جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « تلفن همراه » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

 Due to the Corona epidemic, the sudden start of the online lifestyle brought problems such as anxiety, depression and physical discomfort such as headaches, sleep disorders and inactivity. According to previous research, physical activity under the supervision of sports coaches can improve the immune system with positive psychological effects. Also, according to the theory of autonomy, satisfying psychological needs leads to psychological well-being and reduces anxiety. This theory has been widely used in the field of health behaviors, but there is little research in the field of interventions through social networks. Based on the increasing attention and excessive use of mobile phones and the challenge of sedentary behaviors, the purpose of this study was to investigate the participation of students in physical activity in order to increase physical health through smartphone application.

The method of the present study was pretest-post test. The statistical population of this study consisted of students of Urmia University who had chosen the physical education unit virtually according to the corona pandemic. 165 students were selected by convenience sampling and then randomly divided into intervention and control groups. The intervention included a physical activity program in 10 workouts with body weight using a mobile application for 20 days, which was presented to the intervention group. The control group simply performed their usual programs in the physical education classes offered to them through the LMS system. Students in both groups completed questionnaires on physical activity, basic psychological needs, subject vitality, depression, headache, and sleep disturbance in three stages, pre-test and one and two post-test.

The results showed that physical activity through the application increased satisfaction with the basic psychological needs related to workouts. Depression, physical health problems, headaches, and sleep disturbances also decreased. The results in the control group showed that physical activity, and subjective vitality significantly reduced, while depression, headache and sleep disturbance increased.

It is suggested that in order to promote the physical health of students in physical education units, physical activities should be done using smartphones with the approach of supporting basic psychological needs.

Nurses, the largest group of healthcare providers, play a crucial role in adhering to ethical issues and making sound decisions in nursing. To effectively address ethical matters, nurses must first possess sufficient sensitivity toward ethical issues. One influential factor in this regard is enhancing nurses' familiarity with ethical concepts. Hence, the present study aimed to determine the impact of distance education on professional ethical concepts using mobile phones on the ethical sensitivity of nurses working at Imam Khomeini Hospital in Urmia.

This study was semi-experimental research conducted on nurses employed at Imam Khomeini Hospital in Urmia. Nurses meeting the inclusion criteria were selected through convenience sampling, and the samples were randomly divided into two control and intervention groups. In total, 76 participants were included in the study, with 38 nurses in each group. Prior to the intervention, a pre-test using the Lutzen Ethical Sensitivity Questionnaire was conducted on both groups. In the mobile phone group, participants had phone calls, and educational messages related to ethical codes were sent twice a day for four weeks. No specific training was provided to the control group, and they only received the hospital's regular training program. After the intervention, both groups completed the questionnaire again. The data were analyzed in SPSS 21 software, using paired t-tests and independent t-tests.

The paired t-test results indicated a statistically significant difference in the mean scores of ethical sensitivity in the mobile phone group before and after the intervention (p<0.001). However, in the control group, no statistically significant difference was observed in the mean scores of ethical sensitivity (p=0.678). Additionally, the independent t-test results showed no statistically significant difference in the mean scores of ethical sensitivity between the two groups before the intervention (p=0.519). Nevertheless, after the intervention, a significant statistical difference was observed between the two groups (p<0.001).

Improving ethical sensitivity is one of the essential goals of nursing education. Achieving this goal requires an innovative educational approach. According to the results of the study, the use of distance education via mobile phones in nursing training can improve nurses' ethical sensitivity.

 Studies have shown that excessive use of social networks may cause mental disorders. This study was conducted to elucidate the relationship between the use of cell phone’s social networks and mental health.

 A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2022, in which totally 250 staff members of Golestan University of Medical Sciences participated. Proportional random stratified sampling method was used. The data collection tool was a checklist of demographic variables. Additionally, valid and reliable questionnaires on the use of mobile cell phone’s social networks and mental health were exploited. The data was analyzed with the help of descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS software (v.24) and statistical tests were considered significant at P<0.05. Compliance with ethical considerations was considered in all stages of the study implementation.

 The average age of employees was 41.07±6.8 years and their average work experience was 15.04±6.93 years. About 56.8% of participants were women and the rest were men. WhatsApp was the most commonly used social network by study participants (44.8 percent). The average score of using mobile social network and mental health was 21.81±5.74 and 35.17±6.20 respectively. The use of social networks revealed a statistically significant association with the total score of mental health (P < 0.001).

