جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "ماز y" در نشریات گروه "پزشکی"

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients suffer from anxiety and depression. Pioglitazone (PIOG) is effective in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. The present study aimed to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of PIOG on anxiety and depression symptoms in the Streptozotocin (STZ) rat model of AD.

All the animals were divided into six groups: Control, DMSO, PIOG, sham-operated, STZ, and STZ plus DMSO or PIOG. For induction of AD, STZ (3mg/kg, 5μl/injection site) was injected into the lateral ventricles. After injection of PIOG (10 μl) or DMSO for 21 days, the behavioral tests were performed using sucrose preference, light-dark box, and elevated plus maze test.

The results showed that the STZ injection significantly reduced the entries, duration of presence in the light compartment and open arm of the elevated plus maze, and a percentage of sucrose preference compared to the control group. PIOG treatment in STZ-treated rats significantly increased the entries, duration of presence in the light compartment and open arm of the elevated plus maze, and a percentage of sucrose preference that indicated anti-depression and anxiolytic-like effects.

Based on our findings, the PIOG injection can reduce anxiety and depression-related behaviors in Alzheimer's rats.

Lepidium draba L (L. draba) is one of the most valuable medicinal plants belonging to the nightshade family. This study was designed to evaluate anxiolytic effects of different doses of the methanolic extract of L. draba and also the role of benzodiazepine receptors.

In this study, 48 male mice weighing 25-30 g were used. The selected mice were randomly divided into 6 groups of 8. To evaluate the anxiolytic effects of methanolic extract of L. draba (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg), saline with equal volume as negative control, diazepam (2 mg/kg) as positive control and flumazenil (2 mg/kg) with high dose of extract was injected into mice to investigate the possible mechanism of the plant's anxiolytic effects, after 30 minutes they were transferred to elevated plus maze and for 5 minutes the standard indicators of anxiety assessment were observed and recorded by observing them. Instat software was used to analyze the data. The results were reported as (Mean ± SEM) and P <0.05 was considered significant.

The results showed that methanolic extract of plant increased the number of entry and length of stay in the open arms in a dose-dependent manner.

This study shows that L. draba plant can be effective in treating anxiety probably through GABAergic system.

Beta-adrenergic receptors in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) have been associated with stress, learning, and memory. In this study, we tested the effects of intra-BLA microinfusions of the β2-adrenergic receptor agonist, salbutamol, on spatial, passive avoidance memory and long-term potentiation (LTP) in the CA1 region of the hippocampus in response to stress.

Forty male rats were randomly divided into five groups (n=8/per group): control, sham, stress, salbutamol+control, and salbutamol+stress. Bilateral cannulation was performed in the BLA, by using stereotaxic apparatus. Then, the rats were transferred to the communication box and foot-shock stress induction continued for four consecutive days. Five minutes before stress, salbutamol (4 µl/side) was injected bilaterally into the BLA. Barnes maze and shuttle box were examined for spatial and passive avoidance memory, respectively. The field potential recording was also used to investigate LTP in the CA1 neurons of the hippocampus.

The results of the passive avoidance test showed that bilateral injection of salbutamol in the BLA five minutes before stress increased step-through latency time significantly compared to the stress group. Barnes maze results showed that intra-BLA microinfusions of salbutamol before stress, reduced the latency time, the number of errors, and the distance traveling to achieve the target hole compared to the stress group. Field potential recording revealed that salbutamol injection before stress decreased the population spike amplitude significantly and caused fEPSP slope 60 minutes after high-frequency stimulation compared to the stress groups.

It seems that the salbutamol in the BLA can improve memory deficits induced by stress.

Food restriction may have beneficial or detrimental effects on the brain functions such as learning and memory. Also, dopamine receptors are involved in learning and information retrieval. This study was performed to determine the simultaneous effect of food restriction and dopamine D2 receptor inhibition on spatial memory of rats.

In this experimental study, 60 male Wistar rats were allocated into 6 groups including controls, 25%, 50% and 75%, food restriction, sulpiride (D2 receptor antagonist, 4 mg/kg/day, ip), 75% food restriction and sulpiride and treated for 21 days. To evaluate the memory, an eight-point radial arm maze was used. Then, the catalase and malondialdehyde level of the hippocampus were measured.

