جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « کراتینین » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Cyclophosphamide (CP) is an alkylating anticancer drug and one of the most successful drugs with a wide range of clinical activities. This drug has toxic effects on most organs, especially kidney tissue. Piperine, as a flavonoid, has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the antioxidant effect of piperine (PIP) on nephrotoxicity following cyclophosphamide (CP) by tissue, serum, and histopathological biochemical evaluation.

In this experimental study, 48 adult male BALB/c mice aged 6-8 weeks and weighing 30-35 grams were divided into 6 groups, the control group (C), the group receiving cyclophosphamide (CP) with a dose of 200mg/kg, the group receiving piperine (Pip) with a dose of 5mg/kg, the group receiving piperine (Pip) with a dose of 10mg/kg, the group receiving cyclophosphamide and piperine at a dose of 5mg/kg (CP+Pip) and the group receiving cyclophosphamide and piperine with A dose of 10mg/kg (CP+Pip) was used. CP was administered on the third day of the study. Piperine was prescribed for 7 days in the form of pre-treatment and post-treatment. On the eighth day of the study, histochemical (GSH and MDA), histopathology, and serum biochemical evaluations were performed. Then, the data were analyzed with GraphPad Prism software one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests.

CP induced oxidative stress with a significant decrease in GSH level (P<0.001) and increased MDA level (P<0.0001). On the other hand, administration of PIP with two doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg in mice receiving CP could significantly reduce the amount of MDA (respectively: P˂0.001, P˂0.001) and increase the amount of GSH compared to the mice that only received CP (respectively: P˂0.05, P˂0.05). In mice receiving CP, a significant increase (P<0.05) in the amount of urea and creatinine was shown compared to mice in the control group. In contrast, groups treated with piperine (5 and 10 mg/kg body weight) before and after CP administration significantly (P<0.0001) improved the kidney damage towards normalization compared to mice treated with CP alone and histopathological evaluation confirmed this finding. The effect of piperine was seen in a dose-dependent manner in this study. Thus, in the group treated with cyclophosphamide, the loss of epithelial cells and the widening of the lumen of the distal and proximal convoluted tubules, the contraction of the glomerular network, and the expansion of Bowman's capsule between the visceral and parietal layers were seen. The administration of piperine improved these changes, and the 5 mg/kg dose showed a more effective role.

The general results of the present study showed that before and after the administration of piperine in rats treated with CP, it reduces nephrotoxicity caused by CP and has a positive effect on improving kidney function in connection with its antioxidant effect. Piperine can be suggested as a potential candidate for cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy.

Chronic kidney disease or CKD is defined as functional failure or structural abnormality of the kidney. Diabetes and high blood pressure are the primary causes of this illness. Because the underlying causes of chronic kidney disease are more common now, the disease's financial burden on health systems around the globe has gone up. This disease can cause a wide range of complications, including changes in electrolytes and other known indicators in the blood. One of the less investigated indicators is the serum level of phosphorus in these patients. Therefore, we designed and implemented a study to investigate the relationship between serum phosphorus levels and kidney dysfunction in chronic kidney patients.

This study was a descriptive and retrospective study that was conducted on 110 patients with chronic kidney disease admitted to Imam Khomeini Teaching Hospital in Sari. The census sampling method and data collection tool was a checklist. Phosphorus values ​​obtained by blood tests and recorded in patients' files were studied. The comparison between the grouped variables was done with the chi-score test and Fisher's exact test. Quantitative variables were compared between 2 groups with a t-test and in more than 2 groups with an analysis of variance or their non-parametric equivalent. Also, the correlation between serum phosphorus level and GFR was done with Pearson or Spearman correlation coefficient. Partial Correlation was used to adjust the effect of confounding variables. Also, the normality of quantitative variables was evaluated with Shapiro-Wilks and based on skewness and kurtosis indices. Data analysis was done with SPSS software version 25

