جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « مراقبت تسکینی » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Considering the high prevalence of chronic diseases in older adults, providing care to them requires a special approach that focuses on palliative care. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the role of companionship in palliative care in older adults and identify the research gap related to it.

This scoping review study was guided by the method of Arksey and Malley. Researches on the role of companionship in palliative care in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, SID, Magiran, and Google Scholar with keywords of companion*, "palliative care" and their English and Persian equivalents were searched. based on the results of 10 studies; the consequences were categorized.

Based on the results of 10 studies included in this study, the role of companionship in palliative care can be divided into two categories of positive and negative outcomes. Positive consequences can be classified into physical, mental, spiritual, social, economic, and moral dimensions. Regarding the negative consequences, some roles were explicit, and others were implicit. The latter case indicates a gap in information that requires further study.

It is necessary for researchers to pay attention to companionship in palliative care by focusing on its consequences, especially its negative consequences. It is recommended that qualitative and interventional studies should be conducted in Iran.

Researchers can be sensitized to conduct qualitative and interventional studies to accurately investigate the role of companionship in palliative care.

The pediatric palliative care (PPC) includes active care of the child's body, soul, and mind, as well as family support. The purpose of this study was to develop a model for providing pediatric palliative care based on the point of views of the Irania nurses and the physicians in Iran. The objective of this descriptive analytic study was to develop a model for PPC and to confirm each of the factors presented in the model. Factor analysis was performed using Keizer-Meier (KMO) and Bartlett (BT) tests. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to measure the necessity of providing PPC services. This questionnaire contained 28 questions in three areas or factors (9 items about the children, 12 items related to the family issues, and 7 items related to national health), and the statistical analysis was done by using SPSS 21. The item "Attention to moral concepts in dealing with the family at the family level" had the highest mean score (4.4±0.28). The items "Trying to have a peaceful death in the end stages of life in the child's area" and "Benefiting from equal palliative services at the national level", respectively with average scores of 4.2±0.52 and 4.1±0.4 in the ranks, at the second and third of this necessity. The PPC model was developed based on the results of this questionnaire. According to the result of the questionnaire items used in this study, the palliative care necessity model was developed. It is also concluded that providing PPC in Iran is necessary.

 The Subject is the base and cause of jurisprudential decisions; therefore its accurate knowing is one of the main jurists’ concern. "Palliative care" is a new approach in medical care to improve the quality of life for terminally ill patients. Accurately stating the subject of palliative care and its conflict or lack of conflict with jurisprudential rules is one of the necessities of dynamic jurisprudence. This article discusses the palliative care issue from the Imamieh jurisprudential view to help jurists in making decision and issuing orders.

 This research is based on library method and descriptive-analytical approach. First, various palliative care activities were recited from reliable digital sources and then its difference with euthanasia discussed by describing the desired objectives. In jurisprudential understanding issue of palliative care, the decision-making authority was mentioned in terms of "self-sovereignty" rule. Then the subject of palliative care has been analyzed in relation to the jurisprudential rules of "self-preservation ", "no harm" and "relieving hardship and embarrassment". Also the priority or non-priority of choosing palliative care over life-prolonging care has been investigated by comparing them in terms of compliance with jurisprudence.

 Palliative care does not conflict with any of jurisprudential rules. The main intention in euthanasia is to hasten death, which is an act against self-preservation. But in palliative care, this intention is excluded. According to the rule of the sovereignty of the soul, the decision-making authority for palliative care is the patient. Life-prolonging care is more compatible with the rule of "obligation of self-preservation" and palliative care with the rules of "no harm" and "relieving hardship and embarrassment" and the patient can choose the type of care based on the importance of life expectancy or quality of life.

Due to the increase of chronic and incurable patients, the need for palliative care in nursing is essential. Nurses need to acquire special knowledge and skills to provide quality palliative care. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between palliative care knowledge and the level of anxiety, stress and depression of special care nurses in hospitals affiliated to Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences in 1400.

