جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "محیط زیست" در نشریات گروه "پزشکی"

One of the aspects of improving people's health is to pay attention to environmental mechanisms that affect people's health with their ecological effects. In the current study, the effects of industrialization and economic development on the production of greenhouse gases are discussed in line with people's health.

in the present article, following the studies; Zhao et al. (2023), Yeboa et al. (2023), Zhou et al. (2023) and Wen et al. (2022) explain the effects of industrialization, economic development, on the production of greenhouse gases in line with the sustainability of people's health in countries (G7) and OPEC countries based on the quantile panel regression model and for the time period of 2000-2022.

The estimation results confirm the relationship between financial development and environmental degradation in two groups of countries (G7) and countries (OPEC). The estimation results also show the confirmation of the effect of energy consumption on global warming potential in (G7) countries and (OPEC) countries and energy consumption has a positive effect on environmental pollution, in (OPEC) countries due to the abundance of energy and natural resources, energy prices is low, which has caused excessive and incorrect use of energy.

It can be said that the development of commercial and financial markets can lead to the improvement of human capital in countries. But this will happen better when the right context is provided for the optimal allocation of resources and the efficiency of labor and capital is increased. Financial development is an important factor in economic growth and the health status of people, which affects the health status of people not only directly but also indirectly through the environment; Also, in addition to adding physical capital in various sectors of the economy, investment in human capital should also be made. The financial sector development mechanism works in such a way that financial resources are provided from various private and government channels for the health sector of individuals; Because the efficiency of health services depends on the correct management of health system resources and its connection with the governing financial system. Investing in human resources is the education and training of human resources to acquire different skills and advance production, which can increase production and achieve economic development by raising the level of skill and expertise of the workforce and increasing its productivity. (G7) is more intuitive.

The Goharzamin iron mine in Sirjan has the largest iron ore reserves in the Gol Gohar area. This study aimed to assess the life cycle of iron ore extraction from this mine using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method due to the extensive activities in the area and the lack of comprehensive studies.

  The LCA evaluated the impacts of iron ore extraction from the Goharzamin mine on human health, ecosystem quality, and resource depletion. The boundary system included the drilling and blasting processes. Following the cradle-to-gate model and an attributional approach, the production of 1 ton of iron ore was considered a functional unit. Impact and damage assessment were conducted using SimaPro software and the ReCiPE method at mid and end-point levels.

The findings revealed that transportation by trucks with a capacity exceeding 20 tons accounted for the highest environmental burden in all categories (51.1%), particularly in overburden removal. The detrimental impacts of transportation on ionizing radiation (human health), land use, and freshwater eutrophication potentials (ecosystem quality) exceeded 95%. Carbon-14 emissions, agricultural land occupation, and BOD5 and COD releases resulting from iron ore extraction were identified as the key pollutants in these impact categories. The average damage to human health, ecosystem quality, and resource depletion was found to be 89.8%, 5.5%, and 4.6%, respectively.

To mitigate the negative impacts of transportation, it is advisable to enhance environmental sustainability by utilizing trucks that adhere to Euro 5 standards or higher, as well as exploring the use of renewable energies.

Due to the high pollutant load and high volume of wastewater from starch production factories, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the efficiency of hydrated lime and aluminum sulfate to decrease contaminants of starch wastewater to successful wastewater treatment in the main wastewater treatments plants.

The investigation was conducted during 2022 and 2023 over 16 months to improve the operational effectiveness of the wastewater treatment plant at a starch manufacturing factory in Fars province. The optimum dosage of two coagulants, i.e. lime and aluminum sulfate, were tested. Various pollutants were under study, such as chemical oxygen demand and biological oxygen demand, etc. The statistical analysis was conducted in SPSS 22 using Dunkan analysis (α = 0.01).

The effectiveness of removing pollutants was improved while lime and aluminum sulfate rose from 20 mg/L to 40-60 mg/L. The removal efficiency of pollutants was almost constant and enhanced lower than 10% while coagulants were applied higher than 60 mg/L. The optimum lime and aluminum sulfate dosage was 40 mg/L and 20 mg/L, respectively. Following the application of coagulants, there was a notable reduction in the levels of pollutants and organic loading rate by 65% which led to an enhancement in the performance of the wastewater treatment plant.