Twenty-five percent food restriction caused to 11.8 percent decrease in spending time to find the food compared to control group (P<0.05). The 75% food restriction and or sulpiride injection significantly increased that time by 24.4% and 18.3%, respectively (P<0.05). The group with 75% food restriction were received sulpiride showed the most increase in the time of food finding compared to all groups (P<0.05). Catalase activity was only significantly reduced in the 75% restricted groups to 17.6% and 22.2%, respectively (P<0.05). Malondialdehyde production was significantly increased in the 75% food restricted groups to 50.2% and 59.3, respectively and sulpiride-received group to 31.2% compared to the control group (P<0.05).

Simultaneous applying of food restriction and inhibition of dopamine D2 receptors resulted in increased hippocampal prooxidant levels and exacerbated memory impairment.

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is a psychoactive substance that affects the central nervous system. Acetylcholinesterase enzyme, as one of the enzymes of central and peripheral nervous system, plays a role in the sympathetic and parasympathetic function. This enzyme transmits neural messages through hydrolysis of acetylcholine in the cholinergic synapses and is of great importance in memory and learning. In this study, the effect of THC was investigated on the cholinergic system in rat behaviors.

In this experimental study, 10 adult male rats were used. First, the rats were anesthetized, then, two cannulas were placed in the ventricle using stereotaxic apparatus and THC was injected. The activity of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme was measured, and plus maze test was used to assess the anxiety behavior. Data were analyzed using t-student test.

In this study, THC reduced the activity of acetylcholinesterase enzyme, indicating memory impairment. Moreover, the percentage of time spent in the open arm and the percentage of the number of entries into the open arm increased (p<0.05), and corticosterone levels increased, which both indicated an increase in anxiety.

The results of this study showed that THC causes changes in memory and anxiety behaviors by impairing cholinesterase enzyme activity and neurotransmitter secretion

In this study, we investigated the effect of immobilization stress during pregnancy on the spatial memory, anxiety-like behavior and brain BDNF level in F1 generation male NMRI mice.
Twenty female pregnant mice were randomly divided into stress and control groups. The stress group received stress using a restraint cylinder (6 cm ID, 20 cm L) 60 min/day from the 1st to the 15th day of pregnancy. The control group did not receive stress. The male F1 offspring was nursed by their mothers (n=10/group) until reaching weights between 20 and 25 g. Then they were tested for spatial memory using Barnes maze and anxiety-like behavior by the elevated plus-maze. Also, brain BDNF level was measured by means of an ELISA reader.
Barnes maze test results showed that the time and distance to reach the target hole were significantly (p The present study indicated that prenatal stress can lead to decreased level of BDNF in the brain of the offspring which may result in spatial memory disorder and anxiety-like behavior.

Introduvtion: Alzheimer's disease is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases in the brain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of lovastatin and folic acid on cognitive deficit by induced lesion in nucleus basalis magnocellularis
In this experimental study, 56 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 8 groups: (7 rat in each group): control(intact), Nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) lesion group, which received electrically- induced lesion (0.5 m A, 3s) in NBM, Sham group ( the electrode was impaled in to the NBM with no lesion), lovastatin group (NBM lesion lovastatin 1mg/kg), folic acid group (NBM lesion folic acid 5mg/kg), interaction group( NBM lesion lovastatin-folic acid), saline group( NBM lesion saline) and Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) group (NBM lesion DMSO 5%). Acquisition and retention testing was done by using an eight-radial arm maze, in which, the patterns of arm entries in each group for calculating working memory errors, reference memory error and latency were recorded. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test
Results showed that there was a significant difference between the control and lesion groups in the parameters of the reference memory error, working memory error and elapsed time (P˂ 0.05). Co-administration of lovastatin - folic acid resulted in a reduction in the reference and working memory error and the time spent in the eight-arm radial laser maze compared with lesion group
According to the results, co-administration of folic acid and lovastatin had a positive effect on spatial memory of Alzheimer's rats.

