جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « رطوبت » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

One of the biggest environmental challenges of the 21st century is the phenomenon of climate change and global warming, which can cause numerous health problems. One significant health issue associated with climate change is the increase in the prevalence of heat stress, particularly in occupational encounters in hot outdoor environments. So this study aimed to predict and model temperature and humidity indices in the coming decades in a dry climate.

Methods & Materials: 

This study obtained daily atmospheric parameters, including minimum temperature, maximum temperature, and relative humidity of Kerman station, representing a dry climate, for a period of 30 years (1965 to 2005) from the meteorological organization. Modeling of these parameters and calculation of the Temperature and Humidity Index (THI) were performed using the atmospheric general circulation model HadGEM2-ES and the CORDEX dynamic microscaler model. Three different radiative forcing scenarios, including optimistic (RCP 2.6), intermediate (RCP 4.5), and pessimistic (RCP 8.5), were considered for the coming decades (three 30-year periods from 2011 to 2099).
Ethical Considerations: The Ethics Committe of Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS) approved the present study (Code: IR.IUMS.REC.1400.020).

The results of the study showed an increasing trend for minimum and maximum temperature parameters in all three time periods using the three scenarios considered. Moreover, the increase in temperature in the decades of 2099-2071 was more pronounced compared to the previous decades. The results also demonstrated an increasing trend in the THI index based on all three scenarios. The average results obtained using these scenarios showed an increase of 2.11, 2.53, and 3.3 degrees Celsius, respectively, in this index until the end of the last century compared to the base decades.

Overall, the increase in temperature and the investigated THI index in the studied station, based on all three scenarios, will lead to changes in thermal comfort. Higher levels of thermal discomfort will not only occur in hot months and seasons but also in other seasons. Therefore, proper planning should be implemented to address the adverse effects of climate change on people's health.

In Persian medicine, it is believed that the creation of life and its continuation depends on Innate Moisture, and natural human death occurs when this moisture ends. Despite the use of this term in medical texts, there is no acceptable understanding of this concept. The purpose of this research was to provide a systematic summary of data about Innate Moisture from the perspective of traditional physicians in different centuries, to explain that and enable more use of this concept in clinical setting.

The keywords in this study were as follows: Innate Moisture, Original Moisture, Moisture, al-Rotuba al-Ghrizia, al-Rotuba al-Asliyyah, Innate Humidity, and Natural Moisture in both Persian and English. We used Rodgers' evolutionary concept analysis which consists of a series of overlapping steps whose main goal is to clarify the concept.

In medical books, Moisture is considered from two perspectives: Moisture as an accident (quality) and Moisture as a substance (moist substance). Innate Moisture is present as a moist substance in the human body. The nature of Innate Moisture is less discussed in sources, but physicians are in agreement about its role as a main basis for the continuation of human life.

Innate Moisture can be divided into two types; original (originated from zygote) and non-original (originated from nutrition). Non-original Innate Moistures are considered as alternative for original Innate Moisture so that the original Innate Moisture is reduced less and remains as long as the natural life of the person continues.

Stroke has a high prevalence and is associated with a high premature mortality rate. Thus, it is important to identify the effective factors in increasing the incidence of stroke. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of seasonal changes and environmental factors in the occurrence of stroke.

This descriptive-analytical study was done on 3,639 patients including 3,102 (85.3%) with ischemic stroke, 472 (12.9%) with intracerebral hemorrhage and 65 (1.9%) with subarachnoid hemorrhage patients. After measuring environmental factors such as air temperature, air pressure, humidity and geomagnetic field, admission data of stroke patients between 2015-2019 were extracted from the Sayyad Shirazi Hospital information system.

The mean occurrence of intracerebral hemorrhage was highest in winter, especially in January and March, and lowest in summer, especially in July and August. Intracerebral hemorrhage had a positive significant correlation with air pressure (P=0.001, r=0.452) and a negative correlation with ambient temperature (P<0.001, r= - 0.457). Subarachnoid hemorrhage and ischemia were not related to the season or the month. It was also found that ischemic stroke had a significant positive correlation with geomagnetic field fluctuations. Subarachnoid hemorrhage was not associated with any of the variables, but intracerebral hemorrhage was significantly positively associated with air pressure and inversely associated with temperature.