Of the 110 individuals that were examined, 51 (46.4%) were female and 59 (53.6%) were male. Of the 110 individuals, 95.5%, or 105 patients, had underlying medical conditions. During their time in the hospital, 21 patients (19.1%) were admitted to the intensive care unit. 19 individuals were in the G3 stage, 41 in the G4 stage, and 50 were in the G5 stage of CKD. Also, 69 patients were diagnosed with diabetes. Of these, 13 patients were in the G3 stage, 28 patients were in the G4 stage, and 28 patients were in the G5 stage of chronic kidney disease. The average level of blood urea and creatinine was reported to be 125.0255 mmol/L and 4.2975 mg/dL, respectively. Also, the calcium serum level was 8.9109 mg/dL and the phosphorus serum level was 4.6873 mg/dL. Also, the average eGFR among 110 evaluated patients was 19.2345 mL/min/1.73m^2. Serum phosphorus levels and eGFR in men are correlated, and this link is significant (P=0.000). However, the P-value of 0.087 indicates that there is no significant association between eGFR and blood phosphorus levels in women. This connection was significant in hypertensive individuals (P=0.003). Furthermore, in contrast to systolic blood pressure, there is a substantial correlation between patients' diastolic blood pressure and eGFR.

Phosphorus serum level plays a role in determining the severity and prognosis of chronic kidney disease. Also, there is a direct relationship between diastolic blood pressure and the severity of this disease.

As a global healthcare issue, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is mainly associated with smoking. Nonetheless, environmental and occupational issues are also linked to its development. The present study aimed to assess the urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) and serum uric acid (SUA) levels as predictors of disease severity in COPD patients.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 67 patients diagnosed with COPD using the Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease diagnostic criteria. The participants were patients who were either referred to the subspecialty clinic of the pulmonology and spirometry unit of Hamadan Shahid Beheshti Hospital or were hospitalized in the pulmonology ward. Blood and urine samples were taken from the COPD patients, and the serum uric acid, urine albumin, and urine creatinine levels were assessed and recorded in a checklist. The data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 23) at a significance level of 0.05.

In terms of gender, 5.7% of the participants were male and 34.3% were female. The mean age of patients was 61.77 years. The stages of disease severity in the patients were as follows: 20.89%, 22.38%, 5.73%, and 2.98% of cases had very severe, severe, moderate, and mild COPD, respectively. The regression analysis results demonstrated that SUA levels could significantly predict the FEV1 in COPD patients; nonetheless, urine ACR could not predict the FEV1 scores.

As evidenced by the result of the present study, the FEV1 in COPD patients and disease severity could be predicted by the SUA levels. Therefore, it is recommended to consider monitoring and assessing non-pulmonary factors, especially SUA levels, in the treatment of COPD patients.

Exposure of operating room personnel to some chemicals, including formaldehyde (FA) and inhalational anesthetics can cause liver and kidney damage. This study was performed to assess liver and kidney functions and to determine the FA concentration in the breathing zone of operating room personnel.

In this cross-sectional study that was conducted in Yazd hospitals in 2022, 150 operating room personnel exposed to formaldehyde, and 150 nurses from other departments of the same hospitals (control group) without any history of exposure to formaldehyde, were selected. A questionnaire including demographic information and history of systemic diseases was completed by the participants. 5 cc of fasting blood samples were collected to evaluate liver and kidney functions. FA concentration was determined by the NIOSH 3500 method.

The mean concentration of FA in the breathing zone of operating room personnel was 3.34 ± 2.87 ppm, which was significantly higher than the Occupational Exposure Limit (OEL) of 0.1 ppm proposed by Iran's Ministry of Health and Medical Education. The levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) as biomarkers of liver damage, and serum creatinine as a biomarker of kidney damage were significantly higher, in the exposed group than in the non-exposed group.

The findings of the present study showed a statistically significant association between high concentration of formaldehyde and high levels of liver enzymes and serum creatinine in the operating room personnel in Yazd hospitals.