Oxidative stress causes damage in processes, such as learning and memory through affecting the nervous system. Also, using chemical drugs for treatment of stress-induced depression is often associated with attenuation of memory. In the present study, the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Noroozak (Salvia leriifolia) root as an antioxidant along with antidepressant drug, fluvoxamine, were investigated on the spatial memory of male rats under immobilization stress.
In this experimental study, 25 adult male rats (mean weight, 170g), were randomly divided into five groups of 5 each. The animals were orally treated with different doses of drug and extract for 21 days. At the end of the treatment period, a radial 8-arm maze was used to investigate the behavioral indices. Also, malondialdehyde and catalase levels in the brain tissue homogenate and glucose and cortisol levels in blood, were measured. Data analysis was carried out using one-way analysis of variance and post-hoc Tukey’s test.
Spatial memory in the rats under immobilization stress (sham group) showed a significant decrease as compared to the control group. Administration of extract of Noroozak root improved the spatial memory in the groups receiving extract and extract-drug compared to sham and fluvoxamine groups. Also, the extract of Noroozak root improved the flovoxamine-induced attenuation of memory, increased catalase, and decreased malondialdehyde, glucose, and cortisol in the groups under treatment with extract and extract-drug compared to sham group.
The findings showed that immobilization stress and fluvoxamine administration for the treatment of stress-induced depression resulted in attenuation of spatial memory; while, the extract of Noroozak root improved memory in all groups due to powerful antioxidant property.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized clinically by progressive memory loss and subsequent dementia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the synergist effect of folic acid and vitamin B12 on spatial memory in adult male rat Alzheimer's disease.
Material and In this experimental study, 49 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 7 groups: (7 rats in each group): control(intact), NBM lesion group, which received electrically- induced lesion (0.5 m A, 3s) in NBM, sham group ( the electrode was impaled in to the NBM with no lesion), NBM lesion folic acid 5mg/kg, NBM lesion vitamin B12 5mg/kg, NBM lesion folic acid- vitamin B12, NBM lesion saline. Acquisition and retention testing was done by using an eight-radial arm maze, in which the patterns of arm entries were recorded in each group for calculating working memory errors, reference memory error ,and latency. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test.
The results showed that there was a significant difference between the control and lesion groups in the parameters of the reference memory error, working memory error ,and elapsed time (P˂0.05). The administration of folic acid and vitamin B12alone did not have any significant effect on spatial memory parameters compared with the lesion group. Co-administration folic acid- vitamin B12 resulted in a reduction in the reference and working memory errors and the time spent in the eight-arm radial laser maze.
According to the results, the NMB lesion resulted in a reduction in spatial memory and co-administration of folic acid and vitamin B12 resulted in improved spatial memory.

Statins, inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme A reductase, are widely used as medication to lower cholesterol levels in human patients. Much evidence indicates that statins can also exert neuroprotective actions. So, this study aimed at examining the effect of lovastatin on cognition deficit induced by bilateral electrical lesion of nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) in the Alzheimer’s disease model in adult male rats.
In this experimental study, 56 adult male wistar rats were divided into 8 groups (n=7): control (intact), NBM lesion group (which received electrically- induced lesion 0.5 mA in 3s), sham group (the electrode was impaled into the NBM with no lesion(, lovastatin groups (lesion, 5, 10, 20 mg/kg) and DMSO 5% group (NBM lesion ೄ 5%). Acquisition and retention testing was done by using an eight-radial arm maze in which the patterns of arm entries were recorded for calculating working memory errors, reference memory error and latency in each group.
The bilateral NBM lesion resulted in significant reduction of spatial memory in acquisition and retention tests in the form of increased working and reference memory errors compared to the control group (P The electrical NBM lesion can reduce spatial memory function and the lovastatin therapy after brain injury improved cognitive disorders. It seems that lovastatin by reducing the activity of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme and increasing acetylcholine transferase enzyme activity can cause improvement in learning and memory capability.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and pain can be appeared repeatedly following traumatic events. Although in acute stress condition, pain perception significantly covered by stress, few studies have discussed the changes in pain perception in a PTSD stress conditioning. In the present study, changes of facial acute pain and allodynia have been investigated in an animal model of PTSD.

Male Wistar rats were divided to two groups as control and under stress. PTSD was induced by single prolonged stress (SPS) method and confirmed by elevated plus maze (EPM) and rats plasma corticostrone levels. Acute facial pain and allodynia were evaluated by the eye wiping test and von frey test in the experimental groups.

SPS rats spent less time and made a fewer entries into the open arms of EPM (p < 0.05). The corticostrone level was significantly decreased in Stress + DEXA group compared to the Control + DEXA (p < 0.05). The number of eye wiping was significantly decreased in SPS-induced rats compared to the control (p < 0.001). The response threshold of applying von frey filament in face of SPS-induced rats was significantly increased compared to the control (p < 0.001).

Acute pain perception and allodynia of face area of rats was reduced in SPS-induced animals. Increased endogenous opioids in PTSD condition may lead to this observation.

