جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "پشه خاکی" در نشریات گروه "پزشکی"

Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a common disease between humans and animals that is transmitted by mosquitoes. Leishmanias cause complex diseases. This disease is reported as endemic in different regions of Iran. The aim of this study is to determine the epidemiological aspects in patients with leishmaniasis referred to Qom health center from 2015 to 2021.

In this descriptive study, all the people with leishmaniasis who were followed up and treated with a clinical or laboratory diagnosis of Leishmanias disease were under the investigation from April 1395 to the end of March 1400.

According to the obtained results obtained from the total patients with leishmaniasis in Qom province, who were 539 Men (75 percent), and 180 women (25 percent) and most of the patients were between the ages of 20 to 30. 87/3 Percent of the patients had a history of traveling to endemic areas of the leishmaniasis in the past year. The prevalence rate of this disease was higher in the autumn season than in other seasons.32/2 Percent’s of the patient’s people had 3 or more wounds and in 49/3   Percent’s of cases, the wound was in their hands.

Considering the prevalence of leishmaniasis in the studied area in different years, it is necessary to take effective health measures in the field of control and prevention of leishmaniasis.

Leishmaniasis is one of the most important vector-born zoonosis diseases that transmits to human by sandfly species. Cutaneous leishmaniasis is one of the most important public health problems in majority areas of Iran. The current study was carried out to identify species of sand flies in Dezful District, Khuzestan Province, Iran.

Sandfly specimens were collected by using sticky traps from indoors and outdoors of different parts of Dezful City during the years 2018-2019. All sandflies were identified by valid identification keys based on external and internal morphological characters of the head and genitalia of both males and females.

2132 sandflies were collected. 8 species of sandflies from the Psychodidae family and the Phlebotomine subfamily were identified. Phlebotomus papatasi (46%) was the dominant species and Sergentomia squamiplaris (1%) was the non-dominant species in the area. Phlebotomus papatasi with 27.67% of mosquitoes caught as the dominant species indoors, and Sergentomia tibriadis was the dominant species in outdoors with 21.43% of mosquitoes caught. The peak activity of sandflies was in August, September, and October.

Due to the suitable climate, prevalence and species diversity of sanflies in Dezful is high. Phlebotomus papatasi sandfly is as the dominant vector species of cutaneous leishmaniasis in this region.

Parasite dependent factors are virulence factors which exist in Leishmania species such as LPG, GP63. In recent years, the importance of these factors in the field of vaccine and drug has been considered by researchers. Sand fly biting behavior and salivary gland proteins are vector dependent factors which are effective in the Leishmania pathogenesis. Age, gender, nutrition, immune system, infectious diseases, genetic, occupation, socio-economic characteristics, and habitat are vertebrate host mediated factors. Temperature, rainfall, wind and its speed, soil, and continuous changes in climate are also environmental factors. Therefore the aim of this study was to evaluate the pathogenesis of Leishmania parasites.

Introduction and purpose: Leishmaniasis are neglected diseases that are endemic in more than half of the provinces of Iran. The causative agent of this disease is Leishmania protozoa and its transmission to human is through the bites of phlebotomine sand flies. This study reviews the growth and development of Leishmania in the body of sand flies at the molecular level. In this study a narrative review was carried out. The corpus was collected by searching the keywords of Leishmania, sand fly, phlebotomus, lutzomyia in the databases of PubMed, Scopus, SID, Web of Science, Ovid Medline, and Google Scholar search engine. The studied articles were those which has been published on the interaction between the sand fly vectors and Leishmania parasite until 2018. The parasites grow when they encounter natural barriers in the body of the sand flies, including proteolytic enzymes, peritrophic membrane, excretion of the digestive system, and immune system in sand fly vectors. Attachment of Leishmania to sand fly digestive tract determines the ability of sand fly to support the development of parasite, which leads to the transmission of leishmaniasis. Studies on the development and life cycle of Leishmania within the body of sand flies are of utmost importance due to the spread of leishmaniasis in Iran and the world, difficulty in their control, and lack of effective vaccine products against leishmaniasis. The findings of the current study aimed at identifying and enhancing the natural barriers to the development of Leishmania in sand fly vectors and introducing new strategies for the control of leishmaniasis.