This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted with the participation of 77 nurses working in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of Ali Ibn Abi Talib (AS) Rafsanjan Hospital in 1400. The level of knowledge of nurses was measured using the PCNQ questionnaire and the level of anxiety and depression was measured using the DASS-21 questionnaire.s 33.34 ± 5.17; The majority of them were women (62 people, 80.88%), single (53 people, 68.78%) and with work experience of more than ten years (36 people, 46.66%). The knowledge of nurses was checked through the PCQN questionnaire, which includes 20 questions with yes or no answers, and the participant receives a score of one for a correct answer and a score of zero for a wrong answer. The range of scores of the questionnaire is from a minimum of zero to a maximum of twenty, and a score of 15 and above indicates sufficient knowledge in the field of palliative care. The questions of this questionnaire include: principles and philosophy dimension, pain management dimension and palliative care spiritual services dimension. The average score was 2.65 ± 0.40 in principles and philosophy, 3.37 ± 13.89 in pain management, and 1.86 ± 0.97 in spiritual services. The total mean score of nurses' knowledge of palliative care was 2.7 ± 0.72. Moderate to very severe anxiety, stress and depression were seen in all nurses of the ICU. So that 48.1% had moderate depression, 31.2% had very severe stress and 50.6% had very severe anxiety. According to the results of the correlation analysis, no significant correlation was observed between the overall PCQN score and anxiety, stress and depression.

The palliative care knowledge of special care nurses is insufficient, therefore, in order to fill this knowledge gap, it is suggested to develop comprehensive training programs for bedside nurses and provide palliative care topics in nursing undergraduate courses. In addition, the level of anxiety, stress and depression of nurses in special care departments is relatively high. Accordingly, no significant relationship was observed between palliative care knowledge and anxiety, stress and depression.

Providing palliative care to the elderly and dying patients is a now and the future challenge. Nurses are the first group that provided palliative care and access and identifying the pain and suffering of patients is their first professional care. Therefore, palliative care education to nursing students can help to better care of these patients. The aim of this study was to determine the elements of palliative care curriculum for nursing students.

In this narrative review study, database of Magiran, SID, PubMed, Science Direct and Springer were searched. Articles were searched from 2000 to 2017 using keywords such as education, curriculum, palliative care and nursing.

A total of 1024 articles were found. 9 papers were selected for analysis. Four elements of curriculum including goal, content, teaching methods and evaluation of palliative care curriculum were accessed. The goal of this curriculum is to educate nursing students about end of life care and palliative care. Educational content emphasizes five categories including; the principles of palliative care, physical care, communication, ethics and psychosociocultural care. This curriculum used different methods for teaching and evaluating of students.

This curriculum emphasized the various aspect of the nursing palliative care with a review of the literature. Due to the need of nurses to palliative care such educational programs is necessary.

Palliative care is a useful approach to overcome the symptoms of the disease and improve the quality of life of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. This care is not implemented sufficiently or it is only implemented in cancer patients. The current study aimed to analyze the concept of palliative care in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

The present study was conducted with the Walker and Avant approach in eight steps by searching for studies from reliable databases using the keywords "palliative care", "chronic obstructive pulmonary disease", "integrated palliative care", "COPD". The inclusion criteria of accurate english articles were between 2000 and 2022. Finally, 9 articles related to the concept were analyzed.

Palliative care is a complex and multidimensional concept in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Due to progressive weakness caused by chronic disease, Ineffective treatment, Inability to take care of oneself, Fear of death And separation from the family, physical, emotional and psychological problems require palliative care for the patients and their families.

The conceptual definition of palliative care in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease can help healthcare providers to better understand this concept for the well-being of the patient and family through the relief of symptoms, improvement of quality of life and finally death with dignity.

Palliative care is essential in nursing care, due to the increasing number of chronic and incurable patients. Nurses need to acquire special knowledge and abilities to provide quality palliative care. Palliative Care Quiz for Nurses is a questionnaire that evaluates their basic knowledge about palliative care. This study was conducted for cross-cultural adaptation in Persian language and psychometrics of Palliative Care Quiz for Nurses. after translating and assessing the face and content validity of PCQN, 162 eligible nurse were selected by convenience sampling in Mashhad, 2022. In order to prepare the Persian version of the questionnaire, internal consistency,difficulty and discrimination indexes of each item were also calculated according to Item Response Theory (IRT). Data were analyzed by describe, Cronbach's alpha, KUder Richardson formula 20 . The cross‑cultural adaptation ultimately resulted in a total of 20 items from the PCQN‑I. CVR was 0.83 and CVI for each item was 0.87 and S-CVI / Ave was more than 90% in terms of correlation and resolution. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.97 and KR-20 test result of 0.72 reflected the reliability of PCQN-SV. The discrimination indexes of the 20 items, show us that five items are good or very good while eight items are bad to discriminate between good and bad respondents. The Persian version of Palliative Care Quiz for Nurses (PCQN-PV) can be used as a valid and reliable scale for assessing Palliative care knowledge of nurses.

