جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "prisoners" در نشریات گروه "پزشکی"

Hospitalized incarcerated patients are usually protected by handcuffs during their treatment in medical centers to prevent them from escaping or harming others and themselves. Despite the benefits of handcuffing incarcerated patients in the hospital, it can cause physical harm to the patient. This study aimed to report the effectiveness of using hand/leg cuff protectors for incarcerated patients admitted to a psychiatric hospital in Iran.

This is a case report. The effectiveness of designed hand/leg cuff protectors for incarcerated patients admitted to Iran Psychiatric Center that was implemented in 2019 was assessed using the statistics related to safety and accreditation in the quality improvement office of the hospital from 2012 to 2022 including the statistics of hospitalized prisoners, the failure mode and effect analyses results of the committee for finding errors in the hospital, the accident forms data, the used consumables following injury by handcuffs during hospitalization.

The comparison of data before and after the implementation of the plan for hand/leg cuff protectors use (2019) showed that the risk priority number reduced from 125 to 8; the number of used bandages reduced from 38 to zero; and the incidence of wounds reduced from nine to zero. Also, according to the Prisons Department report, the prisoners were satisfied with the hand/leg cuff protectors.

Hand/leg cuff protectors can reduce injury to incarcerated patients admitted to psychiatric centers.

Considering the importance of mental health and the high prevalence of crime among prisoners as a risky group and the growing procedure of psychiatric disorders in the country, the purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of psychiatric disorders symptoms and related demographic factors in Zahedan city prisoners in 2024.

Methods and Materials: 

The model of the research was descriptive-correlational and the statistical population of the research included all the male and female prisoners of the central prison of Zahedan. In current study, 386 male and female prisoners of Zahedan were selected as the sample of the research by using available sampling method. Symptom Checklist of Mental Disorders (SCL90) was used for collecting data. The collected data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics and Chi-square statistical test, and SPSS version 26 software.

The results of this study showed that about 33.03% of the prisoners in Zahedan prison probably have one psychiatric disorder at the clinical level. The results of the current research, based on classification of the symptomatology checklist of mental disorders, showed that the most common psychiatric disorders among the prisoners of Zahedan prison respectively were: paranoid thoughts (43.3), sensitivity in interpersonal relationships (41.3), physical complaints (39.6), depression (39.1), anxiety (34.4), psychosis (30.6), hostility (31.0), obsessive-compulsive (24.9), and morbid fear (22.1). Also, there was a significant relationship between the prevalence of psychiatric symptoms with gender (P=0.001), the duration of enduring imprisonment (P=0.001), and education (P=0.001). However, any significant relationship between the psychiatric symptoms and the age in Zahedan prisoners was not found (P>0.01).

The above results indicate the importance of health and treatment planning for the group of prisoners as a group at risk and the need to pay attention to the mental state and appropriate therapeutic interventions as an urgent need for prisoners.

Today, psychological distress is one of the most common disorders in the general population, associated with a decreased quality of life at the individual level. In addition, it harms people's performance and negative attitudes toward the environment, others, and even themselves. It may appear with a range of psycho–physiological and behavioral symptoms such as depression, stress, anxiety, disturbance, neurosis, sleep disorders, sexual dysfunction, physical pain, and inability to regulate emotion. The present study was conducted to develop a structural model of the relationship between metacognitive beliefs and psychological distress with the mediating role of psychological well–being among man prisoner clients.

The present study was correlational and used structural equation modeling. The statistical population of this study consisted of all male prisoners in the vocational training and occupational therapy camp of Chenaran City located in Khorasan Razavi province, Iran, in 2020. According to Klein (1998), the acceptable number of samples for correlational studies in large populations is between 15 to 20 people for each variable. Considering at least 15 people for each variable is an optimal rule in structural equations that follow multivariate regression. Accordingly, since we have 14 observed variables (5 subscales of metacognitive beliefs, 3 subscales of psychological distress, and 6 subscales of psychological wellbeing), considering 20 people for each observed variable, the minimum sample size was 280. However, due to the characteristics of the study sample, the high probability of the sample dropout, and the existence of incomplete questionnaires, this number increased to 350 people. Sampling was done by convenience method and considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria were as follows: prisoners having symptoms of psychological distress based on a psychiatrist's diagnosis; having knowledge and insight about their underlying problems and feeling the need for low medical intervention (based on prisoner's feedback and psychiatrist's diagnosis); willingness to participate in research. The exclusion criteria were as follows: lack of chronic medical problems, use of psychiatric and psychotropic drugs, history of hospitalization in psychiatric hospitals, and use of psychological interventions. After receiving the clinical history of the prisoners by the researcher, the questionnaires were administered to the prisoners. In this study, participants answered the short form of the Wales Metacognition Questionnaire (1997), Lovibond and Lovibond Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (1995), and Ryff Psychological Wellbeing Questionnaire (short form) (1989). In addition, questions related to age, marital status and education were used to obtain demographic information. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling with SPSS–25 and AMOS–24 statistical software programs, and the significance level of the tests in this study was considered 0.05.