Leishmaniasis as a zoonosis disease, occurs in three forms of cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral (kala-azar). The causative agent of this disease is a protozoa of the Leishmania genus, which is commonly transmitted by species of sand flies. Given that explanation of an effective control strategy for vector-borne diseases requires identification of the fauna of their vectors, the present study was carried out to detect the fauna of Leishmaniasis vectors in Khusf county.
In this cross-sectional study, sand flies were captured using sticky traps in different parts of Khusf county from May 2015 to October 2015, Then, the species of female samples were mounted and identified using valid species identification key.
In this study, from total 370 collected sand flies samples, 238 sand flies were related to animal areas and 132 sand flies were from human areas. Out of 115 female sand flies, Phlebotomus sergenti with frequency of 27.82% and Sergentomyia dentata with frequency of 34.78%, were reported as the dominant species in the region.
According to the findings of this study, the dominant species in the region was among the vectors of urban cutaneous leishmaniasis, and considering the presence of Leishmania tropica in the region, the health system of this county must consider required care for the control of cutaneous leishmaniasis disease.

Leishmaniasis is one of the most important vector-borne zoonosis that transmits to human by sand fly species. The current study was carried out to identify sand fly species in Zirkooh, Khorasan-e-Jonobi Province. It was also aimed to determine Leishmania species in infected sand flies by RFLP-PCR method.
Sand fly specimens were collected by using sticky traps and mechanical aspirator from different parts of Zirkooh city during summer 2015. Captured females were first mounted and then were identified at species level. DNA of the parasite was isolated using extraction kit. The gene ITS-1 was amplified using the parasite specific primers and then RFLP-PCR method was used to identify them.
In this study, a total of 460 specimens were collected, of which 380 sand flies collected from animal facilities and 80 sand flies from residential areas. The most prevalent species, out of 110 females in total, was Phlebotomus sergenti (59.42%) and the second most prevalent was Sergentomyia sintoni (7.25%). Among the examined sandflies, only one specimen belonged to Phlebotomu sergenti was infected with Leishmania tropica; identified by RFLP-PCR.
Considering the presence of Ph. sergenti, as the dominant species in the region, which is component of disease vectors of the urban type of cutaneous leishmaniasis and the presence of Leishmania tropica in the region, the city's health system must take a necessary action for controlling cutaneous leishmaniasis.

Leishmaniosis is a common parasitic disease in tropical and subtropical areas of the world caused by protozoan of the genus Leishmania and transmitted to human via the bite of the species of sandflies. This is a zoonotic disease subsumed by the World Health Organization (WHO) in the list of 6 important infectious diseases in the world. The population of the insect vector of this disease is influenced by changes in climate, and has a very strong relationship with climatic factors. The current study aimed at verifying and explaining the feasibility and capability of satellite imagery and data to contribute to identifying, analyzing, and explaining the impacts of climatic factors, and its spatial distribution on the prevalence of leishmaniosis in Ilam province, Iran.
For this purpose, the climatic data including air temperature, soil temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, wind speed, and global solar radiation from 8 meteorological synoptic stations along with the NDVI and LST products of the MODIS sensor for a 3-year period, from 2011 to 2013, were gathered and used. To carry out the current study, at first, raster of all the data were created in Arc GIS 10.2; then, the correlation between the average of raster’s pixels of satellite and stationary data with the raster of leishmaniasis prevalence in a seasonal and temporal scale was verified and analyzed, using the Pearson correlation coefficient. At the end, to identify and model the variables affecting the incidence of leishmaniasis, a multivariate regression model of the prevalence of leishmaniosis was designed for the studied area, based on the correlated variables.
The results for the entire studied area in a seasonal temporal scale showed a negative strong correlation between leishmaniasis prevalence and soil temperature, air temperature, and wind speed (with correlation coefficients of -0.760, -0.756, and -0.691, respectively), and a strong positive correlation with relative humidity and precipitation (with correlation coefficients of 0.660 and 0.662, respectively). Also, wind speed was verified as a limiting factor for leishmaniasis prevalence.
The obtained result showed that the remote sensing data, particularly the LST product from MODIS sensor and rainfall data from TRMM satellite, had acceptable capabilities to be replaced with meteorological stationary data and they also helped to explain and identify factors influencing the prevalence and distribution of spatial patterns of the disease.