This study illustrated that winter, low temperature, high air pressure and high geomagnetic fluctuations are associated with a higher risk of stroke. Therefore, the underlying physiopathological causes of this relationship should be carefully investigated in future studies.

Environmental factors can play a role in incidence, infection, and mortality rates of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). In this study, we performed a systematic review of environmental factors affecting the incidence, infection, and mortality rates of COVID-19.

In this review, articles, case studies, and official reports were searched in electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Magiran, and Scientific Information Database (SID)  using the following keywords: COVID-19, Environmental factors, Air pollution, Temperature and humidity, Water and wastewater, and Coronavirus. Studies on the relationship between environmental factors affecting infection and mortality rates of COVID-19 published until July 2021 were selected. Qualitative evaluation of articles was performed using the STROBE checklist.

Out of 62 articles found 30 were reviewed. Air pollution, temperature, humidity, water, wastewater, and waste could play a role in incidence, infection, and mortality rates of COVID-19. Environmental control was found to be effective in preventing the spread of infection and reducing the mortality rate of COVID-19. Improving environmental performance could be of great benefit in preventing the spread of many diseases, particularly the COVID-19 pandemic.  

Ensuring global environmental performance is essential to protect all countries against COVID-19 and other public health hazards. Meanwhile, more investment in research and development is needed.

the health benefits of omega-3 fatty acids, as well as the high sensitivity ofunsaturated fatty acids to oxidation of fish oil, caused the use of encapsulation of fish oil forenriching food products and drugs. this study aims to evaluate the physicochemical properties of nanoencapsulatedfish oil, and their oxidative stability during storage at 0 and 24% relativehumidity conditions. Emulsion was prepared after sonication with wall materials ofmaltodextrin (M), modified starch (Hi-cap) and whey protein concentrate (WPC) at the ratioof 1:4 (oil:wall). Emulsion and nano-encapsulated powder properties including emulsionstability, apparent viscosity, powder moisture, encapsulated coefficient, particle size andmorphology of nano-capsules were determined. The lowest amounts of creaming and viscosity were observed in M+Hi-cap+WPCand M, respectively. Moisture content in M+Hi-cap showed the highest value. The lowest andhighest particle sizes were measured in M+Hi-cap+WPC and M, respectively. Also, the bestencapsulation efficiency was obtained for M+Hi-cap+WPC. SEM photographs showed glasslikesheets of encapsulated materials with the freeze-dryer. During 21 days storage at 0 and24% relative humidity, the results showed an increase in peroxide and anisidine values. Thevalues were higher at 24% than the 0% humidity, and the best results of oxidative stabilitywere observed in M+Hi-cap+WPC treatment. Based on the findings, relative humidity is an effective factor in the oxidation offish oil nano-capsules. The use of nano-encapsulation is a practical and effective method forincreasing the stability of fish oil for enriching the food and promoting human health.

Heat stress is a physiological reaction against environmental high temperatures. This study aimed to investigate the levels of heat stress in industrial and traditional bakeries of Khorramabad, Iran, using the WBGT index. This was a descriptive/analytical/cross-sectional study. Khorramabad has 267 bakeries, 202 of which are industrial bakeries and 65 are traditional bakeries. 88 bakeries were selected using the simple random sampling method. Using the WBGT device, dry, wet, and globe temperatures and humidity were measured. Next, heat stress was measured using the WBGT index from July 22 to August 21 and in the hours (11:30-13) in the workplace of the workers. The results showed that traditional bakeries showed higher levels of heat stress than industrial bakeries. The mean WBGT index was 6.69 ± 44.49 ˚C in traditional bakeries and 1.52 ± 43.38 ˚C in industrial bakeries. The mean WBGT index value shows greater deviation from the permitted levels in traditional bakeries than in industrial bakeries. The analysis of the results using independent t-tests indicated that there were significant differences in terms of environmental wet temperatures, globe temperatures, humidity, and WBGT between industrial and traditional bakeries (p < 0.05). In this study, heat stress levels were higher than standard which is indicative of the worrying condition of heat stress in the bakeries of Khorramabad. Therefore, it is essential to make plans to control heat stress in the bakeries of Khorramabad.

