جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « تست تحمل گلوکز » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Gestational diabetes (GDM) refers to diagnosis of diabetes at 24 to 28 weeks of pregnancy. GDM fetuses and mothers are at risk for numerous adverse outcomes. Diabetes screening should be done before pregnancy in all high-risk women who plan to become pregnant. GDM screening at 24 to 28 weeks of pregnancy with one-stage or two-stage method is recommended in all women. The criteria for diagnose of diabetes in the first perinatal visit and before the 15th week of pregnancy to detect undiagnosed diabetes are the same as the standard criteria for diagnosing diabetes in non-pregnant people. Women who have a glucose metabolism disorder before the 15th week of pregnancy are at a higher risk for maternal and infant complications. In addition, with the progress of pregnancy, they may need insulin and the risk of GDM is higher in them. Fasting glucose of 110-125 mg/dl and HbA1C of about 5.9-6.4% before the 15th week of pregnancy is known as glucose metabolism disorder, blood glucose monitoring is recommended in these women. Women with GDM should have a glucose tolerance test 4 to 12 weeks after delivery. The criteria for diagnose of diabetes at this time are the same as for non-pregnant people. All women with GDM should be screened for diabetes and prediabetes every 3 years.

Gestational diabetes in on of common complications of pregnancy which has different complications for fetus and mother. Aim of present study was to review the effect of six weeks aqua training in second trimester of pregnancy on visfatin and glucose tolerance of gestational diabetic women.
In this semi experimental research 24 gestational diabetic mothers who recourse to hafez clinic of shiraz city which were in 23- 24 week of pregnancy select as sample and divided in two groups of 12 persons of aqua training and control. Aqua training group trained aqua trainings 6 weeks, 3 sessions per week and 45 minutes per session. In this period of the time control group has just their daily activities. For measure the research variables fasting blood sample gathered from antecubital vein in pretest and post test.
Six weeks aqua training in second trimester of pregnancy has significant effect on increase of visfatin and decrease of glucose tolerance of gestational diabetic women (p=0.001).
It seems that for improvement of visfatin levels and glucose tolerance of gestational diabetic women can use six weeks aqua training in second trimester of pregnancy.

The diabetes mellitus is one of the important and most complicated diseases. The non occupational risk factors are known but occupational risks are unknown. Objective of this study was determination the risk of shift work on diabetes mellitus.
In a historical cohort study from 460 shift workers and 410 non shift workers in industry this study was done. With a checklist the risk factors were gathered and the data were analyzed in SPSS 16, with t-test,chi-2 , exact, relative risks(P Fasting blood sugar in shift workers was 89.31±12.16 and in non shift workers was 87.76±14.36 and oral glucose tolerance test in shift workers was 125.66±6.36 and in non shift workers was 124.18±1.11(P=0.92 , P=0.95).
This shift work had not effects on fasting blood sugar and starting the diabetes.

Kidney transplantation is the best replacement therapy for patients with end stage renal disease at present. Cardiovascular disease is the most important cause of mortality among these patients. Also chronic allograft nephropathy is to some extent a manifestation of cardiovascular pathology. Diabetes mellitus is the most influencing factor both in cardiovascular disease and chronic allograft nephropathy. Prediction and timely detection of new onset diabetes after kidney transplant can help therapies in appropriate management and manipulation of modifiable risk factors of this phenomenon.
The present study has been performed upon 66 chronic renal failure patients undergone kidney transplantation during a 4 months period at Imam Reza (p.b.u.h) university hospital of Mashhad –IRAN. On day 5 and at month 6 post transplantation, fasting blood glucose measured and a 75 g , glucose tolerance test performed. Another fasting blood glucose recorded at week 12. The immunosuppression regimen was the same for all. Exclusion criteria were: History of Diabetes mellitus, Graft rejection, Hepatitis C, Infection and need for immunosuppressive drug modification. Sensitivity and specificity analysis test used to evaluate the ability of day 5-post transplantation fasting blood glucose and glucose tolerance test to predict the occurrence of post transplantation diabetes mellitus. (PTDM)
6 out of 66(9.3%) patients had day 5 fasting blood glucose > 126 mg/dl while the remaining 60 had values 126 mg/dl six months post transplantation and indeed developed PTDM. Therefore sensitivity and specifity of 5th day fasting blood glucose as a predictor Of PTDM equals one (100% ) based on our results. The results were similar for glucose tolerance test .
Day 5 post transplantation fasting blood glucose is a good predictor of PTDM and can be used as a modifier to individualize the management of kidney transplant recipients.