The coagulation and sedimentation with lime and aluminum sulfate can be utilized for successful starch wastewater treatment. These materials are cost-effective and easily accessible which justifies them as a desirable option for factories seeking wastewater treatment solutions. 

Improving health and the environment is one of the components of development, social welfare, and economic growth. Another influential factor in increasing health costs and reducing social welfare is work-related accidents and diseases, which impose high costs on individuals, industries, and the national economies of countries. Therefore, using multi-criteria decision-making methods, the present study provided a conceptual model to identify and rank work-related diseases’ environmental and health costs.

The present study was conducted in 2023. A classification model for the economic evaluation of environmental and health costs of occupational diseases was developed to achieve the study’s aim. In the current research, the Delphi method was used to identify health and environmental criteria, and the Analytic Network Process (ANP) was used to weight the sub-criteria. Finally, the cost of health and the environment was estimated based on the available information. Naft Tehran Hospital (NSHT) was also selected as a case study site.

The results showed that the drug and medical equipment cost factor, with a weight of 0.312 in the treatment sector, and the particular and infectious waste cost factor, with a weight of 0.085, were the most critical factors in the economic evaluation. Also, the parametric model results showed that 99.84% of the total costs are related to health costs, and 0.16% are related to environmental costs. In general, the results of this research showed that 61.3% of the costs of the health sector are related to the two sectors of medicine and medical equipment and the cost of service personnel, and 91.7% of the costs of the environmental sector are related to wastewater treatment and the cost of electricity consumption.

This study presented a semi-quantitative model to estimate health and environmental costs caused by occupational diseases. The results can create a novel scientific insight into implementing control measures using the optimal point of cost-benefit parameters. Implementing this integrated model can be a practical and effective step in allocating resources and prioritizing interventions.

This study aims to explore the application of the Delphi method in ranking health, safety, and environmental (HSE) management indicators at the municipal waste landfill in Mashhad.

Initially, relevant criteria and indicators were identified using the Delphi method and a survey of experts, who assigned scores ranging from 1 to 9. Subsequently, the criteria and indicators were prioritized by employing the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and based on the opinions of 15 experts through pairwise comparisons. The analysis and synthesis of indicators were facilitated using statistical software, such as Expert Choice. 

The highest scores across all three categories pertained to the safety of the burial process, integrity of burial cells, management and treatment of sanitary sewage, leachate collection systems, soil contamination via leachate, control of traffic noise and operations, and adherence to slope guidelines. Conversely, the lowest scores across all categories were associated with the safety of facilities, training, safety of equipment, warning signs, gas collection, and extraction wells, prohibition of entry and animal presence, daily spraying operations aligned with wind direction, landfill gas management, gas collection systems, effluent management parameters, control of traffic noise, levels of odors, and the impact on the greenhouse effect.

This research indicates that the HSE conditions at the Mashhad landfill are suboptimal. Environmental and safety indicators, in particular, have been largely overlooked in landfill management practices. Establishing a dedicated HSE system within the waste management framework of Mashhad's municipal administration could significantly enhance these indicators. 

The education system of any country is subject to fundamental change according to the wishes of society. The need for change in the health care system, medical education and other related sciences, including environmental health, has become increasingly evident in this country in recent years. In the present study, we investigated the revision of educational content in environmental health and the answers to the fundamental questions related to it.

The current study was cross-sectional and comprehensively evaluated at the national level with the participation of professors in the field of environmental health. The study involved 78 distinguished professors of environmental health, and a checklist was prepared and a survey was conducted to obtain their opinions. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS-22 software. The Friedman test was used to compare different areas.

The survey results show that 69.3% of the professors believe that the educational content in the field of environmental health in Iran is fundamentally different from that in developed countries. 89.8% of the distinguished professors believed that the aspects and conditions of environmental health in the country are significantly different from the first year of determining the content and curriculum in the field of environmental health. 96.2% of the distinguished professors of environmental health in the country thought that the expected skills included in the curricula of different levels of the field of environmental health should be revised. At the same time, 85.9% of the professors agreed that the monitoring of environmental pollutants that affect health is one of the most important topics in environmental health.

Based on the survey conducted among the professors of the country ‘s health faculties, it is necessary and useful to revise the definition of environmental health and its educational content to meet the needs of society, given the new conditions in the field of environmental health.