Background and purpose:

Wetness and dryness are among the main keywords that have been used to explain all theoretical basics including physiopathology or semiology and practical branches of medicine that are related to the prevention and treatment. Despite the importance of such topic, a separate section which explains its concept does not exist in the Persian medicine textbooks. The purpose of this study is to explain the concept of wetness and dryness, the types of moisture, and the symptoms mentioned for these types mentioning their role in diagnosis and treatment.

Methods and Materials:

In this review study, the main books of Persian medicine were assessed using wet and wetness or moisture keywords. A search in Google Scholar, PubMed, Magiran, Iran medex and SID was also done to investigate the current researches.

In Persian medicine, wetness sometimes refers to the very quality of wetness and sometimes to humidity or moisture as wet material. Moisture in general is classified into two types of bodily and not bodily moistures. Bodily moisture can be classified into four general categories based on the quality of moisture, the nature of the moisture, the moisture function and its location. Depending on the quality of the moisture, the function of the moisture is different.

Understanding the concept of wetness, its various kinds and related sign or symptoms of the moisture is a step toward promotion of health in all stages of prevention, diagnosis and treatment in Persian medicine 

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease associated with inflammation of the central nervous system in humans that is associated with genetic and environmental factors. Geographical latitude and longitude, life on coastal, and exposure to environmental pollutants are associated with the disease. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between environmental factors with the risk of multiple sclerosis in Isfahan province, Iran.
This cross-sectional study assessed the association of radiation, relative humidity, and temperature with the risk of multiple sclerosis in 2000 patients between the years 2001 to 2014 in Isfahan province. The geographical mapping was done using Arc GIS software and statistical analysis was done via SPSS software using logistic regression and correlation coefficient tests.
Findings: The 13-year cumulative incidence rate of multiple sclerosis in Isfahan province was estimated 48.26 per 100000 person, 20.97 in men and 76.38 in women. Significant association was observed between the sunlight radiations with the risk of multiple sclerosis; but the average relative humidity and temperature in this area did not show any significant relationship with the risk of multiple sclerosis.
Based on the findings, sunlight associated with multiple sclerosis in Isfahan province; but there was no relationship between the average annual temperature and relative humidity. Therefore, it is recommended that studies be done on individual level to investigate this relationship

At present, malaria is considered as one of the most important health problem in many countries. The present study aimed to evaluate the epidemiology of malaria in Babol, Mazandaran. This cross-sectional study was conducted from May to November 2010. The required information of disease and demographic characteristics of patients were collected from The Vice-Chancellery
for Health of Babol University of Medical Sciences. SPSS v16 software were used to analyze data and create tables and graphs. A total of 262 malaria cases were reported during 1986 to 2009, that 79.4% of them were male and others were female. The highest incidence rate of the disease was observed in cases more than 15 years old (88.5%), in 1986 (18.3%), with a peak in July. ABER (Annual Blood Examination Rate), API (Annual Parasite Incidence) and SPR (Slide Positivity Rate) indicators have declined over the years. The strongest positive correlation was observed between malaria incidence and minimum air temperature (r=+991, p<0.05). In contrast, the incidence of malaria had the strongest negative correlation with the relative humidity at noon (r=863, p< 0.05). The findings show a downward trend in the malaria incidence rate in Babol. Regarding the malaria eradication program in Iran until 2025, similar studies are recommended in the other parts of the country, particularly in endemic areas of the South and South-Eastern areas.

Tooth colored restorations are so common nowadays due to increased esthetic needs. A successful composite restoration demands a strong bonding with lowest microleakage. Close relation between tooth surface and the other adherents is an important factor in bond strength. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of enamel moisture on tensile bond strength of composite resins using Single bond in total etch technique.

