جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « pesticide » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Kidney damage from paraquat is influenced by several factors, including the duration of work, the span of exposure from the pesticide spraying, and the nutritional status of the farmers. This damage can be indicated by the high levels of paraquat and changes of the biochemical status in the urine. The present study aimed to analyze the relationship between the length of work, duration of spraying, and the nutritional status obtained from the measurement of body mass index (BMI) values, with the paraquat levels and biochemical status of the farmer’s urine samples.

This study was a cross‑sectional study and was conducted in September 2022 in North Landasan Ulin Village, Banjarbaru City, South Kalimantan, Indonesia. The length of work and spraying duration were obtained from the direct interviews, while the BMI values were calculated by dividing the body weight(kg) by the body’s height(m). Analysis of the paraquat levels in the urine was measured using a spectrophotometer, while the urine’s biochemical status was obtained using the dipstick colorimetric method. Statistical analysis used: the relationship between each variable is analyzed using the Spearman rank correlation test.

Results from the study show that the length of work, duration of spraying, and BMI were moderately associated with an increase in the urinary paraquat levels(correlation coefficient [Rs] 0.26–0.50) (P < 0.05); although the previous factors did not appear to correlate with any changes in the urine’s biochemical status.

In summary, prolonged exposure to the spray in combination with the farmers’ long work hours, and also factoring in the abnormal BMI values, resulted in an increase of paraquat levels in the urine.

Liver and kidney are known as important organs in detoxification of the body and may be exposed to pesticide damage. This study aims to investigate the relationship between pesticide exposure and disorders of liver and renal enzymes.

 This cross-sectional study was conducted on 5637 Iranian adults aged 35-70 from the first phase of Shahedieh Cohort Study. The investigated variables included age, sex, BMI, smoking, liver enzymes (SGPT, SGOT, ALP, GGT), renal enzymes (Urea, Creatinine), and the information related to exposure to pesticides in the yard, home, and agricultural land during the last 12 months. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 24.

 The findings showed that 8% of the people were exposed to pesticides/ insecticides on agricultural land, 2% in yard, and 59.6% at home. The mean of liver and renal enzymes in people exposed to pesticides in agricultural land was higher than in non-exposed individuals. This relationship was significant for all the enzymes except GGT. People exposed to pesticides in the yard had significantly higher levels of renal enzymes than non-exposed individuals. People exposed to pesticides at home had significantly higher levels of liver enzymes and renal enzymes than the non-exposed ones. Moreover, the mean of liver and renal enzymes were lower in people who used personal protective equipment.

 This study suggests that exposure to pesticides may impact liver and kidney functions, and taking precautions like using personal protective equipment can help minimize potential health risks.

Cypermethrin is one of the most commonly used pesticides. In this study, the effects of cypermethrin on serum biochemistry and liver histology of Anabas testudineus were investigated. The fish have been exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of cypermethrin for the 7th, 14th, and 21st days and one control was considered. AST, ALT, and ALP showed concentration- and days-dependent increases in all experimental groups. Bilirubin levels increased significantly (p<0.05) in cypermethrin groups. No statistically significant difference in bilirubin levels was observed between the concentrations of 0.015 and 0.030 mg L-1 on days 7th and 14th. Protein levels decreased in response to cypermethrin on all days when compared to controls. Statistically significant differences in protein levels weren’t observed between all concentrations on days 7th and 14th and between concentrations of 0.015 and 0.030 mg L-1 on days 21st. Light microscopy revealed hepatocyte hypertrophy, sinusoidal dilation, granular degeneration, congestion, pycnosis, and focal necrosis in the liver. AST ALT, ALP, bilirubin, protein levels, and histopathology can be used as possible markers for biological monitoring and chemical risk assessment in aquatic organisms.

 Agricultural pesticide poisoning is a common and serious occupational hazard for farmers in developing countries.

 In this study, we try to explain the pattern of agricultural pesticide use and its hazards in Iran.

 In this qualitative study, purposeful sampling was performed, and 8 farmers and 2 agriculture engineers participated.

 Information collected about pesticide use in Iran was categorized into 4 themes. First, “no supervision for the use and distribution of pesticides”. Second, “farmers” knowledge is inadequate about the hazards of pesticides, and no organization is responsible for educating them”. Third, “safety instructions are not obeyed, and the hazardous effects of pesticides are frequently observed among farmers”. Fourth, “the use of pesticides is irrationally high in Iran”.

 Serious action should be taken to prevent pesticide human health hazards in Iran, including comprehensive training programs about proper preparation, storage, and use of agricultural pesticides for farmers and pesticide retailers. Also, it is necessary to continuously supervise pesticide sales, distribution, and use in the country.

