جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « کیفیت میکروبی » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

In recent years, interest in consumption of ready-food products has increased in many countries. Due to the fact that hamburgers and kebabs are the most popular meat products in Iran, this study is conducted with the aim of investigating the microbial quality of raw hamburgers and koobideh kebabs in Sanandaj city.

In this study, 100 samples of frozen raw hamburgers with 60% meat and koobideh kebabs (50 samples each) were randomly obtained from the supply centers of meat products and traditional barbecue shops from September to December 2021. Then the samples were sent to food microbiology laboratory and evaluated for microbial contamination.

Results showed that the rates of contamination of raw hamburger and koobideh kebab for total bacterial count were 24% and 40%, Escherichia coli 6% and 12%, Salmonella 0%, mold and yeast 36% and 82%, and Staphylococcus aureus 20% and 76%, respectively. These results showed that mold, yeast, and Staphylococcus aureus were the most contaminating organisms (p<0/001).

According to the results of the present study, the raw hamburger has better microbial quality than koobideh kebab; therefore, compliance with all health standards in food factories and the correct application of personal and environmental hygiene points in the production and preparation of food will have a great effect in reducing the cases of foodborne diseases.

Falafel is one of the most popular artisanal foods in Iran, especially inKhouzestan province. However, no comprehensive study has been performed to evaluate its microbiologicaland chemical properties. This study aims to evaluate microbiological and chemical properties offalafel samples collected from street food market in Ahvaz, Iran.

Microbiological tests including total viable count (TVC), psychrophilic count, Escherichiacoli test, staphylococcus aureus test, coliform count, bacillus cereus test, Salmonella test, andmold count were performed to evaluate microbiological properties of falafel samples (cooked and uncooked).The chemical properties were assessed by performing protein test, ash, carbohydrate, lipid,salt, peroxide, and acidity tests. All tests were done according to the methods described by the Instituteof Standards & Industrial Research of Iran (ISIRI).

Microbiological tests revealed that TVC (108 cfu/g), coliform count (3.7×103 cfu/g) and mold count(1.3×103 cfu/g) were significantly higher than the amounts set by the ISIRI (P<0.05), indicating high contaminationof uncooked falafel samples. The major problems observed by chemical tests was the highcontent of lipid (20.11%) and peroxide value (47.85 meq/kg) which were significantly higher than thevalues set by the ISIRI (P<0.05).

Microbiological and chemical properties of falafel are poor, indicating the poor hygienic conditionsof its preparation in street food market. We recommend more attention to and supervision onthe preparation of artisanal foods such as falafel in Iran.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical and microbial quality of bottled water in Iran and to calculate the water quality index (WQI).

Different brands of bottled water (4 samples from 71 brands) were randomly collected from the market. Chemical and microbial characteristics of the samples were examined and determined. Finally, the calculations related to the WQI index were performed and the water samples were classified as excellent, good, poor, very poor and unsuitable.

None of the samples exhibited concentration of heavy metals beyond Iranian water standards, and the concentration of sulfate (SO4), chloride (Cl) and fluoride (F) did not exceed international standards. However, in some samples, nitrite (NO2) and nitrate (NO3) concentrations were higher than recommended standards. With Regard to other water quality parameters, 8% to 89% of the samples exhibited concentration higher than the values provided on the water bottle label. 5 species of different bacteria were found in 15 water samples. According to the WQI index, about 63% of the samples were of excellent quality. Also, the water quality of 34% and 3% of the samples fell in good and poor quality categories, respectively. None of the bottled water samples was of very poor quality.

The quality of bottled water investigated in this study was generally suitable, but due to the wide range of bottled water in Iran based on brand and seasons, continuous evaluation of water treatment methods in companies and careful monitoring of chemical and microbial quality of bottled water in all seasons is recommended.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the microbial quality of drinking water in Karaj, Iran in terms of heterotrophic bacteria count index (HPC) and its variation trend using geographic information system (GIS) in 2016.

In this study, water sampling was carried out in Karaj distribution network in all 12 regions and based on this, 3 samples were taken from each region by grab sampling technique.

The findings indicated that the mean terms of free residual chlorine, turbidity, and pH in the 12 regions of Karaj were respectively measured 0.2-0.8 mg/l, 0.22-0.94 NTU, and 7.3-7.8. The highest levels of HPC in regions of 3, 6 and 9 of Karaj were detected at 70, 115 and 320 colonies, respectively. The highest turbidity rates were 2.48 and 1.62 NTU in regions 3 and 9, respectively, and the lowest rate was 0.22 NTU in region 5.