In this in vitro study, 40 premolar teeth were randomly divided into two equal groups. Enamel surface of the teeth were polished using a disk in midbuccal portion. The roots were dissected from 2mm below CEJ and midbuccal portion of the teeth were etched. In one group after rinsing the etchant, tooth surface was dried completely (group I). In the other group the surface moisture was removed using cotton pellet (group II). Single Bond (3M) was applied on desired surfaces and cured. Composite resin was layered over the tooth surface to 4mm height. The teeth were then mounted in the way that they can be placed in the holding device from lingual side. After that the teeth were placed in UTM device under tensile stress with the rate of 0.5 mm/min. the failure surface was examined to detect type and location of the failure. The data were analyzed using T-Test and Fisher's Exact test.

Data showed that although mean bond strength in group I was higher but the difference was not statistically significant. Type of failure in two groups was not statistically significant either.

Considering that there is no significant difference between the two groups and a little moisture is needed for creation of hybrid layer and bonding to dentine, leaving a bit moisture on enamel equal to that of dentine does not interfere with bonding to enamel and produce a good bond strength.

Adhesive systems are commonly used for restorative dental procedures. Solvent removal my be effective for increasing the microtensile bond strength of etch and rinse systems to dentin. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of solvent removal on microtensile bond strength of etch and rinse systems to wet and dry dentin. This in-vitro study was conducted on 40 intact human extracted third molars. A flat superficial dentin surface was exposed by wet abrasion. The specimens were randomly assigned to five groups. Two coats of the solvent-based (SB) and solvent-free (SF) adhesives were applied to dry (D) or rewetted (W) surfaces, under vigorous rubbing action after phosphoric acid etching according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The examined groups included: group one: adhesive with solvent on dry dentin, group two: adhesive without solvent on dry dentin, group three: adhesive with solvent on wet dentin, group 4: adhesive without solvent on wet dentin and group 5 (control group). After light curing (600mW/cm²/10 s), composite build-ups were constructed incrementally and specimens were stored in water (37 ° C/24 h). They were longitudinally sectioned in the “x” and “y” directions to obtain bonded sticks (1mm²) for immediate testing at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. The resultant bond strength was expressed for different fracture patterns. The microshear bond strength test was carried out in a Universal Testing Machine. The data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 2 software. P<0.05 was considered significant. The highest bond strength was achieved in group 1 and the lowest in group 4; but the differences among groups in this respect were not statistically significant. Within the limitations of this study, the results showed that presence of solvent was not essential to achieve high bond strength values to dry and wet dentin when applied vigorously.

Blood bank refrigerators play the main role in blood safety and appropriate blood production. Confirmation of their functions to maintain temperature stability with a PM program is compulsory. The main objective of this study is to identify the level of maintenance and regional climate effects on blood bank refrigerators in different blood centers. In order to study the level of maintenance and possible regional climate effects on each blood bank refrigerator، a survey on 85 local refrigerators in seven regional blood centers was carried out. In this survey، along with the amount of temperature leakage from the body and glass insulators، the quality of ribbons used was also evaluated. The results obtained from this study showed the degree of temperature leakage on bodies of the fridges، metal doors، and glasses to be varied due to different factors like room humidity and temperature changes، air flow around refrigerators، and spaces between refrigerators and other appliances or wall. This study contributes to a higher knowledge level of local manufacturers on how better to produce blood bank refrigerators to be compatible with different climate conditions of Iran.