One of the most important concerns related to children with cancer is to pay special attention to increasing the quality of life, which is one of the most important ways to improve it, palliative care. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the barriers to implementing palliative care in pediatric oncology departments from the perspective of nurses and doctors working in pediatric oncology departments.

The population of this descriptive study include; All the nurses and doctors working in the pediatric oncology departments of selected hospitals of medical sciences universities in Tehran, which was carried out by the full enumeration method. The data collection tool was a questionnaire of demographic characteristics and a researcher-made questionnaire of palliative care obstacles. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and one-way ANOVA and t-test.

According to the findings; Lack of a palliative care consultant (38%), lack of a separate department (38%), lack of staff (27%), family's desire for life-sustaining treatments (24%) and parents' discomfort with delaying death (24%) It hinders the implementation of palliative care.

In the present study, organizational and managerial factors as well as factors related to the family's lack of knowledge, which can be solved directly with their training and support from medical staff, as obstacles to the implementation of palliative care in pediatric oncology departments from the perspective of doctors and nurses working in this Sections were identified. Therefore, this seems to require planning at the top management levels.

Cancer is a disease that affects the quality of life of the patient, and palliative care is a solution that can improve it. However, home palliative care program has not developed in most countries of the world. The aim of this study is to improve a home palliative care program for cancer patients.

Methods & Materials: 

This research is an action research study that was conducted through quantitative and qualitative approaches in Tabriz over 2018-2020. Eighteen home care nurses were selected for interviews using purposive sampling in order to identify the care needs of cancer patients and the barriers to palliative care at home. In addition, a questionnaire to determine the attitude and knowledge was distributed among 60 home care nurses before and after the action stage. The qualitative data were analyzed using conventional content analysis method, and the SPSS software version 14 was used to analyze the quantitative data.

The care needs of cancer patients were determined in five categories and barriers to palliative care in three categories. Cancer patients have physical, psychological, educational, financial and spiritual needs, and barriers to palliative care include poor instruction, families' desperation, and unprofessional caregivers. In the quantitative phase, nurses had average knowledge and negative attitude towards palliative care. Training through virtual space improved the knowledge and attitude of nurses, and the paired t-test showed that the mean score of nurses' knowledge after the action stage was significant.

according to the findings, to improve palliative care at home, the physical, psychological, educational, financial and spiritual needs of cancer patients should be considered. Removing barriers to palliative care including developing guidelines, supporting the families of cancer patients and training special nurses for palliative care at home can improve care in these patients.

Nurses have a critical role in the palliative care team. Therefore, evaluating nurses' need for palliative in-service education is very important. This study aims to translate and initial psychometrics the tool for determining the educational needs of in-service nurses in palliative care.

This is a cross-sectional study. A 6-item Chinese Questionnaire with 40 questions was used for measuring nurses' need for palliative care in-serviceeducation. In order to prepare the Persian version of the questionnaire, the standard method of the translation model is used. The study was performed on 120 nurses of in Ayatollah Khansari Hospital in Arak in 1400. Descriptive and analytic statistics are used to describe the basic features of the data in this study, including Cronbach's alpha, Pearson correlation coefficient, point-biserial, and Polyserial correlations coefficient, content validity, face validity, internal consistency, stability, standard error of measurement, agreement parameter and responsiveness of the instrument.

In this study, CVR was 0.87 and CVI was obtained for each item, and S-CVI / Ave was more than 90% in terms of correlation and resolution. Cronbach's alpha for the final questionnaire with 40 items was estimated to be 0.93 and ICC for the whole instrument was estimated to be 0.95 which indicated the reliability of the questionnaire. Also, the area below the characteristic performance curve indicated the responsiveness of the instrument. The measurement error results t showed that the most enduring factor is the factor of cultural and spiritual considerations and then the factor of the concept of palliative care. The highest educational needs among nurses were symptom control and pain relief and low-ranked items were related to cultural and spiritual considerations.