Use of medicinal plants is considered as a safe and effective alternative treatment for hyperglycemia. In addition to the positive effects of exercise on diabetic patients. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Urtica Dioica (UD) and Swimming activity on the kidney Properties in diabetic rats

Materials: 

Adult male rats were randomly distributed in nine groups: intact control, diabetic control,diabetic + 625 mg/kg, 1.25 g/kg UD, diabetic + 100 mg/kg Metformin, diabetic + swimming, diabetic + swimming 625 mg/kg, 1.25 g/kg UD, and diabetic +100 mg/kg Metformin + swimming. Aqueous extract of  Urtica Dioica was given to rats by gavage for 4 weeks. Swim training protocol was performed for 4 weeks, 5 days per week. Blood bilirubin, albumin, creatinine and uric acid were determined. Renal tissue changes were examined in different experimental groups.

Bilirubin levels in metformin group, diabetes with swim training group, swim training with metformin group, UD extract at a dose of 1.25 g/kg group, UD extract at a dose of 625 mg/kg  group, UD extract at a dose of 1.25 g/kg with swim training group, UD extract at a dose of 625 mg/kg with swim training with diabetic control group showed a significant increase (p<0.05). Albumin, creatinine and uric acid levels compared to diabetic control group were not significantly different.

The present results show that swimming training with Urtica Dioica extract has beneficial effects on renal tissue changes in diabetic rats and these effects are dose dependent.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has turned into one of the main complications of the recent century, as this chronic metabolic disease could provide a platform for the formation of several diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, neuropathies, nephropathy, and cancer. Angiogenesis has attracted tremendous attention. This research was conducted in 1400 in Mashhad, and its purpose was to evaluate the level of vascular endothelial growth factor and the effect of T2DM on liver and kidney functional factors.

In this cohort study, Blood samples were collected from 30 T2DM patients and 30 healthy individuals. After obtaining the serum, the levels of several biochemical parameters (FBS, triglyceride, cholesterol, Na, and K), Thyroid hormones, and liver markers (SGOT, SGPT, and Alkaline phosphatase were evaluated. Moreover, the expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was also determined in T2DM patients and healthy counterparts by using SPSS statistical software and t-test.

The results showed that blood sugar; triglyceride, thyroid stimulating hormone, thyroxine, and alkaline phosphatase enzyme levels had significant changes in diabetic patients compared to healthy people (P < 0.001, P < 0.05, P < 0.05. P < 0.05) while cholesterol, sodium, potassium levels did not change significantly. Also, there was a significant difference in serum vascular endothelial growth factor and kidney function factors (urea and creatinine) in type 2 diabetic patients compared to healthy people (P < 0.05, P < 0.05, P < 0.01).

Type 2 diabetes leads to a decrease in thyroid hormones and an increase in vascular endothelial growth factor, which is a factor in increasing ectopic angiogenesis in patients while affecting renal function factors.

 Patients who undergo major orthopedic surgery are at risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) due to blood loss, electrolyte disorders, infection, and other co-morbidities. In this study, we aim to investigate the frequency of AKI and its risk factors in patients undergoing major orthopedic surgery in Rasht, Iran.

 This is an analytical cross-sectional study on 180 patients undergoing major orthopedic surgery. Those with a history of chronic kidney disease and dialysis were excluded. 

 The data including patients’ age, gender, drug history, history of underlying diseases, duration of surgery, mean arterial pressure during and after surgery, and use of inotrope during and after surgery, and creatinine level before and after the surgery. 

 The mean age of patients was 47.3±22.8 years. The incidence of AKI was 11.11%. The use of some drugs, duration of surgery, MAP, and inotrope use had no significant relationship. The occurrence of AKI had a significant relationship with the history of heart disease, diabetes, and kidney disease. Multiple linear regression analysis results showed that with the increase of one unit in preoperative creatinine level, the postoperative creatinine level increased by 0.3.

 The incidence of AKI after major orthopedic surgery in Rasht city is relatively high. Careful monitoring of kidney function before, during, and after major orthopedic surgery is important; it can prevent the occurrence of postoperative AKI.