A decline in fertility followed by an increase in the aging of the population is one of the demographic crises. The healthy fertility program aims to increase the overall fertility rate above the replacement level of the programs of the Ministry of Health. Since the preservation and sustainability of the environment is one of the factors affecting the fertility rate. This review study was designed to investigate healthy fertility and environmental sustainability.

In this narrative review in the electronic databases Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, SID, Magiran, and IranMedex, articles related to healthy fertility and the environment, without language restrictions between the years 2000- 2023, were reviewed. Original descriptive research studies were quality-assessed based on the STROBE checklist. After careful examination of the studies, the contents of the articles were categorized into three areas.

The effects of environmental instability on fertility can be divided into three categories of consequences, which include "female infertility"; "male infertility" and "reduced success of assisted reproductive methods".

The instability of the environment with the pollutants that it imposes on the digestive and respiratory systems of humans through air, water, and soil can affect healthy fertility and intensify the decrease in childbearing rates. Therefore, the focus of reproductive health experts and population and health policy makers to increase education and awareness of environmental risk factors seems necessary.

Theory-based educational interventions are a logical approach in order to improve pro-environmental behaviors. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of the educational intervention based on the extended theory of planned behavior on pro-environmental behaviors in residents of Qazvin city.

Using a multi-stage random sampling method, 120 citizens referring to Qazvin health care centers participated in a quasi- experimental study in 2022-2023. Targeted educational content was provided through what’s APP and online training (4 sessions) in the form of lectures and group discussions along with educational pamphlets and text messages for the experimental group. Data were collected before and 3 months after the Theory based education using demographic questionnaires, Pro-environmental Knowledge, moral commitment, Self- identity, TPB subscales, and pro-environmental behavior questionnaires, and were analyzed with SPSS 25.0 software and chi-square, independent and paired T-tests, ANOVA and ANCOVA were analyzed.

The mean of pro-environmental awareness (from 5.2±1.3 to 10.9±2.1), attitude (from 17.5±2.5 to 34.7±6.1), subjective norms (from 8.9±1.8 to 14.9±1.3), self-identity (from 8.8±1.7 to 12.7±2.1), moral commitment (from 10.9±1.4 to 15.0±2.1), behavioral control (from 15.7±1.6 to 24.9±3.5) and behavioral intention (from 7.4±2.2 to 11.2±9) significantly improved in the experimental group after theory based education (P<0.001). Also, the mean of pro-environmental behaviors improved significantly after controlling the effect of the pre-test variable in the experimental group (36.4±9.5 to 52.2±8.7, P<0.001).

The implementation of educational interventions based on the extended theory of planned behavior can encourage pro-environmental behaviors in citizens by improving psychological factors.

Corona virus is a phenomenon that has faced the world with a crisis due to its rapid spread and uncontrollable nature. Although this crisis is only related to the medicine and health system, it is a multidimensional phenomenon whose effects and consequences can be observed and tracked in various economic, social, and political fields. The purpose of this article is to investigate the results of the Corona Virus on the environment.

The current study is a scoping review article that was performed based on the collection of information from articles published in the databases ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and PubMed in the period from 2019 to 2022 with the aim of investigating the consequences of the Corona crisis on the environment.

The findings of this research illustrate that the corona virus crisis and the quarantine conditions have brought many consequences for the environment. On the one hand, as a result of the cessation of many human activities, there is a significant reduction in the emission of pollutants, including greenhouse gases, and on the other hand, waste, especially medical and plastic waste, has increased.

Despite the positive effects of Covid-19 on environmental factors, its short-term and long-term negative effects are obvious. In addition, it seems that the economic activity of country will intensify after Corona, and therefore, with a comprehensive analysis of the effects of Covid-19 on several sectors, significant proceedings should be taken in this field.

Sustainable development (SD) was first proposed in 1987 at the United Nations Conference on the Environment, by Prime Minister of Norway and Chairman of the United Nations Environment Commission. He provided a definition of SD that was used for 25 years. The SD is a development that meets the needs of its society without harming future generations. The SD should propose comprehensive solutions in various economic, social and environmental dimensions over time. After 28 years of efforts and six meetings, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development was finally adopted by all members of the United Nations in 2015 to provide a joint plan for peace and prosperity for people and the planet now and in the future. It is composed of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
The SDGs are an urgent call for action by all developed and developing countries. It is clear that ending poverty and other deprivations must be accompanied by strategies that improve health and education, reduce inequality and stimulate economic growth. All of these tackle climate change and work to preserve oceans and forests.
To realize the 2030 Agenda, the SDGs must become a strong commitment by all stakeholders to implement the global goals, and all poor, rich and middle-income countries must participate in promoting well-being and protecting the planet. The six main areas to achieve the goals include health, education, social protection, food security and sustainable agriculture, infrastructure (access to energy and low-carbon energy infrastructure, water and sanitation, transport and telecommunications), and related services of ecosystem and biodiversity.