Leishmaniasis is a vector borne disease, which is transmitted by sandflies. This study aims to determine the epidemiological status of leishmaniasis and ecological characteristics of sandflies in Maraveh-Tapeh County, Golestan province. In this study, incidence rate of the disease was calculated and its distribution in different rural district was determined using GIS method. Then, 3 villages were randomly selected, and sampling of sandflies was performed in July, August, and September. Ten sticky traps were installed once a month in living places of human, livestock, and birds, rodents’ burrows, and unroofed places. All captured sandflies were collected and their species were identified. A total of 159 cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis were reported in 2011-2012, of which the highest incidence rate was in Maraveh-Tapeh district. Furthermore, a total of 1983 sandflies were collected and 13 species of sandflies were identified. Ph. papatasi (31.6%) was the predominant species in the district, and also predominant species in rodent burrows, and human and livestock indoor living places. S. sintoni was the predominant species in bird indoor living places and unroofed places. There was a significant association between different species of sandflies and various capture areas (p<0.001). In this study, the sandflies capture rate per trap was 7.93, of which the highest rate was in rodent burrows and lowest rate was in human indoor living places, which were 17.94 and 2.3 sandflies per trap, respectively. The results of the present study showed that rodent burrows are suitable places for rest and reproduction of sandflies.

Background and Sand flies are widespread in Iran and are vectors of leishmaniasis and pappatci fever in most parts of the country including Southern Khorasan Province. Faunistic and ecological studies of these flies are necessary in order to implement proper vector control programs. This research was conducted to determine the sand flies fauna in Southern Khorasan province. Sand fly specimens were collected from seven cities in Southern Khorasan province during May to August 2012 using sticky paper traps. The specimens were identified and their monthly activity and frequency in the province were measured. In this study, a total of 1294 insect specimens was collected of which 171 sand flies were identified. Species belonged to Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia genera including four species: Phlebotomus sergenti s.l., Ph. papatasi, Sergentomyia sintoni and S. dentata. Phlebotomus sergenti s.l. was the dominant species in this study which is also the main vector of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran. The most and the least abundances were observed in Darmian (29.2%) and Boshrooye cities (1%), respectively. According to the results, two vectors of cutaneous leishmaniasis were found to be active in studied area. Ph. sergenti s.l. was the dominant species in all study areas with relatively high frequency especially in July. Therefore, the health system of the province should be aware of the potential of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) in these areas.

Leishmaniasis is one of the most important diseases in Iran، with high prevalence in some part of country including، Tehran province. This study was aimed to investigate the cutaneous lesions of patients studies was also referred to different laboratory of Health center of Varamin (a city in Tehran province)، sand flies species in selected area. In this cross sectional study demographic data was collected by special questionnaire. Smears of suspected patients to stained and examined by microscope. Sand flies were collected by sticky traps، CDC light traps and aspirators، female specimens were mounted and identified by diagnostic keys at species level. Leishmania parasites were observed in 56. 82% of cases. Disease was more common among male (64%). The majority of patients (30%) aged between 25-39 year old. Most lesions (50%) observed in hands and legs of patients، 76% of affected people had just one lesion. Half of them had a history of travel to endemic areas. More than 2500 sand flies captured during this study; among them 1100 female specimens were mounted and identified. The prevalent spicies was Sergentomyia spp (65/9%)، the second was. papatasi (33/20%). It should be mentioned that Ph. sergenti، Ph. alexandri and Ph. caucasicus group also were identified in lower percentage. According to current results and the status of the studied region including it seems that (Agricultural activities، animal husbandry and migration)، cutaneous leishmaniasis could be a health threatening problem.