Sleep disturbances during pregnancy are prevalent due to physical and hormonal changes. Insufficient sleep causes metabolic and neuroendocrine alterations that may contribute to impaired glucose metabolism and insulin resistance. There is little information about association between insufficient sleep and glucose metabolism during pregnancy. So، this study was done to investigate the relationship between sleep duration and results of glucose challenge test in pregnancy.

This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 177 pregnant women who referred to Iran، Mashhad health center n: 3 in 2012. Participants were selected through available sampling method. All participants completed demographic questionnaire، depression، anxiety، stress scale 21 and Pittsburgh sleep quality index during 26-30 weeks of their pregnancy، then they undergo glucose challenge test. Short sleep duration was defined as less than 7 hours of sleep per night. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 11. 5 and Pearson correlation test، Mann-whitney، independent t test and chi-square tests. P value less than 0. 05 was considered significant.

87 women (49. 2%) had short sleep duration. Variables such as stress، anxiety، diet and exercise had no significant differences between two groups (p>0. 05). There was a significant inverse correlation between sleep duration and results of glucose challenge test (r=-0. 19، p=0. 01). Impaired glucose challenge test was significantly more prevalent in participants with short sleep duration (p=0. 01).

Short sleep duration is associated with impaired glucose metabolism in pregnancy and health care providers are advised to screen for sleep duration and quality.

Since stress is considered as an important factor which can affect the releasing of various hormones and metabo-lism، the aim of this survey was to evaluate the effect of mandatory cold swim stress on fasting blood sugar (FBS)، oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and serum insulin in male rats. This experiment was performed on 30 adult (5-7month) Wistar-Albino male rats (200-250 g weight) which were divided into sham control، control and test groups، randomly (n=10 each group). Test group was given mandatory swim stress in a pool for 1-2 minute but control group was put in the empty pool. Sham control did not undergo stressor during the course of the experiment. OGTT was carried for all animals through the intake of 1 gram glucose until 2 days before the end of experiment course. At e end، the animals were anesthetized by diethyl ether and blood samples were prepared. FBS and OGTT were measured by ordinary methods but serum insulin was measured by ELIZA method. The findings showed that FBS، OGTT، food and water intake in the test group were significantly increased compared with those of other groups but body weight were significantly decreased compared with those of sham control and control groups. Discussion & The results sho-wed that mandatory cold swim stress affected FBS، OGTT and food and water intake in male rats.

Antipsychotic drugs are the cornerstone of schizophrenia treatment. Glucoregulatory abnormalities have been associated with the use of antipsychotic medications. There are some reports of weight gain and glucose intolerance in patients with schizophrenia receiving atypical antipsychotic medications. The purpose of this study is to compare the effect of various antipsychotic therapies on glycemic control in patients with schizophrenia.

Eighty-one patients with schizophrenia were enrolled in the study and underwent glucose-tolerance test. Patients were divided in to two groups، with one group (n=43) receiving typical and the other group (n=38) receiving atypical medication. Demographical and historical data were collected with a questionnaire.

There was a marginally significant difference in the first hour glucose level between typical and atypical drugs (mean 132. 12 vs. 151. 76، respectively، p=0. 07). Also، marginal significant difference was present comparing the first hour glucose level between typical antipsychotics and clozapine consumers (mean 132. 12 vs. 153. 67، p=0. 06). This difference was not present when typical antipsychotics were compared with risperidone (mean 132. 12 vs. 149. 41، p=0. 230). Fasting blood sugar and second- hour glucose tolerance results did not show a statistically significant difference. The increased GTT of the first hour blood sugar in patients who received clozapin may indicate the early stages of insulin resistance in this group.

This study suggests that patients under atypical antipsychotic treatment are more vulnerable to diabetes mellitus (DM). Across atypical medications; we observed a greater glycemic effect from clozapin compared to risperidone.