To validate the designed model of integrated education on environment and health during the coronavirus disease using a qualitative approach and the database method, this research employed a quantitative method with a descriptive, correlational type of approach.

The participants in the qualitative part were academic faculty members in the field of health and environment, 10 of whom were purposefully selected to conduct in-depth interviews, and the result of that research was a pattern of 363 primary conceptual propositions with 57 subcategories and 27 propositions. A main category was obtained in the form of 6 dimensions of the paradigm model.

The results of the quantitative model test, which was the result of the assumptions derived from the qualitative model, the whole of the paradigmatic model including six dimensions of causal conditions including audience, educational and lesson planning, teacher, needs assessment, how to implement integrated education; The main phenomenon includes: training method and competence; Strategies include: participation, general and basic education, institution building, effectiveness evaluation, trust building; Background characteristics include: infrastructure condition, management, financing, culture, legal guarantee; Environmental conditions include: government sector, environmental management, educational environment, social and cultural conditions; Consequences include: improved competence, environmental effects, health effects and economic effects were confirmed.

The model included the two main phenomena of education method and competence, that all integrated educational activities of environment and health should include these two main cores.

Traffic noise is one of the most important causes of noise pollution and also one of the environmental problems in today's societies. According to the World Health Organization, traffic noise is the cause of physiological and psychological disorders. Psychological disorders include impaired mental function, disruption of daily activities, increased rates of traffic accidents, and decreased concentration. Physiological disorders include sleep disorders, hearing loss, hypertension, gastrointestinal disorders, and effects on job performance. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between mental performance of introverts and extroverts in the face of traffic noise.

This study was performed on 40 students of Alborz University of Medical Sciences. The Mental Health Questionnaire were administered to all individuals. Also, traffic noise was recorded by a tape recorder for 15 minutes. Then, the participants were exposed to traffic noise in two modes of calm environment, and in both modes, a strope test was performed while playing the recorded sound. Finally, statistical analysis was performed to find the relationship between exposure to traffic noise and changes in mental function.

The results showed that after playing the sound in all participants, the mean consonant time decreased (p = 0.143), while the number of correct consonant responses increased after exposure to sound. (p=0.640)

Conclussion: 

The results of this study showed that traffic noise does not have different effects on the mental function parameters, and there is no significant relationship between voice and age, as well as voice and gender.

 Protection of the environment according to the rights of peace is based on the potential application of environmental protection norms in peacetime and the extension of those norms to the time of international armed conflicts. Therefore, the following article seeks to evaluate and explore the role of peace rights in protecting the environment and its use in international armed conflicts.

 This research is of theoretical type and the research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is library and has been done by referring to documents, books and articles.

 Despite the fact that the principle of not resorting to force and embargoing war as an imperative rule is emphasized by the United Nations Charter and other international documents, However, in its permitted form, such as legitimate defense, humans and the environment are not immune from the consequences of war. These issues have caused the concern of the international community in such a way that the discussion of environmental protection in armed conflicts has been placed on the agenda of the International Law Commission.

Ethical Considerations: 

In order to organize this research, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed.

 Among the treaties that are clearly applicable during international armed conflict, two categories of treaties including treaties containing mandatory rules and treaties protecting fundamental human rights, to some extent include substantive environmental rights and requirements because the right to A healthy environment is a human right, and the prohibition of causing massive pollution in the environment has led to the creation of mandatory rules.

The development of Environmental Ethics, Character and Etiquette in human societies is necessary to improve the behavior of humans with the environment. Environmental education in formal and informal forms plays an important role in its protection. In order to effective education to be achieved in accordance with the philosophy, foundations and local culture of the society, it is necessary to use appropriate models. The purpose of this research is to identify the components of the model of Environmental Etiquette Education from the perspective of the Iranian Islamic model of progress.