According to results, in all samples, the obtained HPC levels were within the recommended national standards. Furthermore, the results of water quality zoning using ordinary point kriging represent high quality drinking water and its complete overlap in the studied cases.

The consumption of bottled water in various parts of the world have significantly increased. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physical, chemical and microbial quality of bottled waters in Hamadan in 2016.

This research is a descriptive cross-sectional study, that was carried out on 5 popular brands and 40 randomly selected samples, in which 20 types of physical, chemical and microbial characteristics were investigated. All data were analysed using the statistical software package, SPSS 20.0 and descriptive statistics.

The results showed that none of the samples had microbial contamination and passed the required standards. Total dissolved solids (TDS) content are lower than the minimum values required by the Food and Drug Administration (500 mg/L). The differences between the measured and labeled values was investigated using paired t-test. Based on the results, there were differences between the measured and labeled values for all parameters, where for the parameters of nitrite, TDS and chloride it was significant, while for the rest of the parameters it was not significant. The mean values of the parameters were also compared with the standard values using one sample t-test.

For the most samples, the assessed parameters were consistent with the standards, however, for the few number of samples which violates from the standard values it was also important in terms of the possible health impacts, thus should be taken into consideration.

Today, with increasing population, reducing the per capita amount of water resources and increasing the physio-chemical and microbial contamination of water, water crisis is one of the major global problems .The purpose of this study was to evaluate the microbial quality of drinking water in the villages covered by Alborz province.
This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 1395. The statistical population consisted of 69 villages and three large recreational complexes along the Karaj-Callous road in Asmara .The results of this study are based on the statistics from the Laboratory of Water and Wastewater of Alborz Province during the years 1386 to 1394 and performed 342 samples in 1395 according to the WHO standard and microbiological quality assay according to the last edition of the standard book.
The results showed that during the ten years studied, 77.51% of the samples lacked chlorine. 54.98% of the samples were healthy, 27.68% of the samples were infected with chlorophyll and 17.34% of the samples were contaminated with warm-blooded calf. The highest total coliform infection in 1391 was 35.24 Percentage and maximum infiltration of thermal energy in 1388 was 23.4%.
drinking water in some villages in the province of Alborz is undesirable due to lack of chlorination, and the relevant authorities should take the necessary measures to improve the microbial quality and improve water resources as well as water instructors to inject the optimum amount of chlorine to water resources.

Background and Supply of high-quality water (drinking water quality), is a critical component for sustainable socioeconomic development. This study aimed to assess the current state of water quality supplied to the distribution system and importance of participating water and sewer its distribution network to improve the quality selected.
This cross-sectional study in 1394 in both spring and summer, during a systematic search, local information on the quality (microbiological, physical and chemical) drinking water distribution systems were evaluated using a questionnaire. The samples for the presence of CL, PH, TDS, sulfates, total hardness, nitrite, nitrate, fluoride, chloride, turbidity and total coliform were analyzed by standard methods and 1053 were compared with the national standard.
The average parameters studied a total of 303 water samples collected from amount CL, PH, TDS, sulfates, total hardness, magnesium, calcium, nitrite, nitrate, fluoride, chloride, turbidity and total coliform respectively equal Was reported 0/1 mg/L, 7/66 mg/L, 773/39 mg/L,108/15 mg/L, 287/84 mg/L, 31/59 mg/L, 50/05 mg/L, 0/02 mg/L, 19/56 mg/L, 1/08 mg/L, 80/57 mg/L, 0/6 mg/L, 24/5 MPN/100ML. The role of water and sewage company as well as the effect of the drinking water distribution network respectively physicochemical and microbiological quality of drinking water in the utility had a significant relationship (p The results showed that the water samples tested for microbial and physico-chemical parameters were within the range of Iran's national standard 1053 except the CL, which is less than the national standard. The role of water and sewage company distribution network and improve its quality is very important.

Microbial monitoring of aquatic sources is essential in the correct management of these vital sources. Multiple tube fermentation (MTF) technique is currently used for assessment of the microbial quality of water sources. However, today enzymatic assay has been presented as an alternative approach for detecting indicator bacteria. The purpose of this study was to compare enzymatic assay with MTF technique in terms of the detection of total and fecal coliforms in potable and non-potable waters.
A total of 64 samples were collected from different water sources (potable, spring, well, and aqueduct water, and wastewater effluent). Detection of total and fecal (Escherichia coli) coliforms was performed using MTF method and enzymatic assay using LMX broth. The relationship between the parameters measured by the two methods was tested using the Pearson correlation. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of enzymatic assay were also evaluated.
Findings: Statistical analysis of results showed a high correlation between total and fecal coliform measurements by the two methods. Enzymatic assay had a sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 92, 95, and 94 percent, respectively.
Due to the advantages of enzymatic assay, such as its relatively high sensitivity, accuracy, and speed, and simultaneous detection of total coliforms and E. coli, enzymatic assay using LMX can be used as an alternative method to MTF.