Koobideh kebab (barbequed minced meat) is one of the most popular Iranian foods. Reduction in the water holding capacity (WHC) of meat during thermal processing makes the water and melted fat run out of the meat. The fat content of the final product depends on the proportion of the retained moisture and fat. Meanwhile, high temperature and the presence of oxygen and iron in meat may facilitate oxidative rancidity of the fat. This study aimed to determine changes in moisture, fat content, and fat oxidative indicators of minced meat during Koobideh kebab preparation. Minced meat was provided by the restaurant of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Meat was barbequed and 3 times of sampling were performed with intervals of at least one week. Moisture and fat contents were measured by the weight and Sox let methods, respectively. Petroleum ether and diethyl ether were used as two solvents to extract fat. After the vaporization of the solvents, the peroxide value (PV) and acid number of the extracted fat were determined by iodometry and oil titration using alcoholic potassium hydroxide (KOH), respectively. During the process of preparing Koobideh kebab, moisture decreased from 62.5% to 45.5%. Using diethyl ether as the extraction solvent, the total fat in the raw sample and final product were found to be 10.32% and 19.44%, respectively. The PV and acid number of the fat extracts of the final product were higher than the initial values in raw meat. A 127-232% increase in PV was seen at the final stage of cooking period. However, the difference was not statically significant due to a wide variation in the measured PVs in repeated experiments. In addition, the produced peroxide was far less to make the extracted fat unusable (below 5 meq/kg). No specific relation was detected between acid number of the extracted fats and various phases of Koobideh kebab preparation. Effect of different methods of cooking meat and fat oxidation in various studies carried out, is different. Follow-up study showed that changes in the peroxide oxidation of the fat is made of compacted meat. This problem may be related to the direct heat of the fire.

Considering the importance of chemical and physical parameters such as temperature, moisture, pH and carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratio in producing compost, the purpose of this study was aimed to evaluate these parameters in producing compost by stack method.

This descriptive study was carried out on municipal solid waste generated in Kashan during a 63-day period from Oct 3 to Dec 4, 2010. Compost samples were taken from the top one-third, the center and also the bottom of the compost pile and mixed; the compost pile was aerated (if necessary). Thereafter, samples were analyzed for carbon and nitrogen content using Fourti method.

The initial temperature of the compost pile was 38°C and then increased to 65°C at the 9th day, and reached to 26°C at the last day of composting. The moisture at the beginning of the process was 67.5%, increased to 73% at the 5th day and decreased to 38% at the last day. The initial pH of the compost was 5.5, increased during the compost process, and reached an optimal value of 7.7 at the end of the process. The C:N ratio at the beginning of the process was 35:1 and in mature compost decreased to 12.5:1.

Presence of actinomycetes and the dark-brown color of the prepared compost on the 63rd day of composting indicate that the compost meets the required standards. Consequently, the implementation of this method is suitable for tropical cities like Kashan.

Statement of Problem: The use of dentine bondings on enamel and dentin in total etch protocols has recently become popular. Unfilled resin is hydrophobic and dentin bonding is hydrophilic in nature. This chemical difference could be effective in enamel bonding process. The aim of this study was to compare the shear bond strength of unfilled resin to dry enamel and dentin bonding to dry and moist enamel. In this experimental study, a total of 30 incisor teeth were used. The specimens were randomly assigned to three groups of 10. 37% phosphoric acid etchant was applied to the enamel surfaces in each group for 15 seconds, rinsed with water for 20 seconds and dried for 20 seconds with compressed air in groups one and two. After conditioning, group 1 received unfilled resin (Margin Bond, Colten) and group 2 received dentin bonding (Single Bond, 3M) and in group 3 after conditioning and rinsing with water, a layer of dentin bonding (Single Bond) was applied on wet enamel. The enamel and dentin bonding were light cured for 20 seconds. A ring mold 3.5 mm in diameter and 2 mm height was placed over the specimens to receive the composite filling material (Z100, 3M). The composite was cured for 40 seconds. The specimens were thermocycled and shear bond strengths were determined using an Instron Universal Testing Machine. The findings were analyzed by ANOVA One-Way and Tukey HSD tests. Shear bond strength of dentin bonding to dry enamel was significantly less than unfilled resin to dry enamel (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the bond strength of dentin bonding to moist and dry enamel. In addition bond strength of dentin bonding to wet enamel was not significantly different from unfilled resin to dry enamel. Based on the findings of this study, it is suggested that enamel surface should remain slightly moist after etching before bonding with single bond but when using unfilled resin, the enamel surface should be kept dry.