جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « کودکان کم توان ذهنی » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Families with mentally-retarded children need more support than other families in overcoming crises and achieving social adjustment. So, it seems necessary to pay special attention to these families durinzg the COVID-19 pandemic and identify their experiences and challenges to provide more support for this vulnerable group. Therefore, the present study was carried out in care centers under the supervision of the Tehran state welfare organization of Iran (SWO) during the COVID-19 pandemic to identify the challenges of families with mentally retarded children.

The present study was conducted with a qualitative approach and contractual content analysis method of Granheim and Lundman (2004). The participants were 18 families with mentally-retarded children living in care centers under the supervision of the Tehran State welfare organization of Iran (SWO), who were selected by purposive sampling. Sampling was continued until data saturation. Data were collected and analyzed using in-person or online (telephone) in-depth semi-structured interviews from July 11 to September 22, 2021. To evaluate the data strength, four criteria of credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability of Guba and Lincoln were used.

Based on data analysis, 6 main categories and 23 subcategories were obtained. The main categories and subcategories included 1) constant worry about their children getting COVID-19 (inability of the child to protect against coronavirus, not observing protocols by the staff, underlying diseases and deficiency in immune system, few preventive measure for under 18 years people, conflicting information about children and adolescents' infection), 2) disconnection and intensification of stress (agitation and irritability of the disabled, worry about the future, parent's mental confusion, fear of losing child), 3) conflict with family tensions and contradiction (intensification of family guilt, overlooking other children, couple's self-blaming, tension in family interactions, intensification of family melancholia), 4) non-supportive community (further social stigma, social exclusion, lack of supporting vulnerable groups, the limitations of social distancing), 5) family economic crisis (costs of keeping child in the center, losing job and lower income of the family head, poverty and intensification of unstable economic conditions), and 6) care and educational concerns (decreasing the quality of care for the disabled, suspension of rehabilitation and educational activities, restrictions on leisure activities and communication for the disabled).

The results showed that the families of mentally-retarded children had encountered many challenges and concerns during the COVID-19 epidemic, some of which were related to the intensification of psychological pressures and some due to insufficient support from governmental and non-governmental institutions for these families. The study findings can be used to provide services and design support programs and policies for children with mental disabilities and their families. In this regard, it is recommended to pay special living allowances, strengthen the communication system between parents and children living in care centers, prepare a care and health packages for parents, design and implement psychological interventions to reduce parents' anxiety and stress, and provide free counseling.

A considerable percentage of families in Iran have children with intellectual disabilities who have various problems, including sleep disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), aggression, self-injury, and personality disorders. This study investigates the effectiveness of positive psychology on caregiver burden and self-criticism in mothers of children with mild intellectual disabilities.

This is a semi-experimental study that includes a pre-test post-test control group design with follow-up. The study population includes all mothers of children with mild intellectual disabilities who were studying in special needs schools in Qaem Shahr province from 2018 to 2019. A total of 30 subjects were selected through purposeful sampling and randomly divided into the control group (n=15) and the experimental group (n=15). Eight 90-minute sessions of intervention were conducted with the experimental group. The control group received no intervention. The data were collected by applying the multidimensional caregiver burden inventory by Novak and Cast (1989), and the levels of self-criticism scale by Tampson and Zarof (2004). Data were analyzed by SPSS 22 using the repeated-measures analyses of variance (ANOVA).

The findings showed that positive psychology was associated with reduced caregiver burden dimensions (P>0.001) (F2.27=25.791) and self-criticism dimensions (P>0.001) (F2.27=29.465) in mothers of children with intellectual disabilities. Except for comparative self-criticism, the consistency of treatment was observed with other variables in the follow-up.

Through the use of positive psychology interventions, the mothers were able to change their attitudes toward multiple issues, including negative emotions, unpleasant emotions, and self-determination, leading to a reduction in caregiver burden and self-criticism.

Parenting is one of the most difficult tasks that adults without any special preparation undertake to perform. Especially if one of the children has an intellectual disability, the parents may face various problems. In this regard, the present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of family life education in reducing the stress of mothers of children with intellectual disabilities (ID).