There is a public concern about the microbial quality of distribution water systems that it induces increasingly consumption of bottled waters in our country. In Iran, bottled waters are produced in two packaging models; small (0.5 Litter) and big (1.5 Litter); microbial load of which can be deteriorated before using by consumer and durrin storage. This study was design to assess the bacterial contamination of bottled waters and compare the ratio of contamination in small and big bottles packaged.
in this descriptive and analytic study, 400 bottled water samples including 185 of small and 215 of big bottled waters were selected from Gorgan food markets during May 2014 to April 2015 from 10 popular brands. Microbial level of bottled waters were determined via Heterotrophic plate count (HPC) on the R2A medium with spread plated method. For statistical analyses, SPSS ver.23.0 were used by one sample T test and chi-square test in a P-value of
The mean HPC bacteria were 8557 and 11188 Colony Forming Unit per milliliter (CFU/ml) in small and big bottled waters, respectively, which are much higher than microbial standard (500 cfu/ml) set by drinking water. Moreover, in 85.0 percent of all samples tested, HPC level was more than 500 cfu/ml; that 40.8 and 44.2 percent of its related to small and big bottles, respectively. The statistical analysis showed that the quantity of bottles water did not have a significant effect on the number of bacteria.
Small and big bottled waters had a microbial contamination based on the heterotrophic plate count. Therefore, consumption of bottled water could be hazardous for public health particularly for lowered immunity.

Background and Due to inadequate quantity and low quality of water resources in rural regions of Gomishan (Golestan province), local residents use cisterns for household water. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the hygienic situation of these cisterns.
In this study, water samples were obtained from 31 villages using random sampling (two times; total number of samples=406). Bacteriological tests were carried out by standard methods. The relationship between hygienic situation of cisterns and bacteriological quality of water were statistically analyzed.
A total of 406 water samples was examined by measuring total coliform and fecal coliform, in which. 94 samples (23.14%) showed total coliform and 28 sample (6.89%) showed fecal coliform. A significant relationship was observed between hygienic status of cisterns and bacteriological pollution (P Microbial contamination in the studied cisterns calls for sanitizing the cistern in the region and changing the drinking water resources.

Backgrounds and Aims: Human health depends more than anything else to clean water and sanitation, thus safety of drinking water is one of the most important community health aspects. The objective of this study was determining microbial quality trend of drinking water in rural area of Kermanshah during 2004-2013.
Material and This was a descriptive–analytical study. Ten years references laboratory data from Kermanshah Health Center were obtained. Total coliform, termotolerant coliform and residual chlorine of drinking water samples have been analyzed statistically using SPSS Ver.16.and Excel software.
Base on water quality assessment of Kermanshah, the microbial contamination percent of villages covered by ABFAR decreased from 44% in 2004 to 20% in 2013, whereas in noncovered villages decreased from 70% to 47% during the same time. Contamination rate was lower than the summer time during the winter time. Free chlorine residual testing of drinking water among all studied area improved from 33% to 75% during ten years period.
During last ten years, microbial contamination has been decreased more rapidly in covered villages than non-covered. However, there is still a long distance from the ideal situation. Based on the WHO recommendations on evaluation of microbial safety of drinking water, the average desirable of the bacteriological quality of drinking water in the villages covered by ABFAR in the ten-year period was determined well in winter and bad in summer. These conditions for non-covered villages, was determined moderate in winter and bad in summer. According to chlorination role in water safety, restrict supervision is necessary to provide public health.