Diabetes is one of the most common non-communicable diseases with debilitating complications and mortality rate those results from insulin deficiency, resistance to it or both. The role of nutrition and some micronutrients in the development and progression of diabetes has been investigated. Studies have shown that Magnesium deficiency can reduce insulin secretion and cell resistance. This study was done to determine the association of serum Magnesium level with glycemic control, serum lipids and renal function in type 2 diabetes mellitus and pre-diabetic patients.

This case-control study was done on 70 patients with type 2 diabetes, pre-diabetes and 35 healthy individuals. Fasting glucose, HbA1c, lipid profile, creatinine and Magnesium were determined.

Serum Magnesium level in diabetic and pre-diabetic patients were significantly lower than control group (P<0.05). Serum Magnesium level had reverses correlation with HbA1c in diabetic patients. Serum Magnesium level had reverse correlation with glycemic index (FBS, 2hpp) and creatinine in control group (P<0.05) were evaluated in all groups but there was no significant correlation between Renal function test (Cr, eGFR) and serum Mg level.

Serum Magnesium levels in diabetics and pre-diabetics were lower than healthy individuals and had reverse correlation with HbA1c in diabetic patients.

Iodine deficiency affects the population of all age groups, but neonates, infants,pregnant women, and school children constitute the most vulnerable groups. Disorders caused byiodine deficiency are among the major health-nutritional problems in Iran. Because of the importance ofthis matter, the present study was done to evaluate the status of urinary iodine in 6-16 years old childrenin urban and rural areas and to compare measurement indices of urinary iodine.

 In this cross-sectional descriptive study, we included 230 6-16 years old children,including 128 urban and 102 rural children. In all samples, the creatinine amount was measured basedon the Jaffe reaction, and iodine was measured by the acid digestion method. Since iodine concentrationwas not normally distributed, the median value of urinary iodine was reported. Also, the urinary iodine/creatinine (UI/Cr) ratio index was calculated in all samples.

 The median value of urinary iodine in all examined children was 14.30 μg/dL and in children ofurban and rural areas were 15.6 and 12.9 μg/dL, respectively. Because these measurements were morethan 10 μg/dL, the urinary iodine was sufficient in children of both regions. Based on the median UI/Crratio, the iodine excretion was 178.92 μg/g in all children (more than 50 μg/g showing iodine sufficiency).

 Based on median urinary iodine and median UI/Cr ratio, iodine intake in children was normal.Also, according to the present study, there is a fair agreement between both mentioned indices

Premature Rupture of Membranes (PROM) is one of the common problems of midwifery, which its early diagnosis is essential in the process of treatment and prevention of pregnancy adverse outcomes. Therefore, this study was performed with aim to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of Creatinine and human chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) test of cervical mucusdischarge to diagnose PROM in pregnant women.

This prospective study was conducted in 2017-2018 on 150 pregnant women with gestational age of 24 to 37 weeks and suspected to PROM. The subjects were divided into two groups of Rupture Membranes (Pooling and Fern test both of them were positive) and control group (Pooling and Fern test both of them were negative and AFI was normal). Creatinine was measured with Automated Analyzer method (Prestige device) and βHCG with Chemi-luminescence Signal Band method (Abbott device). Cut-off point and diagnostic accuracy were measured for two tests by rock curve. P-value<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

The highest sensitivity and specificity for creatinine in the diagnosis of PPROM was obtained at cut-off point 0.135 and for βHCG at cut-off point 26.78, with sensitivity of 91.7% and specificity 56.1%, and positive predictive value of 39.75% and negative predictive value of 95.52% and overall accuracy was 64.66% and the agreement rate was 0.33 (P <0.001). For βHCG, the sensitivity 58.3% and specificity 63.2%, and positive predictive value 33.33%, and negative predictive value of 82.75% and overall accuracy was 62% and the agreement rate was 0.171 (P=0.023).