Leishmaniasis as a zoonosis disease seen in three forms including Cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral (kala- azar). The Leishmania transferred by sand flies is the causative agent of this disease. Considering that leishmaniasis is an endemic disease in Fasa, this study was performed to determine the sand fly species of Fasa, In this cross- sectional study from April to September 2014, the fauna of sand flies was investigated. Sampling was done in villages with above, medium, and low incidence by using sticky traps every 15 days. Then, captured specimens were mounted and identified by specific key. 3842 sand flies were captured for ecological studies. 2305 of them (60%) were males and the rest of them were females. 1152 specimens (30% of them) were from indoors and the rest were from outdoors. Totally, 10 species were identified including Phlebotomus. Papatasi, Ph. Alexandri, Ph. Sergenti, Ph. Mongolensis, Ph. Bergeroti, Ph. Caucasicus, Sergentomyia theodori, S. Baghdadis, S. sintuni, and S. antennata. Among captured specimens Phlebotomus Papatasi, Ph. Sergenti had the first and the second places, respectively. Sandflies in Fasa are very active with high prevalence and species diversity. Phlebotomus Papatasi as the predominant species transfers Leishmania from rodents to humans. This subject is related to the prevalence of rural leishmaniasis in this area. According to the semi-domestic vector, spraying is not helpful in a rural foci of cutaneous leishmaniasis. But the control of reservoir and educating the residents about prevention ways of bite are effective in disease control and prevention.

Sand flies are responsible for transmission of leishmaniasis, papatasi fever and carrion disease. Warning of sand fly population is the first step for the establishment of baseline data for the vector control operations of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). In order to attempt to the difference between species composition and bieocology of sand flies, the comparative research was carried out in west and east of Meshkinshahr district where having high and low prevalence of VL as well as mild semiarid and semiarid steppe climates respectively. Sand flies were biweekly collected using sticky paper traps from indoor and outdoor shelters from four villages at west and east of Meshkinshahr district. The specimens was removed from sticky paper traps and washed in acetone and preserved in 70% alcohol. The preserved sand flies were mounted using Puri’s media and identified using valid keys. The labeled specimens were deposited in Medical Entomology Museum, School of Public Health under code GC22ST6-93. During this study, totally 783 and 400 sand flies were respectively caught from indoor (19-27%) and outdoor (73-81%) of both at west and east. The sex ratios of collected sand flies were estimated 2.3 and 1.9. in latter areas. The genera percentage of sand flies were 66.3-64.5% for Phlebotomus and 33.7-35.5% for Sergentomyia compromising of 7 subgenera which included in 20 and 17 species respectively in west and east areas. For the first time, Se.sintoni and Se.mervynae was reported in Meshkinshahr district. The Ph.kandelakii and Ph.perfiliewi were introduced as prevalent species in the west area compared to the east. In the west area, activity duration and number of generation was higher than east. The prevalent species in the east area was Ph.papatasi. The high density of Ph.anderjevi was seen in both studied areas. The most proven vectors of visceral leishmaniasis were revealed in the west of Meshkinshahr district.

Leishmaniasis is one of the main Zoonotic Vector-Born disease which is transmitted by sand flies to human and animals. This study was carried out to determine the ecological characteristics of sand flies in Golestan province، North of Iran. In this descriptive study، 3 villages in Aliabad Katul district in north of Iran were selected according to rural geography distribution and positive detected samples of human infection during 2010-02. Sand flies were collected by sticky traps. Three places were sampled in each village and in indoor and outdoor places 10 traps were installed. Sand flies were collected and their species was determined. Totally 299 sand flies (160 from indoors and 139 from outdoors) were collected and consequently، 7 species of sandflies were identified including 4 species of phlebotomus genus and 3 species of Sergentomiya genus Ph. papatasi (55%) and S. sintoni (51%) were predominant species in indoor resting places and outdoor places، respectively. Sand flies seasonal activity extended from mid May through early October. Sand flies had one peak of activity in early August. Among the detected species، S. hodgsoni reported for first time from Golestan province. Ph. papatasi was recognized as predominant species in Aliabad Katul district، Golestan provincein northern Iran.

Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) due to Leishmania major is increasing in many parts of Iran. This disease originally is a disease found in gerbils. Leishmania parasites are transmitted by sandflies that live and breed in gerbil burrows. Nested PCR amplified Leishmania ITS1-5.8S rRNA gene in both main reservoir host “Rhombomys opimus” and in the “Phlebotomus papatasi” main vector of ZCL, in Iran. Population differentiation and seasonal variation of sandflies were analyzed at a microgeographical level in order to identify any isolation by distance, habitat or seasons. Populations of sandflies were sampled from the edges of villages in Natanz, Isfahan province, Iran, using the Centers for Disease Control traps and sticky papers. Individual sandflies were identified based on external and internal morphological characters. Nested PCR protocols were used to amplify Leishmania ITS1-5.8S rRNA gene, which were shown to be species-specific via DNA sequence. A total of 4500 sandflies were collected and identified. P. papatasi, Phlebotomus sergenti and Phlebotomus jacusieli from genus Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia sintoni and Sergentomyia clydei from genus Sergentomyia were identified in this region. P. papatasi was the most abundant sandfly in the collections. Ten out of 549 female P. papatasi and four out of 19 R. opimus were found to be infected with L. major. Seasonal activity of sandflies starts in June and ends in November. Abundance of P. papatasi was in September. Finding and molecular typing of L. major in P. papatasi and R. opimus confirmed the main vector and reservoir in this region.

In Iran, zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) is an endemic disease in many foci in the northeastern, southern, and central parts of the country. This disease goes through the geographical distributions along with dispersion in their reservoirs (gerbils) and their vectors (sandflies). Therefore, controlling the vectors or reservoirs has a significant role in prevention of Leishmania parasites which is transmitted by sandflies. Nowadays, because of vectors implications, the routine methods of controlling and spraying has no more useful effects on vectors and reservoirs. Consequently, in recent years maternally inherited intracellular Rickettsia like bacteria (Wolbachia) has been fascinated by many researchers. The aim of the present study was to improve our knowledge about detection of two species of Paraphlebotomus sandflies infected with W. pipientis which yet has not been reported in Iran and the world. The new surveys have been conducted in the case of Wolbachia detection in two mentioned ZCL vectors. In Turkemen Sahara within the ZCL focus, two species of Phlebotomus caucasicus and Phlebotomus mongolensis sandflies has been frequently collected from eighteen villages. Sticky papers and CDC traps were used to sampling sandflies in rural areas. In the laboratory, sandflies were identified to species by dissecting and mounting genitalia of each sandfly. DNA from sandflies (Thorax and abdomen) was extracted, the wsp gene confirmed for the presence of Wolbachia using wsp general primers (81F/691R). After sequencing, the data were analyzed by molecular software. We examined a total of 136 individuals (91 male and 45 female) from Phlebotomus caucasicus and Phlebotomus mongolensis species; 10 out of 44 positive (32.35%) samples had enough DNA to sequencing. Wolbachia infections have been found and verified for the first time in each of two Phlebotomus caucasicus and Phlebotomus mongolensis species in Iran and the world. In this procedure, 3 haplotypes (2 common Haplotypes and 1 unique Haplotype) of 2 species of Paraphlebotomus subgenus has been recognized in 10 sand flies of Iran. Paraphlebotomus sandflies are the secondary vectors of ZCL after Phlebotomus which play a decisive role in maintaining disease of their reservoirs. Wolbachia provide a starting point for inducing changes in host sex or sexuality. By manipulating Wolbachia as a transgene, it is hoped that these bacteria may be used as a controlling system for decreasing vector-borne-disease.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a parasitological disease that is transmitted by sand flies. This disease is endemic in different areas of Iran. This study was designed to determine the epidemiological aspects of CL in Qom Province during 2003-2009. This was a cross-sectional study. Geographical and epidemiological data of all patients from 2003 to 2009 with clinical and microscopic diagnosis were monitored and followed up, and their medical records were surveyed. Of 1812 patients with leishmaniasis 1047 cases (57.78%) were male and 765 (42.22%) were female. The prevalence rate of disease was 25.8 in 100,000. The most frequent age group was above 15 years old (74.5%). 50.39 of the patients were living in urban areas and the rest lived in rural areas, especially in central county villages. 52.65% of the patients had no positive history of traveling to leishmaniasis endemic areas during the previous year. 24.5% of the patients had 3 or more lesions. The most common location of lesion was on their hands (49.08%). Based on our findings, men in working age group are more likely to have the disease; the number of patients without any history of traveling to endemic areas in Iran during the previous year is very considerable; therefore, we can conclude that leishmaniasis is endemic in Qom Province including in central-part villages. So, the high prevalence rate requires further control and prevention measures.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a parasitic disease in many tropical and sub-tropical countries; caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania and can be transmitted by sand fly bites (Psychodidae). The aim of this study was the detection of cutaneous leishmaniasis cases in Hamadan, Iran. This investigation is a descriptive, cross sectional and retrospective study. The disease was diagnosed based on clinical examination and microscopic observation of the parasite in the ulcer site from April 2004 to November 2010. Data processing and statistical analysis were performed using SPSS software, Ver. 16. The results revealed that number of infected cases in Hamadan were 81 people during the study. Maximum cases have been reported in 2006 (17 persons or 21%) and minimum in 2007 and 2010 (7 persons or 8.6%) in each year. Seventy-seven cases (95.1%) were men and the remaining four patients (4.9%) were female. The statistical difference between them were significant (p<0.01). The majority of cases were groups of 16-30 and 31-45 years-old with 48.1% and 30.9%, respectively. Nearly 77.8% of the patients were living in urban and 22.2% in rural areas. Most of the cases (37.0%) had one and 28.4% two ulcers. The most common location of ulcers were on the hands (50.6%) and then on their feet (23.5%). The steady trend of disease in different years showed that Hamadan city is a non-endemic area. Further epidemiological investigations of disease particularly CL are suggested.