 The amount of social networks use was reported at a low level and the mental health of employees needs serious interventions. Considering the existence of a relationship between the engagement in social networks and mental health, the controlled use of social networks can prevent employees' mental health from being compromised.

The design of traffic signs should consider human cognitive abilities to enhance drivers’ understanding of the signs. Cognitive features, as one of the crucial principles of ergonomics, are among the influential factors in the design of signs. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of graphic elements of eight new sign designs based on cognitive features on conveying the message “prohibition of using mobile phones.”

This study was conducted in six driving schools in Tehran in 2013. One hundred seventy-four participants, with an average age of 23.5 and a standard deviation of six years, participated in this study. Participants were then presented with the designed signs through a colored questionnaire. They were instructed to evaluate the signs’ cognitive features including simplicity, concreteness, meaningfulness, and semantic closeness—using a Likert scale ranging from 0 to 100. 

The results revealed that the average score of the cognitive features of the designed signs is higher than other traffic, industrial and pharmaceutical signs. In this study, “semantic closeness” was the best cognitive feature for predicting the message of the signs. The sign with the “hands-free” element had the best performance in transferring the message.

This research aimed to identify the most effective of eight proposed signs for banning mobile phone use while driving. Participants rated the sign featuring a button phone with a hands-free symbol as the top choice. Although most of the mobile phones in the market are of the touch screen type and the use of button phones has decreased a lot, the symbol of these phones as the dominant symbol still effectively conveys messages.

Today, with the developments of technology, the use of mobile phones has become an inevitable principle in human life, and in this field, mobile base transceiver stations (BTS) have been developed as one of the necessary infrastructures. The assessment of electromagnetic waves produced by these stations assumes critical importance in management planning for deploying these systems and maintaining environmental standards. The present study aimed to measure the ambient waves emitted by BTS towers of Irancell and Hamrah-e-Aval operators in Boroujerd in Lorestan province and compare it with available standards.

This is a descriptive-analytical study. In this research, the measurements were performed using an electromagnetic field meter (Spectran HF-4060) at the distances of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50, 100, 150, and 200 meters from each antenna at the same weather and time conditions. The obtained data (magnetic fields and power density) were analyzed with Mann-Whitney statistical test and compared with available standards.

This research found that in both Irancell and Hamrah-e-Aval operators, the power densities calculated at specified distances were much lower than the standard limits. The comparison of disease complications based on the GHQ questionnaire in the residents around Irancell antennas and the first satellite demonstrated that in both antennas, the highest percentage of disease complications were mild or least, moderate and none, respectively, and there were no severe disease complications.

As evidenced by the results of this study, the level of electromagnetic waves in the studied areas in both Irancell and Hamrah Aval antennas was lower compared to the existing standards.

Mobile applications have been proposed as a helpful tool to provide health-related information to people, and this is more important in pregnancy-related mobile applications. This review study aimed to investigate the features of Persian and English mobile apps for self-care in pregnancy.This descriptive cross-sectional study was done on all Persian and English mobile applications related to pregnancy in 2022. A search was conducted on Iranian digital app market (Bazaar) and "Google Play", using the following keywords: "pregnancy", "pregnant women", "obstetrics", and their Persian translations. For each app, the extracted information included name, user satisfaction rate, and the features and provided information by mobile app.The total number of retrieved applications was 416 apps. After removing the duplicates and applying the inclusion criteria, 63 applications were selected for features extraction. Reviewing the features and information provided by the applications showed that the most frequent categories of information included the following items: childbirth and pregnancy (including timing contractions, fetal movement, symptoms of pregnancy and predicting delivery time), restrictions and limitations (including behavioral limits, sexual restrictions, smoking and alcohol, cosmetics and pregnancy and drug use during pregnancy), and monitoring and control tools (BMI Calculator, managing weight gain during pregnancy, control of blood pressure).Paying attention to pregnant women and meeting their information needs could lead to healthier generation. A wide range of mobile applications related to pregnancy are available with many capabilities. Considering pregnant women’s need for information and using these apps in self-care, it seems essential to develop and design a series of high-quality apps matching pregnant women's needs.

Sleep disorders are a serious threat to adolescent academic achievement and health. Understanding the prevalence of these disorders and related factors is essential in determining public health policies and counseling families. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the quality of sleep and its related factors in adolescents in Bushehr in 2020.