Cinnamom (Cinnamonum verum) has therapeutic effects such as anti-diabetic, decreasing of weight and blood lipid and sugar. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of aqueous extract of Cinnamon on learning and spatial memory in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
In this study, 28 adult male Wistar rats weighting 200 ± 30 g were used. Rats were divided into four groups: control (C), control receiving extract (C), diabetic (D), diabetic receiving extract (D). Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg/kg streptozotocin. The experiments were assigned to 3 weeks. In this time, the treatment of extract was carried out in a dose of 200 mg/kg. At the end of experiment the weight of the treated rats was compared to control groups. Evaluation of learning and spatial memory was done using radial eight-arm maze. The data were analyzed using repeated measure ANOVA by SPSS software.
Findings: The significant (P The aqueous extract of cinnamon attenuates the learning and the spatial memory of diabetic rats, probably due to increase of blood sugar and its destructive effects on nervous system function.

Backgrounds & Aggregates of β-amyloid protein are the main constituent of senile plaques and considered to be one of the causative events in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Compounds that could inhibit Aβ fibrils formation and or reduce their associated neurotoxicity might have therapeutic values for treating AD. Although curcumin has shown promising therapeutic utilities for many diseases, including Alzheimer, its clinical application is severely limited because of its poor stability under physiological conditions. In this study, the inhibitory effects of 2,6-bis(3,4-dimethoxybenzylidene)-1-cyclohexanone on aggregation and neurotoxicity of hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) and, also, on spatial learning and memory of rats were evaluated.
30 male wistar rates (250-280 g) were divided into 5 groups: control, received scopolamine, received lysozyme amyloid aggregates, received lysozyme aggregates formed in presence of Curcumin and/or Curcumin derivative. The Morris Water maze was used for studying the spatial learning memory.
The results showed that, in comparison with receiver groups of lysozyme aggregates alone, the receiver rats of the aggregates formed in the presence curcumin and its derivative found platform in less time and with less distance traveled. The hippocampal injection of HEWL aggregates damaged the spatial memory of rates. Meanwhile amyloid aggregates formed in presence of curcumin or curcumin derivative were nontoxic and had no significant effect on spatial memory in rats.
These observations suggest that Curcumin and its derivativeare are capable to insert directly into amyloidogenic core of early aggregates and inhibiting amyloid fibril formation. Also, this study showed the importance of using model proteins as a valid tool to investigate the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease.

Memory and learning are the putative targets for the stressors by some biochemical reactions such as glucocorticoid hormones. Intermittent feeding is a kind of dietary behavior with some reported positive efficacy on the various systems of the body. The aim of this study was the evaluation of intermittent feeding on learning and spatial memory in the male mice under chronic stress.
Thirty-six male NMRI mice were divided in four groups; control and stress groups received enough food and water but intermittent feeding (IF) group and stressed mice plus IF treatment group were under food and water deprivation two hours in a day for two weeks. The stress condition was performed by foot shock electronic during the second week. Subsequently, Barnes maze test was performed to evaluate learning and memory for all groups in third week and the plasma corticosterone level was determined by corticosterone elisa kit.
We indicated that chronic stress led to a significant enhancement in plasma corticosterone level but IF could inhibit this elevation in the stressed mice and significantly reduced learning and memory time.
The findings showed that IF could improve learning and spatial memory in the male mice under stress.

Memory naturally degrades with the passing of time. Dementia or deficit of memory caused by Alzheimer’s disease, aging and other risk factors, greatly affects one’s day-to-day life. Lavandula officinalis is an effective medicinal plant in treating inflammation, epilepsy, depression and anxiety. Also, recently have been submitted reports about the effects of lavender on memory improvement. However, the effect of aerial part hydro-alcoholic extract of Lavandula officinalis has not been studied on passive avoidance and spatial memory in rats with healthy memory. In this study, 40 male NMRI rats weighing 200-250 g were used. Animals were divided into four groups (n=10 each). Control group (group 1) received normal saline, daily, for 9-11 continuous days; groups 2, 3 and 4 received Lavandula officinalis aerial part hydroalcoholic extract at doses of 100,200 and 400 mg/kg intraperitoneally (i.p), daily, for 9-11 continuous days 60 min before the behavioral testing. Passive avoidance and spatial memory was tested by shuttle box and Y maze, respectively. Chronic administration of the extract at a dose of 400 mg/kg significantly enhanced spatial memory in Y maze and also passive avoidance memory in shuttle box. Repeated consumption of Lavandula officinalis (400 mg/kg) in rats with healthy memory may cause memory potentiation.