Background and Polycystic ovary syndrome (PÇÔS), a common endocrine disorder with lipid disturbances, is associated with increase in the risk of cardiovascular disease and central obesity. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the postparandial lipid level with waist-to-hip ratio and insulin in women with PÇÔS in comparison with a control group. This case-control study was conducted at Fatemat Zahra Ïnfertility Çenter in Babol on 20 women with PÇÔS and 20 healthy women as controls who were matched according to age and had a body mass index between 20 to 23 kg/m2. Waist-to-hip ratio, insulin, glucose tolerance test, the levels of fasting and postparandial triglyceride, cholestrol and HDL-cholestrol were all measured and compared between the two groups. Ïn comparison with the control group, women with PÇÔS had higher levels of postparandial triglyceride (203.6±121.5 mg/dl VS 117.7±41.5 mg/dl, P=0.018), postparandial cholestrol (210.1±36.9 mg/dl VS 169.9±29 mg/dl, P=0.001), FBS (91.6±11.7 mg/dl VS 81.8±14.2 mg/dl, P=0.023), insulin (131.7±25.2 ÏÜ/dl VS 75.2±18 ÏÜ/dl, P=0.033) and waist-to-hip ratio (0.87±0.06 VS 0.74±0.14, P=0.001). The levels of fasting triglyceride (158.1±68.9 mg/dl VS 118±35.9 mg/dl, P=0.029) and cholesterol (189.9±32.6 mg/dl VS 154±25 mg/dl, P=0.000) in PÇÔS women were higher than that of the control group. There was no relationship between the level of lipids with insulin level and waist-to-hip ratio.Çonclusion: The levels of insulin, fasting and postparandial triglyceride and cholesterol in women with PÇÔS were higher than the healthy group. Ït seems that waist-to-hip ratio and insulin level had no effect on this relationship.

Since sleeplessness and oversleeping are known to have adverse effects on human health, this study designed to compare sleep quality among non diabetic persons, those with impaired fast blood glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance and diabetics. In a cross sectional study, 834 participants including 384 diabetics, 245 subjects with impaired fast blood glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance) and 205 healthy persons were studied, and data was collected using standardized questionnaires and laboratory assessments. MANCOVA test was conducted to analyze the data using SPSS version 16. Of the participants, 73% were women. Mean±SDs of age and BMI were 48.4±8.6 years and 29.2±4.5, respectively. Mean±SD for sleep qualities were 6.5±3.6 in diabetics and 5.8±3.3 in the others. Sleep disturbance score was meaningfully related to sex, age, educational levels, depression score, and glycosilated hemoglobin. Sleep disturbances in diabetics, especially women were more prominent than non-diabetics and significantly related to depression scores. Sleep hygiene and mental status, depression in particular, play crucial roles in diabetics and diabetes-prone individuals.

Gestational diabetes is the most common metabolic disorder in pregnancy. Glucose Challenge Test (GCT) is done for all pregnant women during the 24th to 28th weeks of gestation. If the GCT value is more than 130 mg/dl a Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT) is asked and if GTT is impaired, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is diagnosed and she will receive treatment accordingly. Some studies have illustrated that impaired GCT can cause unfavorable pregnancy outcomes. Therefore, the goal of this study was to determine the pregnancy outcome in pregnant women with abnormal GCTs. This study was done on all pregnant women attending Babol Shahid Yahyanezhad Hospital for prenatal care during 1999 to 2009. GCT was done for all the participants during the 24th to 28th weeks of gestation. Pregnancy outcomes of 225 pregnant women with abnormal GCTs and normal GTTs were compared with those of 225 pregnant women with normal GCTs as the controls. The individuals were compared for pregnancy outcomes such as macrosomia, premature rupture of membranes (PROM) and the need for a cesarean section (C/S). The average birth weight of the neonates were 3.5  0.5 kg and 3.3  0.4 kg (p < 0.001) in the cases and controls, respectively. Twenty-five neonates in the case group (12.1%) and eight neonates in the control group (3.6%) had macrosomia (p = 0.003). Frequency of PROM was 17.85% (40) in the cases and 8.9% (20) in the controls (p = 0.008). The cases had a higher frequency for preeclampsia 4.4% (10) than the controls 1.8% (4), (p = 0.17). And pregnancy in the cases lead to a greater number of Cesarean sections, 42.2% (95) in comparison to the controls, 28% (63), (p < 0.001). Prevalence of macrosomia, PROM and C/S were higher in pregnant women with abnormal GCTs. Due to the aforementioned unfavorable conditions that bear the risk of a poor perinatal outcome, early diagnosis and proper follow up of women with GDM is suggested during the prenatal period.