In this descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study, 851 adolescents aged 15 to 18 years in Bushehr were studied. Sampling was done randomly from all secondary and non-governmental high schools in Bushehr for boys and girls. Data collection tools included a demographic profile form and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Questionnaire (PSQI). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and univariate and multivariate logistic regression. Significance level was considered less than 0.05 in all cases.

In 597 students (70.2%) the quality of sleep was inadequate and most of them (44%) had delayed sleep disorders. The average weekly hours of digital device use was 24.15 (24.01) hours. 74.7% of students preferred to use digital devices to sleep at least one night a week. Students who preferred to use digital devices more than 4 nights a week to sleep, as well as students who used cell phones more per week, had poorer sleep quality. Also, the girl's gender was directly related to poor sleep quality. Taken together, these variables explained 20.4 to 27.2% of the changes in sleep quality and the tested model was statistically significant. (Chi-square =181/629, P value<0.001).

The results of this study highlight the need to pay more attention to sleep hygiene in adolescents and increase the supervision of parents and school officials over the use and extent of electronic devices and mobile phones by adolescents and also, highlight preventive measures in this area.

Covid-19 pandemic has underscored the importance of e-learning. This study endeavors to determine the extent and the way of using mobile learning amongst dental students.

This descriptive study is cross-sectional. The data were collected through conducting a valid and reliable questionnaire. The population were 220 dental students from Tehran University of medical science who were randomly assigned and agreed to participate and complete the questionnaire.

216 copies of questionnaire were collected. Of these, 108 students (50%) used their phones to use educational software. 168 students (77.8%) used social networks to learn dental courses. 214 students (98.2%) stated that smartphones have increased their access to educational data. 206 students (95.4%) were of the opinion that smartphones help them learn more independently. 189 students (87.5%) stated that it is necessary to employ more smartphones in higher education.

Mobile learning is common amongst dental students of Tehran University of medical sciences. Different features of mobile are used in dental education, Mobile learning in dental education is can be optimized.

The importance and place of mobile phones in today's human life is not hidden from anyone. Concerns about the increasing use of them in different ages from children to adults and the increase in the duration of exposure of these groups to electromagnetic waves (mobile phone radiation) caused by them, which is mainly in the range of 900-1800 MHz, concerns much has been made about their side effects in recent years.  Due to the importance of the subject of this review study, the effects of mobile phone radiation on different parts of the body such as the brain, heart and other tissues.

The present review study was performed by selecting appropriate keywords and searching for experimental and applied studies from Pubmed and Google scholar databases. In this paper, the effects of mobile phone radiation emitted from a mobile phone on brain function, cardiac evaluation parameters, their effects on testicular and prostate tissue in male rats, effects on movement, bioavailability and DNA integrity of human sperm and changes  Pulmonary uptake of MIBI -   was investigated in male rats.

Eleven articles were selected based on inclusion criteria from 2011 to 2021. These studies were mainly experimental studies that examined the effects of mobile electromagnetic radiation on the function of tissues and organs of organisms.

Studies show that cell phone-induced electromagnetic waves affect brain tissue temperature, neuron density, and nucleus diameter in mouse hippocampal neurons, gene expression levels in the rat brain and some brain-related activities such as cumulative response, dependence, and extent. Noise in irradiated chickens, cardiac parameters, sinus arrhythmia, testicular and prostate tissue structure in male rats as well as movement, survival and DNA integrity of human sperm, pulmonary absorption of MIBI -   in rats  affects males and blood factors of mice.a

Academic Procrastination is one of the most challenging problems facing students today. The aim of this study was to identify the relationship between the rate of mobile-phone use in university students and domains of their academic procrastination.

The research method was descriptive-correlational. Its population was all students consisted of all male and female students studying at the University of Isfahan and Isfahan University of Medical Science  in the 2017-2018 academic year according to Krejcie and Morgan table 375 student were selected by  proportional stratified sampling method. The Sevari academic procrastination questionnaire (with dimensions of deliberating procrastination, procrastination caused by physical-mental and procrastination caused by disorganization), were used for data gathering. Data were analyzed in software SPSS by applying Pearson product-moment correlation matrix and analysis of variance.

The findings of the study suggested that there was a positive significant relationship between the rate of excessive mobile-phone usage in general and all the components of academic procrastination.