The present study is a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest and a control group design. The sample consisted of 60 mothers of children with intellectual disabilities from exceptional children's schools in Rasht in 2017-2018 who were selected by purposive sampling. After entering the evaluation stage and receiving informed consent, these participants were placed in the experimental (n=30) and control (n=30) groups. Participants completed the Parental Stress Index (PSI; Abidin, 1990) at the beginning as a pre-test stage, and after eight 90-minute group therapy sessions for the experimental groups, in the post-test stages, both groups were re-measured. Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance in the SPSS-24 software environment.

The results of this study showed that family life education leads to a reduction in reinforcement (38.42), acceptance (28.51), adaptability (18.92), hyperactivity (30.47), sense of competence (17.54), sense of attachment (16.42), feeling of limitation (39.53), feeling of depression (44.49), relationship with a spouse (16.22) and parental health (16.86) in mothers of children with intellectual disability (p <0.01).

The findings of this study showed that increasing the skills of mothers of children with an intellectual disability through the program of behavior modification and familiarity with parenting techniques can significantly reduce the stress of parents of children with intellectual disabilities.

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of integrated monotheistic treatment on the tolerance of disturbances of mothers with mentally retarded children with a moderating role of religious beliefs.

The present study was a subset of quantitative research in terms of practical purpose in terms of data collection. The present research method was quasi-experimental and its design was pretest-posttest with a control group. The statistical population of the study included all mothers of mentally retarded children in Tehran in 1398. Among the above statistical population based on the available sampling method, 30 people (15 in the experimental group and 15 in the control group) in accordance with the inclusion criteria And were selected by random substitution in experimental and control groups. Both groups were assessed by Simmons and Gahr turbulence tolerance scale and religious beliefs questionnaire by Sirajzadeh. Then the experimental group underwent 15 sessions of integrated monotheistic treatment and the control group did not receive any intervention. Was done. And research data were analyzed using analysis of covariance.

The results of data analysis showed that integrated monotheistic treatment has a significant effect on increasing the disturbance tolerance of mothers with mentally retarded children. Religious beliefs also have a significant moderating role on disturbance tolerance in mothers with low children .It has mental potential. Thus, integrated monotheistic treatment has been more effective on subjects with higher religious beliefs than subjects with lower religious beliefs (P <.01).

Considering the effectiveness of integrated monotheistic treatment in increasing the disturbance tolerance of mothers with mentally retarded children, the present approach can be used by psychologists and counselors as an effective approach to improve the psychological well-being of mothers with exceptional children.

In addition to physical exercises, cognitive interventions such as imagery and modeling facilitate the learning of skills.

The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of progressive exercise therapy and combination self-modeling on behavioral disorders in children with intellectual disability.

This study was a semi-experimental study with experimental group and control group. Among the exceptional children in Najafabad in 2019, 30 educable children with intellectual disabilities aged 8-12 years were selected based on inclusion criteria. Experimental groups underwent training intervention training for 4 weeks and four sessions per week. The tool used was Rutter children behavioral questionnaire. The data were analyzed with repeated measures analysis of variance trough SPSS20 software. 

The results showed that there was a significant difference between the means of self modeling behavioral disorders and progressive exercise therapy in the post-test phase with their averages in the pre-test phase (P<0.05). Examination of the means showed the combined self- modeling group had a better behavioral disorders score in the post-test phase than the other groups. Also, in the post-test phase, the mean of behavioral disorders in the progressive exercise therapy group was better than the control group. 

The findings of the present study showed the progressive Exercise therapy and combination self-modeling in educating and assisting the behavior of children with intellectual disability are effective. They could learn from the way in terms of time for educators, teachers and parents are beneficial.

As perception of language and particularly syntactic perception has a significant effect on language and learning development, the present study aimed at comparing syntactic perception and production between educable children with ID and TD children.

In the current causal-comparative study, 15 children with intellectual disabilities of chronological age 12-13 and mental age 7-9 were included. Intellectual disabilities of these children were confirmed earlier using Wechsler intelligence test, edition 4, and their IQ were measured to be between 55-70. The control group included 15 typically developing children of age 7-9 years and 15 typically developing children aged 12-13 years. Children with intellectual disabilities were selected from exceptional schools and typically developing children from normal schools of Jiroft city via available sampling method. All the three groups were homogenized in language ability using the verbal section of the Wechsler Intelligence Test, edition 4. The research data was gathered by adapting the study of Benítez-Burraco, Garayzábal, and Cuetos (2016). This test included six subtests that standardized by the Spearman-Brown. The data were then analyzed using multivariate analysis and SLD in SPSS.