The sensitivity and diagnostic power of Creatinine in preterm women was higher than βHCG. Reasonable price, simplicity, and safety are the advantages of both methods. The diagnostic accuracy obtained in this study was low, but due to the limited studies in preterm patients, the clinical use of these markers cannot be recommended or rejected; therefore, more studies are suggested.

 Sodium nitrite is a food preservative that can endanger human health. This study aimed to investigate the perinatal and neonatal effects of sodium nitrite on the functional and tissue structure of rats’ offspring kidneys.

In this experimental study, 56 female rats were divided into seven groups (n=8): control, perinatal and neonatal control groups, experimental groups 1 and 2 perinatal and neonatal (under oral treatment of doses of 90 and 180 mg/kg sodium nitrite during pregnancy and lactation). At the end of infancy, 8 offspring of rats were randomly selected from each group. After blood sampling, creatinine, urea, and uric acid levels were measured, and by extracting their kidneys, histopathological evaluation was performed.

 Perinatal and neonatal administration of 90 and 180 mg/kg sodium nitrite impaired renal tissue structure and significantly increased serum levels of creatinine, urea, and uric acid levels (P<0.001) in rats’ offspring compared to those in the control groups.

 Sodium nitrite consumption during pregnancy and lactation increases the serum levels of urea, uric acid, and creatinine by changing the tissue structure of the offspring kidneys.

A high-fat diet(HFD) can damage the kidneys. Aloe vera gel with fat reducing properties is used to treat kidney disorders. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Aloe vera ethanolic extract on biochemical parameters and histological in the kidney tissue of rats fed with HFD.

In this study , 40 adult male Wistar rats were purchased and randomly categorized in to the 5 groups animals, including two control groups ( control, control fed with a HFD and The experimental groups were divided into simultaneous recipient (H.F.D) and doses of 150, 300 and 600 mg / kg of aloe vera extract, respectively Prescriptions were performed for 60 days.finally after blood sampling, kidney tissue was dissected and histopathologically examined histopathologically and serum concentrations of BUN ,total protein , creatinine and albumin were measured. Data were analyzed using one way analysis of variance and Duncan post hoc test.

Fed with a H.F.D increased the serum concenrations of BUN and creatinine and decreased serum albumin concentrations (P<0.05).The use of aloe vera extract in rats fed a high-fat diet improved renal tissue, significantly reduced BUN concentrations, and increased serum albumin and total protein concentrations.No significant effect was observed in the mean serum concentrations of creatinine in the groups receiving aloe vera Ethanolic extract.

  aloevera ethanolic extract  may reduced serum concentrations BUN, increased serum albumin , total protein in rats fed with a HFD. Also, aloevera extract improved the structure of kidney tissue.

Apoptosis plays an important role in the development of cardiovascular complications, especially acute myocardial infarction. Evidence suggests that exercise can alter the pathways of myocardial apoptosis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of two weeks of intense intermittent exercise on Bax, Bcl-2 and Caspas-3 in the heart tissue of male rats.

20 male Wistar rats aged 8 weeks (mean weight 224.41 5 5.1 g) were randomly divided into 4 groups: control, training, stroke and stroke-training. The training groups performed two weeks of intense intermittent training in four sections. The first section received two sessions three days a week, each session consisting of four intense two-minute intervals at a speed of 35 to 40 meters per minute, with an active 2-minute rest interval between the two rotations. The exercises of the second part included two days a week, two sessions each day containing 4 intense 2-minute intervals and 3 2-minute active rest intervals. The third section, on three days a week, included 5 intense cycles and 4 active rest cycles. The fourth part consisted of two days a week with the same intensity as the third part, but with an increase in the frequency of activity and active rest in each session. Finally, Bax, Bcl-2 and Caspas-3 proteins were measured using ELISA kit in blood samples taken from heart tissue and the data obtained using the analysis of variance were measured. Paths were analyzed at a significance level of 0.05.

There was a significant decrease in Bax and Caspas-3 indices between exercise-stroke and stroke groups (P = 0.000), but Bcl-2 index in exercise-stroke group increased significantly compared to stroke group. (P = 0.000) was associated.