The results of the research indicated that there was a relationship between excessive use of mobile phones and academic procrastination among students that should be considered, appropriate solutions for prevention and reduction of academic procrastination among students.

Adherence to treatment has a key role in management of hypertension and mobile phones can be used to educate patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a mobile educational application on adherence to treatment in elderly with hypertension.

This randomized clinical trial was conducted in Neishabour, Iran 2020. A total of 54 retired elderly patients who were members of the Retirement Association were selected by consecutive sampling and were randomly divided into an intervention group (n= 27) and a control group (n= 27). Data were collected using demographic questionnaire and Adherence to Treatment Scale by Modanloo et al. (2013). The intervention was performed using an educational application in the intervention group, six sessions/three weeks and the control group was provided with routine care. Adherence to Treatment Scale was completed by both groups before and six weeks after the intervention.

The findings showed significant differences between the intervention group and the control group in mean score for commitment to treatment (P= 0.023) and hesitation in implementation of treatment (P= 0.026). Before the intervention, the mean values for systolic and diastolic blood pressure were not significantly different between the two groups, but after the intervention, the mean diastolic blood pressure was found to be significantly lower in the intervention group (P= 0.017).

The rate of adherence to treatment is increased through mobile educational applications, and this can be used to manage chronic diseases and promote adherence to medication and treatment.

Arterial blood gas interpretation is necessary to train nurses in intensive care units. Use new teaching methods to increase the knowledge and skills of nursing students training is recommended for durability. So this study aimed to compare the amount of learning through workshop and mobile phone, in interpretation the arterial blood gases in nursing students at Iranshahr.

This was a quasi-experimental, educational intervention study that compared two methods impact on learning to interpret the arterial blood gas test. A workshop was held for 53 students of Azad University and 30 students of the Faculty of Nursing received the necessary training via mobile phone and electronic booklet sharing. The questionnaire was completed before and after the training in both groups. Analysis of information were performed with SPSS 19, descriptive and analytical statistics.

In this study, both methods were associated with increased scores but in a group with cell phone average student learning score (16.47±4.04) significantly was more than workshop (13.42±8.1) and that difference was statistically significant (P<0.05).

Today, mobile phones are easily available, on the other hand, use this tool can cover a large number of learners .It is recommended as an alternative method or use other training supplements for educational purposes.

 In Modern technology, using mobile phones is the most exposed to waves in the world. As far, public concern has been rising regarding exposure to phone waves, especially in critical periods such as intrauterine life and early childhood. This study aimed to conduct a systematic review of literature have investigated the relationship between exposure to radiofrequency waves during pregnancy and early childhood with physical and behavioral problems in children.

 We searched databases (PubMed, Web of Science, ISI, Cochrane Library, and Scopus), along with Persian databases such as SID and Magiran with the keywords: "Prenatal Period", "Pregnancy", "Mobile phone", "Children", "Radiofrequencyexposure", "Cell phone'', ''electromagnetic field'', and ''Behavioral problems'' from 1st. January 2010 until 1st. March 2020. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, out of 55 articles, 15 were selected.  

 The results of some studies have not demonstrated the occurrence of behavioral problems in children who were exposed to radiofrequency waves during pregnancy until 36 months. But between the ages of 7 and 11, emotional-behavioral problems were reported. In contrast to other studies, one study showed a positive effect of reducing sentence complexity and improving motor skills in three-year-old children of mothers exposed to cell phone waves. Although, the Findings of dose-response (low, medium, and high exposure) were Controversial. In this review, meta-analysis studies found a significant relationship between the effects of exposure and the incidence of leukemia in children. Also, The incidence of migraine and children's exposure to magnetic fields showed a significant association. However, there was a weak association in the case of hearing loss problems. 

 Although, the results indicated a significant relationship between physical and behavioral problems in children due to exposure to the waves. However, We emphasize the importance and necessity of further research to investigate the biological effect of waves during pregnancy, and childhood to recognize the factors affecting children's diseases.

At present cellular phones have become very popular, raising concerns about their effect on the health of users. Some studies have shown that use of cellular phones gives rise to a decrease in salivary antioxidative potential. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of lycopene on salivary superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities and the total antioxidative capacity (TAC) of the saliva in cellular phone users.