There is a growing concern about the health-threatening effects of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables worldwide. This study systematically reviewed the published data on pesticide residues in Iranian fruits and vegetables to clarify the gap in this issue.

The authors systematically searched PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, SID, and Iran Medex to find published studies on pesticide residues in Iranian foods without time and language restrictions. The title and abstract of all articles were evaluated after removing duplicate articles (2289 articles) by two independent reviewers. Finally, 25 articles were found that reported pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables. There was a great variation in measurement methods and pesticides reported across studies, which precluded meta-analysis. Therefore, a summary of the included studies was only reported.

Twenty-four studies reporting pesticide residues in Iranian fruits and vegetables were included. The percentage of Iranian fruits and vegetables contaminated with pesticides exceeding the maximum residue limit (MRL) was less than 10% in most studies. Contaminated samples were collected mainly from cultivated areas such as fields, orchards, or greenhouses.

Pesticide residues in food have not been systematically reported in Iran. It was found that only limited articles were published by academic societies on this issue. Considering the current scenario, there is an urgent need to facilitate reliable and continuous measurements of toxic residues in Iranian food.

According to the estimates of the World Health Organization (WHO), more than three million poisonings with organophosphorus derivatives occur every year, and in the meantime, more than 250 000 deaths will occur in the future. Globally, 30% of suicide cases occur with the use of organophosphorus derivatives. Organophosphorus toxins are widely used due to their stability and low cumulative effects on the ecosystem. Diazinon, as one of the organophosphates, is widely utilized in agriculture and veterinary medicine. This poison is highly toxic to humans and animals. As stated by various studies, stores of unauthorized supply of poisons and lack of proper monitoring of the permissible limit of poisons, as well as the sale of poisons without a prescription, farmers’ ignorance, and indiscriminate planting of crops that are not based on traditional agriculture, can be caused by various factors related to improper use. In addition, the excessive use of pesticides and agricultural poisons can cause short- and long-term effects on health. Enhancing the antioxidant capacity is an effective solution to weaken the toxic effects of diazinon. Garlic and garlic supplements are used in many countries for their blood lipid-lowering, anti-platelet effects, and beneficial blood circulation. Some garlic products seem to have liver-protective, immune-systemenhancing, and anticancer, chemical-preventive, and antioxidant activities. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of garlic oil have been shown in different tissues. In today’s world, an effective solution/ decision-making for such problems based on evidence is recommended by compiling a policy brief. Therefore, to demonstrate evidence-based policy options, taking into account the existing obstacles and opportunities, it seems necessary to use intervention strategies and planning to reduce the consumption of pesticides and increase the level of protection for farmers.

Some pesticide chemical compounds, such as organophosphates and carbamates, interfere with or inhibit cholinesterase activity. Employees working in pesticide factories are one of the groups at risk of pesticide poisoning. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of work on exposure to toxins on the serum level of erythrocyte cholinesterase activity.

This research was conducted on Mehriz Elixir Pesticide Factory workers. Blood samples were taken from 76 employees in 2 groups as a control group, and 38 workers were exposed to organophosphorus toxins three months after starting work in a factory. Cholinesterase activity was analyzed using the Elman method, and data were analyzed using SPSS software version 22.

The mean age of the subjects was 35.07 years, which was 35.26 in the exposure group (n = 38) and 34.89 in the control group (n = 38). The activity of acetylcholinesterase enzyme in the control group at 0, 10, and 20 minutes was 12.78 ku/l, 14.24 ku/l, and 15.45 ku/l, respectively. The acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity in the exposed group was 10.77 ku/l, 10.40 ku/l, and 10.36 ku/l at 0, 10, and 20 minutes, respectively. At all stages, the mean acetylcholinesterase activity in the control group was higher than the exposed group, but significant differences were observed at 10 and 20 minutes between the 2 groups.

Exposure of workers to organophosphate inhibits acetylcholinesterase, which manifests by a decrease in the activity of this enzyme.

Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is an insecticide that is widely used in the world. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of 4-week aerobic exercise and eugenol supplementation on the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinases/protein kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin (Pi3K/AKT/mTOR) pathway on the skeletal muscle of male rats poisoned with CPF.

Overall, 12-week-old female rats were used in this experimental research. The rats were randomly divided into 8 groups (8 rats in each group), including healthy control, toxic control, poison solvent, corn oil solvent, poisoned + eugenol, poisoned + aerobic exercise, and poisoned + aerobic exercise + eugenol. Moderate training was in the range of 50-60% VO2max, including 5 training sessions per week (treadmill). Poisoning was performed with CPF poison with a dose of 3 mg/kg, and the dose of eugenol was determined to be 250 mg/kg.