The Persian version of the nurses' need for palliative care in service education questionnaire shows a good validity and reliability

Cancer is one of the most important health challenges. The World Health Organization has established tools to reduce the risks and burdens of cancer for countries within a framework called the National Cancer Control Program. this study aimed to design a cancer management model in Iran.

In this comparative study, comparison tables were prepared based on the dimensions of the research objectives. Then the preliminary model of cancer management in Iran was designed. A questionnaire was set up to test the template and validate it. The opinions of 23 experts were used in two stages of the Delphi technique.

In the present study, effective dimensions for cancer management in Iran were introduced: primary prevention, screening, early diagnosis, treatment, palliative care, survivor support, manpower, registration, and cancer research. According to the findings of this study, to optimize the cancer management program in Iran, cancer prevention programs, screening stages, and cancer palliative care services should be covered by insurance. Cancer treatment is decided by a multidisciplinary team. Palliative care specialists should be trained. Other findings are discussed in the main article.

Modeling and localization of cancer management dimensions of successful countries in cancer control, provides the basis for the development of cancer health services management in Iran.

Pediatric palliative care defined as any intervention that focuses on relieving suffering, slowing the progression of disease, and improving quality of life at any stage of disease is rather a new concept in Iran's health care system. This study aims at needs assessment of delivering pediatric palliative care from the viewpoint of pediatric nurses and physicians. 

211 pediatricians and pediatric nurses participated in this descriptive study. A self-administered pre-tested standardized questionnaire was used as the study material. Needs assessment of delivering pediatric palliative care was investigated through 28 Likert questions mainly on three domains including National, Family and Child (scores ranging from 28 to 140). To confirm the items on the questionnaire, confirmatory factor analysis was used. Mean scores of each domain was compared using Mann-Whitney test and Kruskal-Wallis. Correlations were studied through Pearson Correlation Test. Data was analyzed by SPSS version 21.

Overall score of necessity for delivering pediatric palliative care was 130.43. The item "Considering ethical issues while contacting the family" had the highest score (4.4±0.28) in the Family domain." In two other domains, National and Child, the items " Trying to have a peaceful death in the late stages of life " and " To benefit equally from palliative care" had the highest scores respectively (4.2±0.52 and 4.1±0.4).

The results of this study revealed the necessity of delivering pediatric palliative care in Iran. Additionally, considering ethical issues in palliative medicine and providing justice-oriented care were indicated as important subjects in this area. In the end, a pediatric palliative care model was designed based on the total score and the items of the questionnaire.

Palliative care plays an essential role in improving the quality of life of patients suffering from chronic and incurable diseases; therefore, it seems necessary to remove barriers in improving palliative care. The present systematic review aims to describe the current status of palliative care, and determine the challenges of palliative care services.

In this systematic review study, we searched Scopus, Magiran,SID,Cochran,Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases. Also, we retrieved articles published in English and Persian during 2000 to 2021. The keywords include "hospice care," palliative care," "health care," "terminal care," "end of life care," and palliative medicine". All retrieved articles were screened in three stages, namely review of titles, abstracts, and full texts. Meanwhile, we analyzed data based on the WHO 2018 framework and deductive-inductive approach.

A total of 3497 articles were found. After reviewing these articles, we were able to selecte 48 articles. Data were extracted and categorized according to four functions, namely service delivery, stewardship, resources generation, and financing. Service delivery had four themes, and nine sub-themes; stewardship had two themes and five sub-themes; resource generation had three themes and nine sub-themes; and financing had one themes and three sub-themes.

Findings of the present study can help policymakers improve the infrastructure and resources, as well as processes of palliative care that can consequently lead to an improvement in the outcomes of palliative care. Also, solving the challenges of palliative care requires strengthening the health systems so that they will be able to design and implement appropriate policies

 Palliative care for newborns and their families is urgent. Nurses' experiences need to be considered in order to implement palliative care. Therefore, the present study was conducted to explain the Nurses' Experiences of Palliative Care in the NICU.

 This study was conducted by qualitative content analysis in the neonatal intensive care units of Isfahan, Iran, in 2020. Inclusion criteria for nurses were the consent to participate in the study and experience of caring for the newborn and their family at the end of life. For data collection by the purposeful sampling method, in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 nurses. Interviews were recorded, typed, and analyzed. Goba and Lincoln criteria were used to ensure the rigor of the data.