The present clinical trial was conducted on 20 volunteers with no oral diseases, who used cellular phones in Zahedan Dental faculty at 2017. The subjects’ salivary samples were collected before and one month after taking lycopene and the activities of salivary superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxide and the total antioxidative capacity of the saliva were evaluated. Data were analyzed with SPSS 21. Wilcoxon signed rank was used to compare before and after measurmenrs.

The superoxide dismutase levels before and after taking lycopene were 108.37±16.18 and 138.16±20.8, respectively, with a statistically significant difference (P=0.001). The glutathione peroxidase levels before and after taking lycopene were 693.06±9.05 and 676.65±63.45 u/mL, respectively with a statistically significant difference (P=0.001), total antioxidant capacity before and after taking lycopene were 267.72±156.64 and 147.83±120.63 μmol/lit respectively with a statistically significant difference (P=0.001)

It seems that, use of lycopene in cellular phone uses resulted in an improvement of salivary antioxidative system, increasing the odds of elimination of free radicals by the saliva.

Arterial blood gas interpretation is necessary to train nurses in intensive care units. The need to use modern educational methods to improve the knowledge of nurses with long-term durability is considered important. Regarding the importance of using technology in nursing education and the necessity of interpretation of arterial blood gas testing, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of arterial blood gas interpretation training on mobile phones on the knowledge of intensive care unit nurses.

This quasi-experimental study were performed on 114 critical care units nurses of three teaching hospital affiliated to Qom University of Medical Sciences.The hospitals were randomized in three groups (application smartphone, lecture) and controls were allocated. Lecture group content and application smartphone packages was the same content. In the educational application group on mobile phones, educational content was designed as software in the Android environment. The app was installed on the mobile phones of nurses working in the intensive care unit, and they were asked to use it during the day. In the lecture group, the same content was presented in person in two sessions. The control group did not have any special training in this field during this period. The study tool was a questionnaire that included demographic data and researcher-made scale on the interpretation of blood gases. The questionnaires were completed before and 4 weeks after the training in groups. Data were analyzed by using SPSS software 21 and descriptive and inferential statistical tests.

The mean age of the samples was 28.91 ± 2. 12 and 1.66 ± 0.89 years of professional experience in intensive care unit. In two groups, after the intervention, the score obtained from the blood gas interpretation test was increased The difference between the mean test scores of the educational application group in mobile phone (77.46) and lecture (73.79) compared to the control group (54.57) was statistically significant (p <0.001). In other words, using application smartphone had significantly more effect on nurseschr learning. In other words, using application smartphone had significantly more effect on nurseschr  learning.

Considering the results of this study indicating the positive effect of application smartphone learning on nurseschr knowledge, Therefore, it is recommended as an alternative method or use other training supplements for teaching special cases such as blood gases interpretation in nursing.

Mobile phone is one of the most important means of communication and social in the present age, and there are concerns about its harmful effects due to the growing use of it among adolescents. In this regard, the present study was conducted to determine the effect of educational intervention based on the Theory of Planned Behavior regarding microbial and radiation complications of mobile phone in female students of secondary school in Baghmalek city.

The present study was a quasi-experimental two-group study (test and control) that was conducted on 100 students in 2019. The target population consisted of female high school students who entered the study using stratified sampling method. The educational intervention was conducted using the method of short lecture, group discussion, question and answer based on the constructs of the theory of planned behavior. The training sessions were conducted in the form of group training in the form of 3 sessions for 90 minutes during a month. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 24 software and independent t-test and paired t-test.

The results showed that before the intervention, the mean and standard deviation scores of attitudes (24.08 ±4.78), Subjective norm (32.52 ±7.67), perceived behavioral control (32.28 ±5.05), behavioral intention (13.14 ±4.44) and behavior (24.30 ±4.40) between the two groups of control and test were not significantly different (P <0.05). However, one month after the educational intervention, the mean scores and standard deviation of attitude (25.94 ±5.95), subjective norm (37.22 ±7.31), perceived behavioral control (34.80 ±5.42), and behavior (26.86 ±5.95), except for the behavioral intention (14.02 ±3.11) in the test group, increased significantly (p <0.001).

Based on the findings of this study, education based on planned behavior theory is fruitful and can improve studentschr('39') microbial and mobile phone Preventive behaviors by increasing attitudes, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control.

Internet and smartphones have undeniable positive effects on people's life in society, but sometimes, inappropriate use of them can threaten users' mental health and consequently, their quality of life. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relation between smartphones & social networks use and depression among students of Mashhad Paramedical School.