Based on the results of the present study, performing 2 weeks of intense intermittent exercise reduces apoptosis and myocardial infarction and can protect the heart from possible injuries.

Contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) is an important issue in patients who are candidate for using contrast media in order to do diagnostic and therapeutic imagining. This study aimed to investigate the effect of rosuvastatin on the development of contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients with chronic kidney disease performing computed tomography (CT) scan with contrast media.

In this clinical trial study, 402 patients with chronic kidney disease who underwent CT scan with contrast in Alzahra hospital, Isfahan, Iran, during the years 2018-2019 were studied. Patients were divided into two groups, patients in the first group received 20 mg rosuvastatin 24 hours prior to CT scan and 10 mg rosuvastatin tablets daily for two consecutive days. The second group received the placebo.

 There was a significant difference in creatinine and glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) after CT scan (P < 0.050). The mean of creatinine was lower, and the mean of eGFR was higher in the intervention group than placebo after the intervention (P < 0.050). The frequency of contrast-induced acute kidney injury in the intervention group was 1%, and in the placebo group was 4% (P = 0.059).

Rosuvastatin can reduce the risk of contrast-induced acute kidney injury after using contrast media, including increase in creatinine, and decrease in eGFR.

 Obesity is one of the greatest health challenges in the world and can lead to kidney disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise with and without Bunium persicum (Boiss.) consumption on kidney function and the number of trace elements in the blood sample in obese menopausal women.

In this experimental study, 29 obese menopausal women were randomly divided into 3 groups: exercise, supplement, and exercise+supplement with the mean body mass index of 28.3±3.2, 30.4±4.14, and 31.67±4.93 kg/m2, respectively. Eight weeks of exercise was performed in three 45-min sessions per week at 65-75% of the maximum heart rate. The supplement group received two meals of B. persicum for 8 weeks. Before and after the intervention, creatinine, urea, uric acid, iron, zinc, sodium, and magnesium were measured. Data were analyzed by SPSS at the significance level of P≤0.05.

 The results showed that none of the renal function factors in the groups changed significantly. Intra-group changes in zinc significantly increased in the exercise and exercise + supplementation groups (P=0.041 and P=0.010, respectively). Intra-group changes in iron showed a significant decrease and increase in the exercise and supplement groups, respectively (P=0.001 and P=0.001, respectively). The inter-group variation of the iron was also significant (P=0.001).

 Eight weeks of aerobic exercises in water alone and in combination with B. persicum consumption did not affect renal function in obese and menopausal women, while aerobic exercise in water and B. persicum consumption alone led to some changes in trace elements.

Narcissus flower has been rich in several different secondary metabolites including essential oils, trinoids, flanoids, phenolic compounds, alkaloids and has bioactive, pharmaceutical properties and is beloved in the perfume industry. This study aimed to investigate the effect of alcoholic extract of bulbs of narcissus on indexes of renal function.

In this study, 20 adult male rats were randomly divided into 3 experimental and one control group. Experimental groups received oral bulbs extract of 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg orally for 6 days. Blood samples were taken from all groups of mice on day 7 and renal function tests were performed. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 21 and the results were presented as mean and standard deviation (Mean±SEM).

Total Proteins decreased significantly (P<0.01) at 100mg/kg Narcissus bulb extract. At the dose of 150 mg/kg of extract, total protein and albumin activity significantly decreased and creatinine significantly increased (P<0.05). Urea at 150 mg/kg concentration also showed a significant increase compared to the control group (P<0.01(. BUN did not change significantly at all doses of the extract compared to the control group.

Significant decrease in total protein and albumin, and significant increase in urea and creatinine, indicate toxicity at high doses of Narcissus bulb extract, which needs further histological studies.