There was a significant difference between the overall performances of the three groups in syntactic perception and production (basic phrase rules, auxiliary markers and basic structure of the inflectional phrase, verbal valency, syntactic subcategory constraints within the verbal phrase, production of noun complement clauses, production of relative (adjunct) clauses) (P<0/05).

The results of the present research showed that, in general, children with intellectual disabilities had a weaker performance in the perception and production of syntax in comparison to typically developing children with the same chronological and mental age. Gender was not found to have any significant effect on syntactic perception and production. Individuals who work in education of children with intellectual disabilities can make use of the results of this research.

the birth and presence of Mental Retardation child in any family can be considered an undesirable and challenging event that may lead to stress, frustration, feelings of sadness and hopelessness. Therefore the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between strategical Cognitive Emotion Regulation and Self-esteem with Happiness in Mothers Mentally Retarded children.

The research was a correlation study. The statistical population of this study was all Mothers of Mentally Retarded children in Tehran. The sample consisted of 200 mothers of mentally retarded children in Tehran who were selected by based on multi-stage cluster sampling method. The instrument used in the research was a questionnaires, Cognitive Emotion Regulation
of Granefski and Kraaij (2006), Self-Esteem Scale of Rosenberg (1965) and Oxford Happiness Inventory. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (multiple regression, Pearson correlation coefficient) and analyzed using SPSS20 software.

showed that strategies Cognitive Emotional Regulation and Self-esteem positively predict the Happiness of Mothers of Mental retarded children. Also, there was a positive and significant relationship between Cognitive Emotional Regulation with the Happiness of Mothers of Mental Retarded Children (p<0.001), and there was a positive and significant relationship between the Self-esteem and the Happiness of Mothers of Mental Retarded Children (p<0.001).

The results of this study indicate that improving the positive strategies Cognitive Emotion Regulation and Self-esteem can increase the happiness of mother of mental retarded children. The results of this research can be used in counseling centers for education and well-being centers.

  The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of regular exercise on the social interactions of educable mentally retarded children aged 8 to 14 years old in Shiraz. In the currentstudy, from among 75 educable mentally retarded students, 24 patients were randomly selected and assigned to two experimental (six boys, six daughters) and control (six boyd, six girls) groups. To assess their social interactions, Dadkhah Social Interactions questionnaire was used. The design chosen was quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test and a control group. K-S test was run to determine the normal distribution of data and Levin test and covariance analysis were used to compare the means. Findings showed that after a period of regular exercise, social interactions of these children improved dramatically (P<0/05). According to the results, it can be concluded that regular exercise (Dunn and fait, 2010) is effective in increasing the social interaction of children with intellectual disability and, by its very nature, it can have a positive effect on social interactions, as a very important psychological component.

Birth of a child require to new adaptations in a family. When a baby was born with mental, physical or behavior disabilities or combination of them, the psychological pressures is started to members of the family, especially the mother. Religion is one factors that has an effective role in the field of mental health and its effectiveness in the treatment of mental illness. Therefore, in this research, we compared the components of God’s perception and empathy among exceptional children mothers in Urmia city (West Azarbaijan province, Northwest of Iran). 

The type of this research method was comparative based. This research was also a survey research. Because it determined the characteristics of the statistical community for each variables. The statistical population of the study was all mentally retarded, blind and deaf children mothers. They were selected by using available sampling method in spring 2017 (n=150). The instruments for measuring were the questionnaire of 72 questions by Lawrence (1997) and Davis questionnaire (1994). To analyze the statistical data, descriptive statistics including mean, standard deviation, analysis of variance, Kolmogorov–Smirnov, Levin test, Box test, Bartlett sprite test using SPSS software were used at a significant level of 0.05.

Results of Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests to check the normal variables, Levine's test for homogeneity of variance, the box test for homogeneity analysis of variance–covariance matrix, Bartlett sprite test to verify the correlation of dependent variables showed that there was no problem in using multivariate analysis of variance. The results of the research showed that there was no significant difference between the variables of presence, challenge, acceptance, benevolence, impact, determinism, tendency perspective and personal disturbances in the three groups of exceptional children mothers. The results of Lambadi Wilkes test showed that there was a significant difference between the three groups in at least one of the components of empathy. In other words, there was a significant difference between empathy between the three groups of mental retardation, blind and deaf children mothers. The probability value for empathic concern variables was less than 0.05. The probable value of this test for empathic concern was variables. There was a significant statistical difference in the mean of mothers' responses in the three groups (p=0.01). In addition, the empathic concern was statistically different in both mental and blind mental, mental retardation, and deafness.

