollment phase of the Tabari cohort study. The case group (304 individuals) was randomly selected from participants with cardiovascular diseases (564 individuals). The control group (304 individuals) was randomly selected from among other participants who were matched by age and sex. The comparison of variables between the two groups was done using the chi-square test. Logistic regression test was used to adjust the effect of confounding variables.

Patients with metabolic syndrome were 69.1% (210) in the case group and 55.6% (169) in the control group (P=0.001). The results of the univariate regression test showed that the chance of developing metabolic syndrome in people with cardiovascular diseases was 1.755 times more than people without cardiovascular diseases (95% CI: 1.280-2.418, and P=0.01). Among the diagnostic criteria of metabolic syndrome, the chances of high blood pressure, high triglyceride levels, and decreased HDL were significantly higher in the case group compared to the control group.

The risk of metabolic syndrome is significantly higher in people with cardiovascular diseases compared to the ones without cardiovascular diseases. After adjusting for confounding factors, we found a significant difference between triglyceride level and blood pressure in the two groups.

The most common problems reported by callers to pre-hospital emergency centers is chest pain. Cardiovascular diseases are among common diseases with serious consequences that have a great impact on the death and lifestyle of sufferers. In this study, the time interval of the arrival of dispatch code to the scene at the bedside of patients who died with heart complaints in the year 2021 in Ahvaz city, Iran is investigated.

The present study is a descriptive-cross-sectional study. Sampling was done by census method and it included all the registered cases of patients who died with heart complaints in emergency center 115 of Ahvaz city, Iran. Data collection was done using a checklist consisting of two sections, including demographic characteristics and time recording. The resulting data was analyzed using SPSS version 21 software.

In this study, the data of 293 patients with an average and standard deviation age of 73.3±17.5 were included in the study. 66.2% were men and the rest were women. The average time to reach the patient's bedside was 7.2 and the time for stopping the medical emergency at the scene was 11.5 minutes, which was not significantly different from the standard value (P<0.05)

Although in the present study, the medical emergency arrived at the patient's bedside in less time than the standard, but unfortunately all the patients had died. The faster arrival of the pre-hospital emergency at the patient's bedside, as one of the most important factors affecting mortality, can be the chance of survival. Increase patient stay.

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of adult mortality in many developing countries. This study aims to compare the estimation of the ten-year relative risk of cardiovascular events using the Framingham criteria with a native model.

This population-based cross-sectional study was conducted in 2014, focusing on the adult population (≥16 years) of Mashhad. Stratified random cluster sampling was employed to gather participants' information based on Framingham's criteria. Data mining, utilizing the decision tree algorithm design, was evaluated using Rapidminer v5.3 software and the cross-validation method.

Out of 2978 individuals, 1930 (64.9%) were women and 1041 (35.1%) were men, with a mean age of 43.5±14.7. Applying the Framingham criteria, the ten-year risk levels of cardiovascular disease were estimated as follows: 77.8% at a low-risk level, 13.4% at a medium-risk level, and 8.8% at a high-risk level. Regarding data mining, model number (1) achieved an accuracy of 79.56%, indicating that the predicted risk levels using the Framingham algorithm matched the observed values at 95.24% for the low-risk level, 90.8% for the medium-risk level, and 33.13% for the high-risk level. As for model number (2), an accuracy of 82.78% was obtained, with the matching values being 98.20% for the low-risk level, 0.42% for the medium-risk level, and 53.01% for the high-risk level.

The Framingham criteria demonstrate limited effectiveness in predicting medium and high-risk levels in the Mashhad population. According to the local model, smoking and high blood pressure in adulthood are the most significant factors in predicting the risk of cardiovascular diseases in young individuals.

Occupational exposure to noise in the workplaces is a significant health problem and cardiovascular disease is one of the most important and common non-communicable diseases and one of the main causes of premature death. In addition to hearing impairments, noise as a stressor may cause cardiovascular problems, high blood pressure, nerve stimulation, stress and hormonal disorders in the body. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of occupational exposure to workplace noise on cardiovascular disease risk factors.