 A questionnaire about smartphone & social networks use and Young's Internet Addiction Questionnaires and Beck Depression Inventory, was completed by 225 students of the Paramedical school..

 The results of Young's Internet Addiction Test showed that 2.99% of participants were in the severe Internet addiction group, and 17.91% of them were in the moderate Internet addiction group. Based on the scores of the Beck Depression Test, 58.33% of students were in the normal group for depression and 3.7% were in the severe depression group. The results of the Pearson correlation test showed a moderately significant positive correlation between the scores of the Young Internet Addiction Questionnaire and the Beck Depression Inventory (r = 0.518, p-value <0.01).

Considering the significant relationship between internet addiction and depression among the participant students in this study, strategies need to be adopted to enhance students' awareness about the dangers of the Internet and cell phone overuse. As well as, students should be forced to attend psychology and education workshops.

Medical diagnostic laboratories are among the most important centers in the treatment cycle of patients. Today, the conscious choice of such laboratories is one of the challenges that patients face in the treatment process. This study was conducted with the aim of improving the knowledge of software users in the field of laboratory sciences and also facilitating the conscious and intelligent selection of the laboratory required by users. 

This is a descriptive-developmental research with an applied approach. The steps consisted of library studies, questionnaire-based needs assessment, collection of knowledge and identity data, design through drawing UML diagrams, implementation using Java programming language, and software evaluation.  

A comprehensive system of laboratory information and experiments can be performed in all laboratories in Tehran, based on factors such as location access, types of laboratories and types of tests, a system was designed that allows users to access the most appropriate laboratory centers with high speed and less mobility, sufficient information, and in accordance with their needs. The evaluation was done using a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity and reliability were confirmed. The target population consisted of eleven specialists and forty ordinary users. According to the Likert criterion, the results obtained from the answers of all participants in the study to the questions of the questionnaire were higher than 4.05.  

The software showed that the factors that had priority in the need assessment significantly increased user satisfaction and also provided ease of use of laboratory services in accordance with userschr('39') needs.

Caregivers of patients with bipolar disorder often feel helpless and experience anxiety, depression, and stress after discharge. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of psych education with using mobile phone on the stress in family caregivers of patients with bipolar disorder after discharge from hospital.

The present study is a two-group quasi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design that was conducted in 1398 in Baharan Zahedan Educational and Medical Center. They were selected by convenience sampling method (available) and randomly assigned to two groups equal to control (45) and intervention (45). Data collection tools included a demographic characteristics questionnaire and a 14-item Cohen stress questionnaire. For the intervention group, training via mobile phone and SMS was done one day in between for 20 days after discharge and for the control group no training was provided. Caregiverschr(chr (chr('39')39chr('39'))39chr(chr('39')39chr ('39'))) stress levels were measured and compared before and after the intervention in both groups. Data were analyzed using SPSS software using chi-square, independent t-test and paired t-test and p-value <0.05 was used.

The results showed that both groups were homogeneous in terms of individual social characteristics and the mean stress level in the intervention group in the pre-test was 29.70 with a standard deviation of 7.14 and in the control group was 29.52 with a standard deviation of 7.14. The mean stress level in the intervention group in the post-test was 26.12 with a standard deviation of 6.53 and in the control group was 30.65 with a standard deviation of 7.11.

The results of this study confirmed the effectiveness of mobile phone-based psycho education in reducing the stress of family caregivers of discharged patients with bipolar disorder. It is recommended to use this method to reduce the stress of family caregivers of these patients.

Schizophrenia is a chronic and disabling mental disorder and medication non-adherence remains a significant challenge for the patients and psychiatrists. The present study aimed to assess the impact of short-message service (SMS) on medication adherence in schizophrenic patients as compared with the control group.

A total of 63 patients with schizophrenia were assigned to the intervention group (N= 32) and the control group (N= 31). The patients in the intervention group received a daily SMS that read, ‘‘Please remember to take your medication” at 8:00am and 8:00pm. Medication adherence was assessed by the self-report Medication Adherence Rating Scale (MARS) at baseline and in the 3rd month, and the 6th month.

Patients receiving SMS had a significantly greater improvement in medication adherence compared with the control group in the 3rd month, but there was no significant difference in the 6th month.

The results of the present study showed that text message reminder for medication intake is an effective and feasible strategy for enhancing medication adherence in patients with schizophrenia.