Introduction & Diabetes, i.e. lack of proper control of blood sugar, may cause serious complications in patients. The objective of this study was to assess the influence of electrical muscle stimulation on glucose control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. This clinical-trial study was conducted in 2009, in Shiraz, Iran. Forty nine diabetes mellitus patients, Type 2, participated in this study. In 28 cases, dietary and exercise modifications were recommended and electrical muscle stimulation was carried out. For the other 21 cases, only dietary and exercise modifications were recommended. Laboratory tests, including fasting blood sugar (FBS) and glucose tolerance test (GTT), was performed before the study and 6 weeks afterward. The results were analyzed by SPSS version 15.5 software and using t-test. The mean of FBS in the case group before EMS was 156 mg/dl and 6 weeks later changed to 123 mg/dl (p < 0.05), while in the control group these indices were 158 mg/dl and 154 mg/dl respectively. The mean of GTT in patients before EMS was 193 mg/dl and 6 weeks later became 150 mg/dl (p < 0.05), whereas in the control group these figures were 204 mg/dl and 201 mg/dl respectively. The results of this study confirmed that the use of electrical muscle stimulation can be effective on glucose control in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

More than 75% of females would have at least one episode of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC)during their life while half of these patients would be affected for the second time but less than 5% of cases evolves into recurrent or chronic vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC or CVVC) with failure of our therapeutic interventions. One cause of recurrent VVC is hyperglycemia. The aim of this study was assessment of the correlation between RVVC and impaired glucose metabolism and other risk factors of recurrent VVC such as BMI, parity in non diabetic fertile women. This case-control study enrolled30 non diabetic women in reproductive age with recurrent VVC (study group) and 20 non diabetic women with normal vaginal examinations (control group). FBS, OGTT (blood glucose level 2 hours after 75gr glucose load) and HbAlc were measured in all cases and other risk factors were evaluated by a questionnaire.Based on the lab data 10 patients in the study group were diabetic and were excluded from the study. Case and control groups were compared by T test, Chi square and Fischer exact tests. OGTT results were impaired in 25% of patients in the study group while 0% of control group showed abnormal OGTT. (P=0.047). FBS was abnormal (ranged between 110 mgldl to 125 mg/dl) in 15% of patients in study group patients while none of women in the control group had abnormal FBS (P=0.231). HbAlc level in recurrent VVC patients was significantly higher than control group (P=0.007). BMI more than 25 was also more common in the study group compared with control group (P=0.004). The numbers of parity, gravity, the history of diets enriched with sweets were also more common in case group. (P=0.001, P=0.004). The results of the present study show that OGTT in addition to FBS is useful in the workup of patients with recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis.

Repeated hyperglycemia play an important role in the development of atherosclerosis in diabetic patients. Endothelium is the organ of the first-line defense against atherosclerosis and nitric oxide has a major role in this task. The aim of this study was to determine changes in plasma nitric oxide metabolites concentration during glucose tolerance test in type 2 diabetic rats. Male neonate Wistar rats divided into control and diabetic groups. Type 2 diabetes was induced by administration of Streptozotocin (100 mg/kg) to neonate rats at day 2. Plasma glucose and nitric oxide concentration were measured at 7, 30, 45, 60, and 75 days. Intravenous glucose tolerance test was done in adults rats and blood samples were collected in 0 and 5, 10, 30, and 60 min after glucose infusion for determining plasma glucose, insulin, and nitric oxide metabolites. Two-way mixed (between-within) ANOVA was used for comparing data. In control group plasma glucose was returned to basal values 60 min after glucose injection while in diabetic rats it was higher than basal levels (P<0.001). After glucose injection, plasma insulin concentration was increased to 4.5 and 1.9 folds in control and diabetic groups respectively. Basal nitric oxide metabolites concentration was higher in diabetic rats (50.4 ± 6.4 vs. 28.8 ± 3.8 mol/l, P<0.05). During glucose tolerance test there was 35 and 62 % fall in plasma nitric oxide concentration in control and diabetic groups respectively. This reduction return to basal values after 30 min in control group while, in diabetic rats it was 17% less than basal levels in 60 min after glucose injection. Decreased nitric oxide production or increased its degradation may be underlying endothelium dysfunction and atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes.

Due to side-effects of diabetes mellitus in pregnancy, the rapid diagnosis and its treatment is very important. The aim of this study is to determine gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) incidence in pregnant women. This survey is an analytic cross sectional study that evaluated 401 pregnant women in Babol Obstetrics Clinic. A Glucose Challenge Test (GCT) was done for all of the high risk women for diabetes in the first trimester and for other pregnant women in 24-28 gestational weeks. If GCT was positive (Blood sugar>135 mg/dl one hour after oral administration of 50gr Glucose), then a Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT) was done. For women with a positive GTT, the diagnosis was GDM. In 401 pregnant women with a mean age of 24.69±5.31 four patients had overt diabetes (1%). In another 397 women, a GCT was done and 44 women (11% of all patients) had a positive GCT and 19 patients (4.7% of all patients) had GDM of those with GDM 26.3% need insulin therapy in addition to a diabetic diet. We noted there was also a positive relation between age and impaired GCT (P<0.05). GCT is recommended as screening test in 24-28 gestational weeks for all pregnant women.