Based on follow–up tests, empathic concern statistically differs between two groups of mental retardation and blind, as well as mental retardation and deaf. Regarding the results, it is suggested that the organization should try to organize workshops and engage them in God–given empathy and adventure training in these workshops. It seems that family counselors can help to achieve a higher level of quality of life in exceptional children mothers by identifying negative influences on them. The organizations and institutions responsible for exceptional children's affairs are committed to their plans for the empowerment and perception of God's mothers. 

Mentally retarded children have physically less ability compared to their normal counterparts. Regarding the fact that psychomotor exercises may greatly improve such a condition, the present study aimed to investigate the impact of psychomotor exercises upon the static balance of mentally retarded students in North khorasan.
Methods and Materials: In the current study, 16 mentally retarded boy students were assigned to two eight-member namely study groups and control group. Participants conducted psychomotor exercises during 8 weeks. Each week included 3 sessions about 60 minutes. Standing on one leg test was used to measure the balance. This test was taken from both study and control groups before and after 8 weeks of psychomotor exercises in study group. Data were analyzed using independent t-test (p The results indicated that there is a significant relationship between static balance and perceptual-motor training in mentally retarded children (pDiscussion and Based on the results, static balance of mentally retarded children may significantly improve because of the aforementioned exercises.

There are few researches about effects of exercises on physical fitness factors of children with mental retardation. Aim of present study is to review the effect of eight weeks posture and balance training on physical fitness factors of mental retardation children.
30 voluntary students of Laleh Mental Retardation Elementary School of Yasuij city were selected as sample purposively. In the pretest stage all subjects were measured with the static balance, dynamic balance, muscle strength, flexibility and muscle endurance and then all subjects were divided into two groups of experimental and control. The experimental group trained selective exercises for eight weeks and the control group just did their daily activities. After eight weeks in posttest, all variables were measured again similarly as the prertest stage.
Findings: Results showed that eight weeks posture and balance training has significant effect on improvement of static balance (p=0.02), flexibility (p=0.001) and muscle endurance (p=0.006) of children with mental retardation; nevertheless it has no significant effect on improvement of dynamic balance (p=0.99) and muscle strength (p=0.11) of children with mental retardation.
regards to findings of present research, it is concluded that to improve the physical fitness of children with mental retardation, we can use eight weeks posture and balance training.

Background and Raising a mentally retarded child for the family is a stressful and sometimes lead to marital conflicts. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of coping strategies on marital satisfaction and stress of parents of mentally retarded children.
The present research was quasi-experimental with pretest- posttest control group. The statistical population consisted of all parents of mentally retarded students in Rasht (Iran) that 20 couples of them were selected by convenience sampling method and assigned in experimental and control group randomly. The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21) and ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale were used to gather of data. For experimental group, coping strategies training executed at 12 weekly sessions whereas control group did not have any training. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance.
The results showed that teaching coping strategies was effective on marital satisfaction and parenting stress. Parents in the experimental group showed a significant increase in marital satisfaction and showed significant decrease in stress (p Based of the findings can be conclude coping strategies is one of the most effective methods for marital satisfaction and reduce stress in parents of mentally retarded children.

Given the importance of the development of gross and fine motor activities and coordination between in performing activities of daily life, improving the hand function in mentally disabled children is one of the priorities of occupational therapists. Perceptual motor deficit in children with intellectual disability result in hand dysfunction such as dexterity. Considering the importance of dexterity and the consequences of problems on the activities of daily living, as well as its reliance on a person's ability to perform fine motor, coordination, speed, gross motor and perceptual abilities, in this study were considered the effect of perceptual motor intervention on dexterity of children with mental retardation.
Using simple non-probability method for sampling, based the pattern of monitoring and sample size, we selected 10 children for treatment and 10 children for control groups. The treatment group was trained for perceptual motor intervention for 10 weeks, 3 sessions of 60 min per week. Both groups were trained by an occupational therapiest. After 10 weeks, all subjects were re-evaluated. Purdopeg board test used to assess dexterity. Statistical analysis was performed, using SPSS software.
One way analysis of variance showed that the scores of Purdopeg board test between the two groups was not significant (P ≥ 0/05), though there was a significant correlation between full scores of Bruininks – Oseretsky Test and Purdopeg board test except assembly test (P ≤ 0/05).
Results of present study showed that although the speed test in the left hand was affected by perceptual motor intervention more than any other tests of dexterity, the intervention did not significantly affect the dexterity of mentally retarded children.