This research was conducted qualitatively and by the method of theme analysis and identifying the network of themes related to the research subject among various related texts. By in-depth study of 43 sources, related sentences were identified and 1057 codes were extracted. Then, the related codes were categorized based on thematic and conceptual relationship and were revised several times to ensure the acceptability and objectivity of the data. In this way, the organizing categories were identified and by repeatedly examining the categories with an inductive approach, the components of the model were concluded. Finally, 1057 codes were organized in 49 categories and 8 components.

Ethical Considerations:

Honesty and trustworthiness have been observed in the report and reference to the texts.

The constituent components of the environmental education model from the perspective of the Iranian Islamic model of progress were: basics, principles, message of the model, goals, teaching and learning components, the role of the learner, the role of the instructive, the environment and context of learning and evaluation. Alsoindicators such as "attention to the concept of guidance", "management of genetic infrastructures of education and learning", "attention to three-dimensionality existence of environment", "environmental etiquette", "Islamic view of the motherhood of the environment for humans", "attention to the rational capacity of the audience in communication and education" and "measurement and evaluation without grade criteria" were very important variables from the islamic point of veiw in environmental etiquette education.

It is necessary to extract and design the foundations, principles, patterns, objectives and educational methods of educating environmental etiquette, appropriate to the biosphere and the characteristics of Iranian people, through the teachings of Islam. The need to differentiate between the widely used concepts of environmental ethics, environmental behavior and environmental etiquette is emphasized. In the environmental etiquette education, the teacher has a reference role and is not just a facilitator. The initial assessment is necessary for each audience to recognize the rational capacity of the learner, in order to personalize the programs and methods of teaching and environmental etiquette education by the teacher. The final assessment in environmental etiquette education is based on the level of effort and responsibility of the learner and without the grade criterion

 Biotechnology of plant varieties is one of the important issues that have different dimensions and in this paper an attempt has been made to investigate its impact on the environment in the light of biological ethics.

 The research method is descriptive-analytical and has been done using library resources.

Ethical Considerations: 

In all stages of writing the present study, the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness have been respected.

 Biotechnology of plant varieties has an impact on the environment through the possibility of genetic changes on non-genetically manipulated plant species, adverse effects on insects and reduction of biodiversity. Genetic changes cause damage to some organisms (such as pests and insects) in the ecosystem and reduce their biodiversity. Biotechnology of plant cultivars has been considered from the point of view of bioethics. The World Health Organization (WHO) with actions, such as how to label the information of genetically modified products and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) with the establishment of the Codex Alimentarius Commission jointly with the WHO, the establishment of the International Plant Protection Convention and the International Convention on Food and Agricultural Genetic Resources and technical meetings have emphasized biological ethics in the biotechnology process of plant varieties.

 Adopting a fair agricultural policy, strengthening research, trying to improve plants with the participation of farmers, developing the genetic basis of plants and the widespread use of native crops and breeding methods, are regarded as the most important methods and the mechanisms to pay attention to bioethics in the process of biotechnology of plant varieties.

 One of the most important consequences of the sale of building density is urbanization that can influence on environmental pollution and the health of society. By adopting appropriate mechanisms in the field of environmental protection and sustainable urban planning, It can be an important step towards sustainable development. The purpose of this article is to investigate the effect of building density sales on the environment and the health of people in Iran's metropolises.

 The method of this research is descriptive-analytical and the collection of information was done in a library way. The population of this research is the Metropolises of Iran that the annual statement data from 1365 to 1398 were collected from the websites of Central Bank, Statistics Center & World Bank. Then the effect of building density on air pollution and its effect on health sector expenditures were investigated using the method of stepwise regression.

Ethical Considerations:

 In order to organize this research, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed.

 The estimation of regression model results showed that the building density index (FB) with a coefficient of 0.5565014 is significant with 2% of air pollution and the emission of CO2 has a significant relationship with the health expenditures with a factor of 8.848257.

 Whatever the building density increases, the costs of the health and treatment sector increase due to the increase of the pollution caused by the reduction of environmental quality. by understanding the importance of the quality of the environment and the health of society, decisions in this area need to be reviewed by the country's policy makers and housing officials in Metropolises of Iran.

The trend of developments in the health system and medical education and other related sciences, including environmental health, is a global challenge. In this research educational content of environmental health and its revision were studied from the point of view of students and graduates.