Microbial and physicochemical properties of drinking water، considering type and quantity of drinking water, are factors for determining the acceptability of water. The effects of each of the above components on increasing the quality of water or threatening the health of consumers are also considerable. We aimed to investigate the trace amounts of microbial, physicochemical parameters of drinking water in Takab, comparing to national and international standard. This cross-sectional study was performed in order to monitor water quality that 17290 samples were taken for determination of chlorine residual of water, 1055 samples for microbial analysis and 87 samples for chemical analysis and the results were compared with the standards. Finally, all of data were analysed by Mann-Whitney U statistically. 66. 7% of chlorine residual of water had standard rate and 33. 3% of the cases were higher or lower than the standard. 12. 3% of rural water was contaminated by E. coli. Average total hardness was 247. 4±110. 2, at 100% of samples Sulfate ion was maximum allowance and 98. 9% optimal, Magnesium ion at 100% of samples were maximum allowance and 85. 1% Optimal, Fluoride ion at 10. 3% of sample Allowance and 89. 7% less than allowance. Other ions are also at the maximum allowance and optimal. The quality of drinking water in the surveyed villages was around the area according to Iran's National Standard for water. The chemical quality of water in some villages had higher hardness than optimal levels, fluoride in most villages was less than standard limit.

the role of swimming pools as a useful and interesting sport is obvious to everyone, which its curable aspect has been considered these days. On the other hand, we should not reject the possible threats of this sport. So, the purpose of this research is to consider the quality of swimming pools, Whirl pool and cool water basin in Tehran. in this descriptive- analytic inquiry which has been done in first six months of 1392, in 12, 13, 14 and 15 areas of Tehran municipality and within two parts, studied 27 active lidded swimming pools. At first stage, it has been got samples from all these pools and at the next stage, it has been got renewed samples after presenting suitable ways and instruction to the liable of swimming pools which have been polluted at first stage. All the stages of sampling, transferring to the lab and analyzing of samples from the aspects of remained free color quantity, PH, microbial contamination has done based on standard methods of water and sewer tests. the results show the amount of remained free color at National standard limit of minimum 0 and maximum 4(1-3mg/L) in 48% of samples. 76/1% had standard pH(7.2-8) and also Heterotrophic bacteria of all samples were in a good situation. this study showed the most microbial contamination part was whirl pools and cool water basins in which the amount of remained free color was not on standard extent. Also, in renewed getting samples from pools which were contaminated at first stage of tests, all samples were lack of microbial contamination after considering necessary preparation by liable of swimming pools and giving structures by environmental hygiene inspectors of east hygiene center.

Contamination of swimming pools’ water can lead to the transfer of different diseases to humans. The aim of this study was to investigate the water quality health indicators in Urmia swimming pools. In this cross-sectional study, 14 active covered swimming pools in Urmia city were chosen as census. The physical parameters such as pH, temperature, turbidity and chemical ones such as residual chlorine, hardness, alkalinity and microbial parameters such as heterotrophic bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus and fecal and total coliforms were studied. Sampling has been conducted every weak for 6 months and they were analyzed under standard procedures. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. In this research, free residual chlorine in %67, turbidity in %89.9, amount of pH in %83.8 and temperature in %76.2 of the samples were desirable. In none of the pools, fecal coliform, fecal streptococcus and staphylococcus aureus were above the threshold levels. The populations of heterotrophic bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in %69.96, %98.8, %85.1 of the samples were desirable, respectively. Statistical analysis indicated that there is a direct relationship between water turbidity and the population of bacteria and reverse relationship between the residual chlorine and the studied organisms(r=-0.595, p<0.005) According to the results, complete compliance of the pools to the standards was fairly poor. It is also important to maintain the proper level of free residual chlorine and pH in the swimming pools to ensure safety of the water quality.

Due to the lack of proper rail road and air transportation, most commutes in Iran are carried out by buses. In most cases, the water in the busses is used for passengers for drinking usage. Although this kind of water source has provided convince for the travelers, it could be a great risk in disease outbreak. The aim of this study is to determine the water quality in commuting buses of Shiraz Karandish terminal in winter 2011. The study is of descriptive-cross-sectional type. 48 samples were collected through quota sampling. In this study, water microbial contamination (total and fecal coliform bacteria) was studied by method using nine-tube fermentation (MPN). The residual chlorine amount, Turbidity, pH and temperature were measured. SPSS software version 11.5 was used for statistical analysis. Results suggested that 18.75% of total coliform and 4.17 % of fecal coliform were positive. The turbidity in 8.3 % of the cases was at the standard level (0.1-1NTU). Comparing between the results of this research with other studies showed that fecal contamination in bus water fountain of Shiraz was less than fecal contamination in bus water fountain of Kermanshah, Bandar Abbas and Kerman but it was more than Isfahan.

Milk is a valuable source of nutrients that microorganisms can grow in favorable conditions on it. This study was conducted to evaluate the microbiological quality of pasteurized and sterilized marketing milks in Bushehr.