Autism syndrome is a complex neurological disorder. The main causes of autism disorder is not fully understood. However, the results of some studies indicated that change in serum level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has role in autism etiology but, amount and how to change of this factor in not clear today. The aim of this study was to determine the serum levels of BDNF and its relation with repetitive behaviors test in autistic newborn rats. In this study we used 15 virgin female rats that divided into 2 case and control groups; for inducing of autism in their newborns, they exposed to Valporic acid on 12.5 of pregnancy. For measuring serum levels of BDNF and evaluation of repetitive behaviors, we used elisa method and Maze Y test, respectively. The results of this study indicated that in autistic rats, median of BDNF serum levels is significantly increase in compare to the control group (P<0.001). Also, in female rats, serum levels of BDNF is significantly higher than male rats (P<0.01). There wasn’t significant relation between serum levels of BDNF and repetitive behaviors (P=0.23). In summary, we concluded that serum levels of BDNF has change in autism syndrome and it can has role in etiology of this disorder. However, according to conflicting results of studies about serum levels of BDNF and it relation with severity of this disorder, more research recommended.

Memory and its role in learning have long been of interest to humans. Therefore, human beings have always sought ways to enhance their memory and reduce its deficit. In the present study, the effect of pumpkin seed extract on memory and learning in adult male rats were studied. The rats (weighing 180-220 g) were divided into 7 groups (n = 8); control, sham (control and sham groups had normal food and water, but a week before the test, the control group received distilled water through oral gavage), and experimental groups. The experimental groups received pumpkin seed extract in doses of 100, 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg of body weight daily for 17 days. Training began 12 days after receiving seed extract. The extract was also administered during training. On day 18, probe trial was performed without the administration of the extract. Results showed that, in the groups receiving the extract, spatial memory increased significantly (P < 0.05); this increase, compared to the control and sham groups, was dose dependent. The results indicate that administration of pumpkin seed extract, due to its content of omega fatty acids (oleic acid, linoleic acid) and vitamins D and E, increases spatial memory and learning.

With the increase in mobile phone usage in public places، the use of mobile phone jammer has also increased; therefore، the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of mobile phone jammer on the level of anxiety in mice. Forty male and 40 female naive mice (25-30 g) were randomly divided into four groups (control، 900 MHz، 1800 MHz and 900+1800 MHz exposures). Animals were exposed to mobile phone jammer radiation for 2 h. Then، anxiety-like behaviors were tested in the elevated plus-maze (EPM) model and light and dark (L/D) box. Results showed that mobile phone jammer exposure at 900 MHz reduced the time spent in the lit side of the L/D box (P = 0. 008) in male mice compared with the control group. While، 1800 MHz waves increased time spent in the lit side of the L/D box and in the EPM open arm as compared to the control group in both male and female mice (P = 0. 05). Also، 1800 + 900 waves increased the time spent in the dark side of the L/D box in the female mice (P = 0. 0001). The results showed that mobile phone jammer radiation at 900 MHz and 900+1800 MHz frequencies increased the level of anxiety in male and female mice، respectively. Thus، it seems that this apparatus cannot be used as a safe device in popular places.

Temporal lobe epilepsy is the most common type of epilepsy in human. Patients suffer from spontaneous seizures and memory deficiency. This study was done to assess the effect of Co-enzyme Q10 (CoQ10) administration on seizure، short-term spatial memory and stress oxidative indices in hippocampus of kainic acid-induced epilepsy. In this experimental study، 48 male rats were randomly allocated into six groups: sham-operated; CoQ10 (10 mg/kg/bw) -treated SH; kainate; CoQ10 (2، 5 and 10 mg/kg/bw) treated kainic acid. CoQ10 was intraperitoneally administered daily for one week before intra-hippocampal injection of kainic acid (4µg/kg/bw) in animals. Kainic acid induced chronic and acute spontaneous seizures in animals. Also، kainic acid administration caused a reduction in alternational behavior rate (consecutive or serially entrance into all of arms in triplet set)، increasing of malondialdehide، nitrite level and decreasing of superoxide dismutase activity compared to sham group (P<0. 05). Pre-treatment of kainate rats with CoQ10 decreased rate of spontaneous seizures (P<0. 05). CoQ10 increased alternational behavior rate، decreased malondialdehide and nitrite serum level (P<0. 05). But it had no significant effect on superoxide dismutase activity. Pre-treatment of kainic acid exposed rats with CoQ10 reduced rate of seizures and improved short-term spatial memory and oxidative stress indices in rats.