The present study was a cross-sectional descriptive study. In this research, through two checklists, the opinions of environmental health students and graduates regarding the necessity of revising the educational content of the field according to the requirements of the time and considering the future situation were investigated with the participation of 441 people. Data analysis was performed using SPSS-22 software.

According to the results, 73.7 percent of participants believed that the educational content of environmental health in Iran has fundamental differences from developed countries. 81.7 percent believed that the educational content provided to environmental health students is not proportional to their duties. Meantime, 91.4 percent of the graduates of environmental health believe that the expected capabilities included in the educational curricula of different degrees of environmental health should be revised. 88.4 percent believed that it is necessary to revise the educational content of this field considering the "change in executive and practical functions of environmental health during the past years".

The overwhelming majority of graduates of the field emphasized the need to revise the educational content of the environmental health field, taking into account the requirements of the time. It is necessary to redefine the field of environmental health in the country according to the changing situation and the emergence of new indicators.

The use of Spirulina platensis has been expanded in various fields. The main goal of this research is to optimize the growth conditions of this microalgae to reduce costs and increase the benefits of its mass production in seawater. It is also feasible to lessen environmental pollution by producing more spirulina by discovering the best growing conditions for it through the enrichment of Persian Gulf water.

First, the growth conditions of Spirulina platensis were optimized based on three factors: temperature, light, and pH. The temperature factor included four treatments, the light factor included four treatments, and the PH factor included five treatments. Also, Spirulina platensis microalgae were cultured in optimal growth conditions in Persian Gulf water, seawater enriched with 5% Zarrouk, 10% Zarrouk, with urea, and pure Zarrouk culture medium.

The best temperature range for the growth of Spirulina platensis was 27–32 degrees Celsius. Also, the best growth was achieved in 16 hours of light and 8 hours of darkness; for the PH factor, the most appropriate value was determined between 10.72 and 11.47. Also, in the cultivation of Spirulina platensis, optimal conditions for the growth of Spirulina microalgae were obtained in the medium of Zarrouk, urea, 10% Zarrouk, 5% Zarrouk, and seawater, respectively.

Therefore, the growth of Spirulina platensis in Persian Gulf water is slow and shows little performance, and by enriching this water with the mentioned factors, the microalgae enter the logarithmic phase faster and show better performance.

Air pollution and the damages caused by it in the city of Tehran are considered as one of the main problems of the urban area in the shadow of the existing laws in this field. One of the causes of damage to the environment is air pollution due to human activities. Actions that sometimes take place intentionally and with awareness and sometimes unintentionally in nature and cause its change or destruction. From a legal point of view, it is important to check the existence of responsibility for these actions. Responsibility for air pollution in regulations and laws guarantees civil and criminal enforcement. Looking at the existing laws and the necessity of interdisciplinary legal debates and the lack of research in this field, constructive suggestions are made to solve the problems of this field.

The present research was carried out using a descriptive-analytical method and by collecting information in a library form, and it is trying to investigate the guarantee of legal and criminal executions for the causes of air pollution.

Ethical Considerations:

 Despite the lack of sufficient internal resources, while respecting the authenticity of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness have been observed.

One of the causes of damage to the environment is air pollution due to human actions. It should be mentioned that the responsibility due to air pollution exists in civil and criminal regulations and laws. However, it seems that due to the importance of this issue, the guarantee of enforcement in the laws is not enough, and new regulations should be established regarding liability cases in the civil field and punishments in the criminal field.

In the field of air pollution, which is one of the main causes of damage to the environment, there are many provisions in Iran's laws and regulations. This provision exists both in the main laws such as the Constitution and in other criminal and civil laws, but more than the existence of laws, the possibility of implementation and the manner of implementation of these laws are important. From the civil point of view, the area of responsibility for the factors that cause air pollution is possible through the general rules of civil liability, such as the existence of damage and the relationship of causation, it is possible to file a lawsuit and claim damages. First, in many cases in this field, it is difficult and sometimes impossible to prove the three cases of civil responsibility. In the criminal field, there are also laws related to air pollution punishing by imprisonment and closing the polluting center or preventing the traffic of polluting vehicles. In addition, some punishments such as fines can be combined with other punishments to have a better effect. In addition to the mentioned cases, it can help a lot due to the intertwining of the law and ethics of culture in the field of this issue.