The first theme was palliative care for the newborn. This theme consists of two categories: "compassionate end-of-life care" and " spiritual end-of-life care". The second theme was palliative care of the family. This theme consists of two categories: "Palliative care of the family before the death of the newborn" and "Palliative care of the family after the death of the newborn ".

The results of this research are in line with the WHO definition of palliative care in pediatric, which refers to the active total care of the child's body, mind and spirit, and family support. The results of this research are used to improve the care of infants and families at the end of life and death for officials and nurses of NICU.

Palliative care should be a top priority in public health and disease management programs. This study aimed to compare the palliative care services in selected countries and provide a framework for Iran.

This study was conducted with a descriptive and comparative approach in 2019. Data were collected through literature review of the databases of the relevant organizations in the selected countries.

Findings suggest that the United Kingdom and the United States are leading countries in palliative care and provide comprehensive services to end stage Ill patients. Turkey has also made significant progress in palliative care and has covered a large population in recent years. In Iran, many services required for end stage patients have not yet been implemented or the centers for providing these services are very limited. Experts in palliative care also believe that in Iran, less attention has been paid to the organization of such centers than the United Kingdom, the United States, and Turkey.

Based on the results of this study, it is suggested to benchmark the experiences of leading countries and initiatives and proceedings of the developing countries, considering organizational structure, financing and support services, supervision of services, interdisciplinary teams, patient care need assessment, training and recruitment as a framework for Iran.

Palliative care provides interdisciplinary care focused on patient-centered outcomes such as quality of life, symptom burden, emotional well-being, and caregiver need. With the aging population and the prevalence of chronic diseases, the need for palliative care is increasing. Thus, the need to provide palliative care services at different levels of the health system, especially in hospitals, cannot be ignored. In this study, we intended to examine the types of hospital-based palliative care models and identify the disadvantages and advantages of each of those models.

This study was conducted as a comprehensive review in 2019. The required data were collected through an advanced keyword search, including hospital-based palliative care, palliative care in hospital, inpatient palliative care, palliative care establishment, palliative care development,and palliative care models in English  databases such as Web of Science, Science Direct, Scopus, and PubMed as well as Persian databases such as Magiran and  SID from 2005-2020.

Out of 3877 sources, 164 related sources were selected. Generally, nine hospital-based palliative care models were identified, including outpatient palliative care clinic, palliative care consultation service, palliative care day-care service, dedicated inpatient palliative care unit, palliative care outreach/home-care service, Swing beds, integration with the emergency department, integration with the ICU, and the integrated model. Some benefits and limitations were identified for each of the Hospital-based palliative care models.

All hospital-based palliative care identified models can help hospitals to strengthen the palliative care approach, but given the limited resources of each hospital, hospital officials must choose between them and develop the model at their hospital after modifying and adapting that to the existing culture, structure, and facilities.

Along with the growth of the aging population, there are several challenges for this population group as well as for caregivers and health policymakers. One of the most important challenges is the increase in care needs due to the increased suffering of the elderly from chronic and malignant diseases and disabilities. Therefore, due to the high prevalence of cancer and also the growth of the aging population, palliative care appears to be one of the important priorities of the health system. Palliative care has been identified as an important and ongoing part of cancer care. Palliative care is an approach that improves the quality of life of the patient and his family in the face of problems related to life-limiting diseases by preventing the patientchr('39')s suffering and improving the patientchr('39')s symptoms and other physical, mental, spiritual, and social problems. In fact, palliative care alleviates the disease-related pain and its effects on the patient and her family from the diagnosis of the disease to the control of pain and other symptoms. Studies have shown that there is a significant relationship between palliative care received and the quality of life in patients with chronic diseases such as cancer. Quality of life is also a multidimensional concept and nurses have an important role in improving the quality of services and care by considering the physical, mental, spiritual, religious, cultural, and social aspects of the patients. Therefore, it is necessary to first investigate the existing conditions and the quality of palliative care in the health centers and then take effective measures to improve them. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the quality of palliative care from the perspectives of the elderly with cancer admitted to Firoozgar Educational and Medical Center in 2019.