This descriptive study was conducted in the autumn and early winter 2011. In this study 11 brands including 6 pasteurized، 5 sterilized brands and in total 160 samples were elevauted. Microbial tests included heterotrophic bacteria (HPC)، total coliform and Escherichia coli (E. coli) were conducted according to standard methods.

results of this study showed that from 98 pasteurized samples، 35/7% and HPC and 15/2% of samples were contaminated by HPC and total coliform، respectively. There was no microbial contamination in all 62 sterilized samples. Mean heterotrophic bacteria in pasteurized milk was much more than Iranian national standard.

In this research the relationship between heterotrophic and coliform bacterial growth with temperature and time variation between production date and sampling date (maintenance period) were measured and the results showed that bacterial growth had direct and significant association with temperature but there was no statistically significant association with maintenance period.

Water complexes including Jacuzzi are among the most popular water recreation centers that noncompliance with health standards can lead to increased microbial growth in water and thus the risk of infection. This study aimed at comprehensive study of jacuzzis water in Yazd city and comparing the results with national and international standards. This was a descriptive - analytical study that statistical society included all Jacuzzis of Yazd city. Sampling of jacuzzis was performed every two weakes for 3 months (Summer 2011). We tested the water samples for parameters such as temperature, pH, amount of residual chlorine, turbidity, alkalinity, hardness, the population of heterotrophic bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, fecal streptococci, and fecal coliforms accordance with standard methods. The SPSS software and ANOVA, T-test statistical tests, and/or Kruskal-Wallis, and Mann-Whitney were used for description of data and the obtained results were analyzed by comparing with standards. we found that the mean of residual free and combined chlorine was equal to 0.628 and 0.337 mg/l respectively. The alkalinityand hardness were 141.928 and 275 mg/lCaCo3 respectively. Mean of pH, turbidity and temperature were equal to 7.88, 0.457 NTU and 38.121˙C respectively.Moreover, the mean population of fecal streptococci bacteria, heterotrophic bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and fecal coliforms were 20465.7, 120.77, 209.91 and 7131.4 in 100 ml respectively. Statistical analysis of data showed that there is a direct relationship between water turbidity and pH (Pvalue=0.018); however, population of heterotraphic bacteria and residual free chlorine had indirectl relationship (Pvalue= 0.026). According to the results achieved, the parameters of heterotrophic bacteria population and alkalinity had the least compliance with the standard indicating the need for continuous monitoring of physical, chemical, and microbial parameters of Jacuzzi water and control of the number and density of people using Jacuzzi and continuous monitoring of Jacuzzi water filtration and chlorination process performance.

The objective of the study is survey on microbial quality of Maravehtapeh village in during September and October 1391, and its quality compared with national standards and WHO. In this cross- sectional study, the water microbial quality in 90 villages have piped city-wide network based on two criteria were assessed total and fecal coliform. 3 samples from each village were sampled during three months. Samples were survey A nine-tube fermentation test s for coliform group. For chlorine residual of diethyl – p- phenylene diamine (DPD) colorimetric method was used. In this paper, the results of date from 3 round of sampling and testing are presented. The results show that 83.64, 71.43 and 78.89% village with coverage and no coverage of Rural Waste Water Company and all maravehtapeh villages, respective, using safe water in terms of FC and 54.3, 36.37 and 43.34% village with coverage and no coverage of Rural Waste Water Company and all maravehtapeh villages, respective, using safe water in terms of TC. The results of this study express that the fecal contamination condition in under coverage village is good. But there is a bad condition in villages with no coverage of KRWWC. And the general microbial quality of drinking water in all Maravehtapeh villages of the World Health Organization and country Microbial Index is low.

Safe drinking water supply is very important for human societies. The goal of this study is the determination of drinking water distribution network existence in microbial quality desirability and its chlorination status in small communities – Case study: Kermanshah province villages. This method of the study is descriptive and analytical. The required data and information were collected from existing data of health center. The collected samples for microbial quality monitoring of rural drinking water were taken by health center during three-year period, that were 9174 samples. Data analysis was taken by SPSS software by using T-Test and ANOVA. The results showed 79.7% and 84.3% as an average rate of desirability of microbial water quality and residual chlorination status respectively in villages having distribution system and 60.36% and 69.56% in those without distribution system. Assessing of microbial quality of water in all rural areas showed that villages with distribution network have better quality than other villages. So development planning for implementation of water distribution networks are suggested in other rural communities also for improvment of water quality in all rural communities (with and without distribution networks) the water safety plane should be employed.