Leishmaniasis is one of important tropical diseases caused by Leishmania parasites which is transmitted by biting of female phlebotomine sandfies. Regarding high densitie's and distribution of sandflies in majority areas of Iran, understanding of sandflies identification and distribution as vectors is importation to control disease. This is a descriptive survey which was done temporarily, Sandflies were sampled from 17 villages of three studied regions to coordinate with authorities of sanitary province to provide the necessary facilities. foci using sticky papers and CDC traps. All sandflies were identified based on external and internal morphological characters of the head and abdominal terminalia, which were slide-mounted in Berlese fluid. In total 3178 Sandflies were sampled and identified. Sandfies species are P. papatasi, P. bergeroti, P. alexandri, P. sergenti, P. mongolensis, P. tobbi and S. dentate, S. sintoni and S. tiberiadis. sandfly species identified and separated based on habitat collections. Females analysed according to their gonotrophic stage which majority were unfed. The collections contained the important putative vectors of Leishmaniasis in Iran. P. papatasi was abundant in three study foci. Of the sandflies recorded from Iran, only P. papatasi was judged to be a proven vector of Leishmaniasis. Understanding criteria of vectors, population variations and ecological aspect of sandflies can help to control better of diseases.

The cutaneous leishmaniasis has been regularly spread in Iran. Jask County which has been located in the eastern part of Hormozgan province had the most cases of patients. The present study aimed to investigate on the fauna and biology of sand flies. In this descriptive, cross sectional study, during 2007-2008, sand flies were captured using sticky papers and CDC miniature light traps. Flies species were identified using microscopic method. Parity rate was examined by dissection to cheqeur accessory glands for pigments. The ELISA method was used for detection of anthropophagic index. A total of 8123 sand flies were caught, so as 57.52% were male and 42.49% female (39.07% and 60.93% were caught indoor and outdoor, respectively). The fauna was identified 8 species (2 Phlebotomus and 6 Sergentomyia). Phlebotomus major was reported for the first time in Hormozgan province. P. papatasi and P. salehi were the dominant species. Monthly activity of sand flies begins at the end of Esfand, lasting to mid Azar with two peaks, the first in Ordibehesht – Khordad and the second one in Mehr-Aban. The parous rate was high (≥70%) at the second peak. The dominant species showed high anthropophagic index (29.6% and 18%, respectively). Although the sand flies fauna is poor in Jask County but they are highly diverse. P. papatasi and P. salehi transmit the Leishmania parasite from reservoir rodents to human. According to the endophility, residual spraying twice a year (Esfand and Shahrivar) could be effective in hyperendemic villages.