There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of mTOR and AKT expression (P = 0.369, P = 0.59). However, the expression of PI3k in the poisoned control group was lower than that in the healthy control group (P = 0.049). In addition, the expression of PI3k was higher in the poisoned + eugenol + exercise group compared to the poisoned control group (P = 0.009). The corn solvent group also had a higher PI3k expression in comparison to the poisoned control group (P = 0.025). Finally, there was no significant difference among the other groups.

In general, 4 weeks of CPF poisoning caused a significant decrease in PI3K, but it did not have a significant effect on AKT and mTOR. Based on the finding, 4 aerobic exercises and eugenol consumption could significantly increase in PI3K, while it had no significant effect on AKT and mTOR.

Effect of refrigeration and different harvesting times were investigated to remove residue of pyridaben from strawberry.  Transplants of Strawberry were grown in greenhouse and fruit samples were taken at 1, 4, 24, 48 and 72 hours and 7, 14 and 21 days after spraying of pyridaben (Sanmite® 20% WP) at the recommended and twice the recommended doses (0.4 and 0.8lit ha-1 respectively). For cooling treatment, fruit samples were refrigerated for 48 hours at 4°C. The study was done as factorial experiment in a completely randomized design (pyridaben doses and harvesting times after spraying) with three replications. Gas chromatography-electron capture detector (GC-ECD) method was used to determine pyridaben residues in strawberry fruits. The recovery rate of acaricide was 98-105% in this method and detection limit of machine was 50µg kg-1. The results revealed that the maximum residual concentrations of pyridaben acaricide in strawberry fruits were observed with an average of 0.42 mg kg-1 for the recommended dose and 0.71mg kg-1 for twice the recommended dose at 4 and 24 h after application, respectively, which in twice the recommended dose was higher than the MRL (5mg kg-1). Storing fruits in refrigerator for 48 hours had little effect on reducing pyridaben residues in them, and at twice the recommended dose, the concentration of pesticide in fruits was higher than that of Codex standard level.

 Infertility is a major problem around the world. The male partner is responsible for half of the infertility. Several factors can affect the male reproductive system and create infertility. Occupational exposure is one of the main factors in male infertility. Present study aimed to review the literature on chemical occupational exposure effects on male fertility.

 For this narrative review online search was conducted on scientific databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Sciences by the following keywords: male fertility/infertility, sperm, occupational, chemical agents, work environment, pesticides painters, farmers, and farmworkers. In this study, we categorized sperm characteristics (quality, count, mobility, morphology, and viability) and reviewed studies (between 1985 – 2022) that assessed chemical occupational effects separately (chemical industries, farmers, and painters) on sperm characteristics. We tried to review the most recently reported studies in this issue and categorized them into subgroups for easy understanding.

  Most studies reported a positive association between chemical exposure and defects in sperm parameters. Existing research suggests that the association between industrial life and infertility development is probably reciprocal.

  Results of the studies are controversial, and it seems epidemiological investigations cannot approve the harmful effects of some occupational chemical exposure on fertility potential and sperm parameters. During interpreting the results of the studies, it is important to emphasize that the type of chemical mixtures, duration of exposure (chronic exposure to different levels), and number of compounds, physiological and psychological conditions can play a key role.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the number of unintentional acute poisoning cases is between 3.5 and 5 million cases worldwide. Among these, 3 million cases were severe, leading to the death of 20000 people per year. In addition, 7.4 million years of life had lost every year due to diseases caused by agricultural toxins (1). Based on the previous evidence, the development of unauthorized supply stores and lack of proper monitoring of the permissible limit of poisons, as well as the sale of poisons without a prescription, the ignorance of farmers, the indiscriminate planting of products not resembling traditional agriculture, can be due to various factors related to the improper and indiscriminate use of pests. Pesticides and agricultural poisons have short- and long-term health effects. Globally, it is recommended that a policy brief be compiled for decision-making cases based on evidence. Therefore, to demonstrate evidence-based policy options, taking into account the existing obstacles and opportunities, it seems necessary to use strategies and intervention plans to reduce the consumption of pesticides while increasing the level of protection of farmers.

Acetamiprid (AP) is one of the most widely used pesticides in the neonicotinoid class. AP residues in the environment have received considerable due to their potential toxicity to humans. Therefore, it is important to remove AP from the aqueous solution.