This case-control study was conducted in 2020 in a large power plant industry. In this study, the health status of employees in both exposed and non-exposed groups was examined for cardiovascular disease risk factors (body mass index, blood pressure, fasting blood sugar, creatinine, and cholesterol, triglyceride and liver enzymes). Data collection in this study was performed by examining the medical records of all male workers, and investigating the exposure or non-exposure to noise by examining the documentation related to noise measurement in the industry. Data were analyzed using two independent sample t-test and Chi-square in SPSS version 26.

There was no significant difference between age, work experience and smoking status of the two groups (P>0.05). The results revealed that mean fasting blood sugar (FBS), triglyceride, liver enzyme (SGOT), blood pressure and body mass index were significantly different in the case and control groups (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the mean of creatinine, cholesterol, liver enzyme (SGPT) between the case and control groups (P>0.05).

The results of this study revealed that exposure to noise above the allowable occupational exposure limit can be effective on the cardiovascular disease risk factors in individuals, so it is recommended to reduce the risk of these diseases and prevent the progression of complications by periodically assessing the health status of employees, timely diagnosis of noise exposure and performing suitable control measures like engineering controls, management controls and finally use of hearing protection equipment.

Cardiovascular diseases are the most common cause of death in the world and psychological components play an important role in cardiovascular diseases.

The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of mindful self-compassion treatment to sleep quality, rumination and self-compassion in people with cardiovascular diseases.

The study method was a clinical trial with a control group. The statistical population included all patients who had sought professional help in Imam Ali and Imam Reza hospitals in Kermanshah from October-December 2020. Using purposive sampling method, 20 people were randomly assigned to the two groups. The experimental group received 8 sessions of mindful self-compassion treatment and the control group received a CD and a relaxation training manual. Participants completed a demographic data collection form and questionnaires on Sleep Quality, Ruminant Response Style and Self-Compassion. The data were analyzed using SPSS-22, the descriptive statistics and the repeated measures ANOVA.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of sleep quality based on time (P≤0.001) and intergroup differences (P<0.05). Also, based on time, time and group interaction, and intergroup differences in terms of rumination and self-compassion, there is a significant difference between the two groups (P≤0.001).

Based on the results of this study this treatment affects the psychological and physical symptoms of heart patients. Therefore, it is suggested that this treatment be used to improve sleep quality, rumination and self-compassion in cardiovascular patients.

Cardiovascular diseases are one of the most common deaths in the elderly, but the molecular mechanism of initiating the process of capillary network development and reducing the risk factors for cardiovascular disease in response to exercise is still not well understood. This study aimed to compare aerobic and combined training on changes in angiogenesis, alkaline phosphatase and CRP in elderly men.

30 elderly men with a mean age of 65-75 years were divided into three groups of aerobic, combined and control exercises. Exercises were performed for 8 weeks with a frequency of 3 sessions per week. Aerobic exercises with 60 to74% of maximum heart rate and resistance exercises with 60-75% of 1RM were performed. Blood samples were collected 24 hours before training and 48 hours after the last training session to assess changes in ALP, CRP and TGF-β factor levels. Analysis and comparison between groups were done by ANCOVA test and for in-group comparison of data by paired t-test at a significant level of P<0.05.

Results of significant decrease in serum concentrations of CRP (P=0.03), TGF-β (P=0.005) in the aerobic group and the combined group compared to the control group and Showed a significant decrease in pre-test compared to post-test in serum ALP concentration in the aerobic group (P=0.027).

decrease in CPP, ALP and an increase in TGF-β1 due to exercise appropriate to the age and condition of these individuals, caused adaptation to physical stresses such as exercise and improved health in the elderly.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for more than 17.9 million deaths a year. Various factors are involved in the disease's development, including lifestyle, nutrition, environment, and genetic factors. Genetics is one of the main causes of CVD because of the familial accumulation of these diseases especially in countries with traditional cultures. As a result, cardiologists need to be aware of the genetic background of CVD and how to use genetic testing to diagnose and find therapeutic solutions. Here, the genetic basis of various CVDs, especially those with single-gene inheritance, diagnostic methods, and advanced genetic diagnostic techniques are reviewed. Also, for each disease, candidate genes, and molecular genetic techniques appropriately to diagnose are suggested and introduced.