Several studies have shown that stress has major effects on carbohydrate metabolism. There are some evidences suggesting that stress may induce type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The effects of psychological stress however need to be investigated. The present study has investigated the role of chronic psychological stress on carbohydrate metabolism in male rats.

Animals were assigned in two groups of control and stressed (n=8/group). The animals of the stressed group were exposed to different restraint stressors (1 hour twice daily) for 15 and 30 days. At the beginning and end of the experimental periods fasting blood samples were obtained by tail snipping and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was carried out. Glucose was measured by glucose oxidase method. Insulin and corticosterone were assayed by their respective RIA kits.

Fasting plasma glucose level on the 15th day of the experiment showed significant increase in the stressed rats compared to the controls. The plasma levels of glucose at 15 and 60 min after performing OGTT were significantly increased on the 15th and 30th days of the experiment in the stressed group. Fasting plasma insulin showed significant decrease on the 15th and 30th days of the experiment in the stressed group compared to the controls. On the 15th day of the experiment, at 15 and 60 min after performing OGTT the plasma level of insulin showed significant decrease in the stressed group as compared to the control group. Fasting plasma corticosterone concentration was significantly increased on the 15th day of the experiment in the stressed rats compared with the control rats and the 1st day of the experiment. In the stressed group immediately after stress exposure plasma corticosterone was significantly higher than before stress exposure, only on the 1st day of the experiment.

Results have revealed that chronic psychological stress can impair glucose metabolism and this effect may be mediated by changes in insulin and corticosterone secretion. However the role of other stress hormones has to be investigated.

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is defined as carbohydrate intolerance of variable severity with onset or first recognition during the pregnancy. Diagnosis of this disorder can prevent complications in mother and her fetus during pregnancy. This study was an attempt to determine GDM prevalence in pregnant women referring to Ardabil health centers. In this cross-sectional study 601 pregnant women with 24-28 weeks of gestational age were screened by glucose challenge test (GCT) using 50 gr of oral glucose. GCT was considered positive if the serum level of glucose was larger than or equal to 140 mg/dl. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) was done on GCT+ subjects with 100 gr oral glucose. The diagnostic criteria were these of National Diabetes Data Group.Also a questionnaire was used to record history, age, height, blood pressure, weight before pregnancy and other characteristics. The data were analyzed using SPSS software. From 601 pregnant women, 64 cases (10.6%) were GCT+. OGTT indicated that from these 64 cases, 8 cases had GDM (GCT +, OGTT+). GDM prevalence was estimated 1.3%. There was a statistically significant relationship between BMI, mean age and mean diastolic blood pressure on the one hand and GCT and GDM positivity on the other (p<0.05). There was a significant relationship between increasing of BMI and the prevalence of GDM positivity GCT (p<0.05), but the relation was not significant between increasing of systolic blood pressure and gravidity with prevalence of GDM and positive GCT. It seems that the prevalence of GDM in Ardabil is low and general screening is not necessary for all pregnant women. The prevalence of GDM showed an increase with the age of pregnant women, BMI and obesity.

There is no solid evidence of aluminium (Al3+) toxicity resulting from the Al3+ present in foods or from aluminium utensils used to prepare or contain foods. However recent studies have strongly emphasized Al3+ toxicity in chronic renal failure patients and patients administered aluminium containing antacids. In this study the effect of high doses of Al3+ on glucose metabolism in rats has been investigated. Six groups of male and female albino rats within a weight range of 180-220 grams were fed with food containing Al3+ (75, 212.5, 312.5, 625, 1250, 2500 mg/kg food) for two months. During this time, at 15-day intervals, measurements of plasma glucose concentrations, both while fasting - Fasting Blood Sugar (F.B.S) - and after Glucose Tolerance Test (G.T.T) were taken from the test and control groups. The results indicate that Al3+ can increase fasting plasma glucose and impair glucose tolerance in a dose and time dependent manner. Fasting plasma glucose of the control group at the end of the 60 day- intervention (113.8±4 mg/dl) was significantly less than the case-group, which consumed food containing Al3+ (2500 mg/kg) (165.9±10 mg/dl). In general the results of this study reveal for first time, that the toxic effect of aluminium on glucose metabolism must be considered, particularly in individuals with frequent exposure to the element.