Yellow Horned Poppy (YHP) is known as anti-diabetic plant in folk medicine in the southern regions of Iran. This study was conducted to compare the effects of oral administration of this plant and Glibenclamide on serum level of Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), Creatinine and Bilirubin (total and direct) in Alloxan induced diabetic rats. in this experimental study, Forty adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five equal groups: healthy control, diabetic control, diabetic treated with 250 mg/kg Body Weight(BW)/day of extract, diabetic treated with 500 mg/kg BW/day of the extract and diabetic treated with 5μg/kg BW/day of Glibenclamide. Diabetes induced in groups 2 to 5 by IP injection of Alloxan at a dose of 120 mg/kg BW. After thirty days, the animals were anesthetized and blood samples were collected from the heart. Creatinine, BUN, total and direct bilirubin were measured enzymatically. The results were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test. there were significant different between means of 250 treated group and diabetic control in all four factors (P<0.001). Also, the difference of means were not significant between 500 treated group and healthy control in BUN, creatinine, total and direct bilirubin (P>0.05), this reduction for the drug treated group was limited to creatinine and total bilirubin. It can be concluded that oral administration of the extract at both doses may possibly modulate the renal and hepatic clearance activity of diabetic rats.

As evaluation of peritoneal membrane function is important in prescribing and choosing the kind of peritoneal dialysis and probability of difference in peritoneal membrane  characteristics among patients belonging to different geographical areas and different ethnic origin, also the possible impact of the type of transportation on patient survival,  we used peritoneal equilibration test (PET) to determine the kind of peritoneal membrane transportation at the start of dialysis.

Forty  CAPD (continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis)patients, (30 males and10 females,  with a mean age of 38 ± 14 years) attending Ghaem hospital, Mashhad, Iran, between October 2004 and October 2018, entered in to this study and underwent a 4.25% glucose, PET test.

The obtained result showed that about 90% of patients were high or high average transporters. The results were completely different from  the results reported from other world’s peritoneal dialysis centers, which have reported between 35 to 55 percent of high or high average transporters among chronic peritoneal dialysis patients. Using a glucose correction factor formula, proposed by Twardowski, about thirty years ago, which only partially resolves the accuracy and precision problems, is the probable cause of this disparity.

In our center, about 90% of chronic peritoneal dialysis patients on CAPD, at the start of dialysis, were high or high average transporters. These results are in complete discordance with results reported in  medical literature or from other parts of the world. Using an outdated, glucose correction factor, with significant  residual error may be the source of this discrepancy.

Exercise intervention is associated with improvement of renal function indices. This effect is not exclusive to renal patients as it also improves the functioning of the kidneys in healthy people, especially athletes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 12-week pleomometric training program on creatinine and uric acid in young male bodybuilders who consumed whey protein. This quasi-experimental study was carried out using a pre-test and post-test design. The research population consisted of young male bodybuilders living in Tehran, who regularly consumed protein in their exercises. The research sample included 22 bodybuilders who were randomly selected and divided into two experimental and control groups each with eleven members. The collected data were analyzed using the independent and paired samples t-test at the significance level of p≤0.05. In the experimental group, the plyometric intervention led to a significant decrease in creatinine. The post-test results showed that creatinine level in the experimental group was significantly lower compared to the control group (p<0.001). A comparison of the pre- and post-test results did not show a significant difference in uric acid due to the plyometric intervention in the experimental group. Besides, the post-test results showed no significant difference between experimental and control groups in terms of uric acid (p= 0.976). The plyometric exercises decreased creatinine and improved the kidney function in bodybuilders who used abnormal levels of protein supplements. According to the findings, it can be suggested that athletes who take high doses of protein supplements during plyometric exercises are less exposed to kidney damage.

Kidney transplant patients should be regularly visited to prevent complications.
A 42-year old female, who had received a kidney transplant 4 months previously, was admitted to hospital due to increased creatinine of up to 3.5 mg/dl. She was first treated for a urinary infection, resulting in a decrease of creatinine level. Then a decreasing immunosuppressive dose was given, due to a BK positive result. A creatinine level increase resulted, and acute cellular rejection was reported in a kidney biopsy. Next methyl prednisolone was administered, and finally, creatinine level became normal.