The process of hand writing need to coordinate a cognitive, perceptual and motor skills complexity. Given that occupational therapists in schools increasingly refers mental retardation children for hand writings problems and hand writing is an important activity of daily living for children. Thus in this study were considered that the effect of occupational therapy intervention on perceptual motor function and drawing skills of children with mental retardation.

Using non-probability simple for sampling method, based on example of monitoring and sample size, 10 children for treatment group and 10 children for control group were considered. The treatment group during 10 weeks, 3 sessions per week for 60 minutes, occupational therapy intervention was trained. Both groups were trained by usual occupational therapy. After 10 weeks, all subjects were re-evaluated. Long-Form Bruininks - Oseretsky Test and Slowsen’s test used to assess perceptual motor function and drawing skills, respectively. Then the statistical analysis was performed on the data by use of SPSS software.

Analyze of variance univariate test show that the test scores Slowsen and coordination between the two groups was not significant(P ≥ 0/05), but the total test scores, gross motor and fine motor development Bruininks – Oseretsky Test sub test between the two groups was significant(P ≤ 0/05).

Results of present study show that occupational therapy intervention cause to improve perceptual motor function, but has not effect on drawing skills in mental retarded children.

Birth of a child with intellectual disability can be considered as an adverse event by families. On this occasion all family members, especially mothers, are at risk for general health problems. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of religious beliefs on general health and happiness among mothers who has or has nor children with intellectual disability. The current research was a correlation study. 131 children with intellectual disability and also 131 normal children, matched in characteristics rather than mental ability, were recruited for this study and their mother completed such questionnaires as the general health, the Oxford happiness, and the basic religious beliefs questionnaire. Finally, the data were analyzed using thecorrelation and regression tests by SPSS software. The results showed that there was a significant correlation between religious beliefs and mental health of intellectually disabled children and normal children’s mothers at and, respectively. Religious beliefs in mothers of intellectually disabled children was less than mothers of normal children (p<0/01). A positive significant correlation was also found between religious beliefs and happiness in intellectually disabled children’s mothers (r=0/907). Mothers of the two groups were different in terms of religious beliefs, happiness and mental health, as these factors were lower in mothers of intellectually disabled children (p<0/01). Based on research findings, it can be concluded that mothers of intellectually disabled children might have more issues in finding happiness in life, their mental health and their religious beliefs compared to mothers of normal children.

As it is important to localize the different models of rehabilitations, in this study we introduce the Japanese psychological rehabilitation (Dohsa-Hou) and examine the effect of Dohsa Hou on the physical and mental state of children with disability. In this Quasi-experimental with pre-post study design, totally 120 convenient children with cerebral palsy (CP) and mental retardation (MR) (60 CP and 60 MR) from rehabilitation centers in Tehran (age from 5 to 10 years old) were participated. Each child had 24 sessions of one hour therapy during 3 months (total 2880 sessions). In this interventional study, the effect of Dohsa in improvement of spinal curve situation and improvement in static stability in hip complex in children with cerebral palsy, and also the effect on the posture, movement and social interaction level of children with mental retardation were measured. The assessment package (flexible curve & clinometric device), Social interaction questionnaire and drawing devices were used as tools of study. Data was analyzed by using Willcoxon and ANONA tests. The findings showed that in children with cerebral palsy, the pre and post data analysis indicated a significant differences (P<0/05) which show the improvement of spinal curve situation and improvement in static stability in hip complex decrees of abnormal postural ton. In children with mental retardation, their posture and movement improved according to the expert’s ratings (P=0/237) and their level of social interaction changed (P<0/001), specially the level regarding parents and friends. From the clinical observation and data analysis, we can suggest that Dohsa-hou is an effective method of rehabilitation for physically and mentally disorder children and can be used beside other methods of therapy as a complementary method.