In the current study, response surface methodology (RSM) was used as an efficient approach to optimize the removal of AP using the electro-Fenton (EF) process. The effects of the main variables, including reaction time, AP concentration, current density, and H2O2 dosage were investigated and optimized. ANOVA technique was also used to identify the Fisher’s value (F-value) and P-value of the model.

The predicted AP removal efficiency by the model was in good agreement with the obtained experimental results with correlation regression of 0.98. The ANOVA test proved that the developed quadratic model was significant with very low P-values less than 0.05, the high F-value of 240.1, and regression coefficients close to 1 at a 95% confidence level. The optimum condition for AP removal efficiency of 99.02% was attained at the reaction time of 12 min, AP concentration of 3.5 mg L-1, the current density of 12 mA cm-2, and H2O2 dosage of 86 µL.

RSM was employed as a suitable method to optimize the operating condition and maximize the AP removal. Herein, the EF process as an eco-friendly electrochemical advanced oxidation process (EAOP) successfully applied to remove AP from the water and wastewater.

Pollution of water resources with pesticides is one of the environmental problems and a serious threat to the communities’ health. This study aimed to determine the residual concentration of pesticides in urban drinking water networks of Hamadan province in 2019. In order for investigating the residual concentration of organochlorine (aldrin, dieldrin, lindane, methoxychlor and permethrin), organophosphorus (chlorpyrifos, diazinon and malathion), and carbamate (atrazine and alachlor) pesticides in urban drinking water distribution networks of the province, a total of 46 samples were taken. The samples were analyzed by GC-ECD and the results were analyzed using Excel software (a descriptive cross-sectional study). The residues of aldrin, dieldrin, lindane, diazinon, malathion, atrazine, and alachlor were found in none of the samples. The maximum concentrations of chlorpyrifos and permethrin were 2.20 and 8.03 μg/L, respectively. The methoxychlor residue was observed only in one sample (C=0.35 μg/L) and all other samples were free of methoxychlor. Residues of studied pesticides in all samples are much less than the maximum allowable in the national standard and the World Health Organization (WHO) and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) guidelines. Therefore, it can be concluded that the studied networks water quality as well as the urban drinking water resources in Hamadan province are at a very desirable level in terms of the pesticide residues. If the consumption of pesticides is not controlled, there is a possibility of increasing the concentration of these pollutants in water resources, which in turn may threaten the human health in the future.

In the current study, a liquid chromatography coupled mass detector was set up to detect and quantify 108 pesticide residues in rice samples. QuEChERS method was applied for sample preparation and different validation parameters were determined to ensure the suitability of the method. The calibration curves were linear in the concentration 0.01-1.00 mg/kg with a coefficient of determination (R2) of more than 0.990 for all compounds. Based on signal to noise studies, the calculated LODs and LOQs were 0.005-0.060 mg/kg and 0.018-0.199 mg/kg, respectively; and acquired mean recoveries at three spiked levels (0.025, 0.200 and 0.800 mg/kg) were 72% - 117% with RSD < 20%. The developed method was used to investigate the occurrence of the studied pesticides in 65 internal and 65 foreign rice samples. The results showed that 14 internal and 15 imported samples were found to be contaminated 12 pesticides in the amounts between 0.027 mg/kg to 0.078 mg/kg and 0.031 mg/kg to 0.081 mg/kg, respectively. According to the Iranian regulations, with the exception of nine prohibited pesticides for rice production in Iran, bioallethrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, flutriafol, foramsulfuron, imazalil, phosphamidon, TCMTB, and triasulfuron, three permitted pesticides, cinosulfuron, triadimenol, and tricyclazole, found in positive rice samples were below MRLs established by Iranian National Standard Organization (INSO).

Hexaflumuron is a benzoyl urea pesticide widely used in agriculture. This is the first case of severe toxicity of hexaflumuron.

A 51-year-old man was admitted to the poisoning ward of the Emam-Reza Hospital for loss of consciousness and hypotension secondary to pesticide toxicity. He had metabolic acidosis, bradycardia, and diffuse erythematous skin color change in the abdomen and legs. The results of toxicology tests were negative except positive test result for tricyclic antidepressants in immunochromatographic assay of urine. He was treated with normal saline, norepinephrine infusion and bicarbonate. His intoxication finally resulted to cardiac arrest and death on the 4th day of hospitalization, secondary to septic shock.

Acute poisoning with hexaflumuron can be life-threatening, thought its LD50 is greater than 5000 mg/kg. It may change the patient’s skin color to cherry and cause hypotension, loss of consciousness and metabolic acidosis, however, conclusive evidence to support these assumptions are required.