This was a cross-sectional study. A total of 123 elderly patients with cancer admitted to Firoozgar Hospital in 2019 (November to January 2019) were selected through continuous sampling procedure. Inclusion criteria were informed consent to participate in the study, no cognitive impairment (a minimum score of 7 out of 10 based on AMT test) in the elderly, the ability to communicate and answer the items of the questionnaire, no known mental illness (based on the patientchr('39')s medical record), confirmed cancer (according to the medical diagnosis and medical record). The exclusion criteria were no consent to participate in the study, non-cooperation in each stage of completing the questionnaire (AMT, demographic form, palliative care quality tools). Data collection tools included the short-form anxiety management training (AMT) to analyze the elderlieschr('39') mental health status and cognitive system, demographic form, and quality end of life questionnaire (QEOLC-10) which were completed through face-to-face interviews with the samples. The palliative care quality questionnaire assesses the quality of palliative care provided from the perspectives of patients with chronic diseases. This questionnaire includes 10 items with different dimensions of staff communication skills, patient-centered care system, symptom reduction management, staff emotional skills, and care based on patient values which are rated on an 11-point scale (range: 0-10). Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics such as independent t-test and ANOVA using SPSS Software version 16 at the significance level of P≤0.05.

The mean age of the elderlies was 65.55 ± 4.12 years. The highest frequency was related to the age group of 60-64 years, which shows that the subjects were classified as young-old. Among them, 76 (61.8%) cases were male and 47 (38.2%) were female. Almost all samples in these studies were married (95.9%), retired and unemployed elderly had the highest frequency with (47.2%) and (41.5%), respectively. More than half of the study samples, about (56.9%), had a history of hospitalization, among which (47.1%) declared that they were hospitalized for one to two weeks and (48%) of the elderly were suffering from gastrointestinal cancer, which was more common than other types of cancer. In this study, the quality of palliative care in various dimensions (patient-centered care system, personnel communication skills, symptom reduction management, personnel emotional skills, patient values) was at the desired level. (54.5%) of the elderly reported the quality of palliative care to be desirable. The mean and standard deviation of palliative care quality was 65.55 ± 4.12. In all dimensions of quality of care, the two variables of the current hospitalization period (P=0.012) and nursing skills (P<0.001) had the most statistically significant relationship with the quality of palliative care. The quality of palliative care in pain management had a statistically significant relationship with gender (p = 0.047), current hospitalization period (P=0.015), and nurseschr('39') skills (P<0.001), which was significantly higher in men than women, and had the highest frequency during 3-4 days of hospitalization, and nursing skills had a significant role in all the aspects.

In general, the results of this study showed that relief from physical, psychosocial, social, and spiritual problems through palliative care is possible for more than 90% of patients at the advanced stages of cancer. Palliative care to treat and alleviate the cancer-related symptoms and improve the quality of life of patients and their families can help people live more comfortably. It is especially true in places where there is a large number of patients with advanced cancer and there is little chance of treatment. In this study, the quality of palliative care from the perspective of the studied elderly was rated as desired, which is one of the reasons for providing such services in the special palliative care ward of Firoozgar Medical Center with experienced and trained caregivers. However, the main problem of the nursing system in Iran regarding palliative care for patients with cancer is that this type of care does not have a specific framework for nurses and is not seriously included in the formal curriculum.

Palliative care is of great importance for improving the quality of life of chronic patients and providing palliative care education to nurses is one of the important ways in the development of such care. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of spiritual counseling and hope therapy on self-efficacy of palliative care of nursing students.

This was an experimental study. The statistical population consisted of senior nursing students of Urmia Azad University, Urmia, Iran. The samples were selected from the complete list of students using census sampling and then divided into intervention and control groups. Data were collected using a two-part questionnaire including demographic information and clinical practice self-efficacy questionnaire. The intervention group received 9 sessions of training on hope and spiritual counseling but the intervention group did not receive training. The intervention results were re-gathered after 9 sessions using the same questionnaire.

Independent-sample t-test showed that the mean scores of overall clinical self-efficacy scores of nursing students before spiritual counseling and hope therapy were not significantly different (P>0.05), while the same test showed that there was a significant difference between the mean scores of clinical self-efficacy between intervention and control groups after spiritual counseling and hope therapy program (t=63.6, P=0.02).

The results of this study showed that spiritual counseling and hope therapy training is effective on self-efficacy of palliative care of nursing students and can be used in palliative care teaching and pattern-based nursing care for a variety of patients.