The results showed that the direct path coefficient between metacognitive beliefs and psychological wellbeing was negative and significant (p=0.002; β=–0.273), and the direct path coefficient between metacognitive beliefs and psychological distress was positive and significant (p=0.001; β=0.300). The direct coefficient of psychological wellbeing on psychological distress is also negative and significant (p=0.002; β=–0.504). The coefficient of the indirect effect of metacognitive beliefs on psychological distress is also positive and significant (p=0.001; β=0.138). The goodness of model fit index showed that psychological wellbeing mediated the relationship between metacognitive beliefs and psychological distress (CFI=0.95; RMSEA=0.06).

Based on the study results, psychological wellbeing mediates the structural relationship between metacognitive beliefs and psychological distress. Therefore, these findings can be used by prison managers and officials, as well as they can also be effective in promoting mental health and reducing the psychological distress of prisoners.

The high prevalence of mental health problems in prisons has become a global problem. The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of group therapy based on acceptance and commitment, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and reality therapy on depression, anxiety, aggression, and physical complaints of male inmates of Isfahan Central Prison.

The present study was a one-blind randomized controlled trial study (pre-test, post-test and follow-up) with a control group. The statistical population included all male prisoners of Isfahan Central Prison, from whom 120 individuals were selected based on systematic random sampling and randomly assigned to three experimental groups and one control group (per group n=30). The experimental groups received group therapy based on acceptance and commitment, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and reality therapy for 12 sessions of 90 minutes, and the control group was placed on the waiting list. Subjects completed the checklist of symptoms of mental disorders (SCL-90) by Dragotis et al., (1994) in three stages. Analysis of variance with repeated measurements and SPSS software was used to analyze the data.

The results of the analysis of variance with repeated measurements showed that group therapy based on acceptance and commitment therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and reality therapy were effective in improving the symptoms of depression, anxiety, aggression, and physical complaints (p<0.05). Also, according to the results of the posthoc test, there was a significant difference between the three treatment groups in the post-test in the research variables (p<0.05).

Group therapy based on acceptance and commitment, cognitive-behavioral therapy and reality therapy improved the symptoms of depression, anxiety, aggression and physical complaints in male prisoners, and cognitive-behavioral  therapy was superior.

Psychopathy is a personality disorder with a long history. Various variables are associated with this disorder. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between demographic characteristics and type of crime with psychopathic personality disorder in male prisoners in Mahabad.

The present study is a cross-sectional descriptive correlational type. From the community of male prisoners in Mahabad which were 391 people, simple of prisoners were selected through number whole sampling, and finally 384 people were examined as the final sample. Psychopathy was assessed using the Levinson Psychopathy Questionnaire and demographic characteristics and type of crime through a profile checklist. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey post hoc test, Student's t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient using SPSS23.

There was a positive and significant relationship between age and number of children with factor 2 psychopathy (P <0.05). The rate of psychopathy was higher in prisoners with a history of drug and alcohol addiction, inmates with the crime of robbery (factor 2), inmates with a bachelor's degree, inmates with a second history of arrest (P <0.01) and inmates with a prison sentence of 4-5 years (Factor 1 and total score) (P <0.01). The rate of psychopathy varied according to the level of income (P <0.01). There was no significant relationship between other variables and psychopathy.

Understanding psychopathy based on demographic characteristics enhances our knowledge of this personality disorder and can be invaluable to those who deal with it in prisons.

 The corona pandemic, which was observed in China in December 2019, soon spread to other parts of the world and became a critical issue for the right to public health at the international level. The right to health is important and vital for societies today and one of the criteria and values in the principles of medical ethics is the observance of justice in equal access to health services; Prisoners, like other members of society, have access to it as a more vulnerable group of society whose law restricts some of their freedoms. The purpose of this study is to review the strategies of the Iranian legal system and international instruments on the right to health of prisoners and the principles of medical ethics in prisons and legal strategy to observe the principles of medical ethics in prisons in order for health policy makers to benefit from it during the corona pandemic.

 This research is of review type and its information has been collected by library-documentary method.

Ethical Considerations:

 Ethical considerations have been observed in all stages of research, including the study and collection of data, their documentation, analysis and publication.

 The research findings indicate that in the supra-legislative, legislative and sub-legislative norms of the Iranian legal system and binding and guiding international documents on the principles of medical ethics in prisons and the right to health of prisoners, general and specific regulations have been set to observe ethical rules in medicine. Prisoners can also enjoy the right to health as a human right. Therefore, health system policymakers can use them to expand the role of ethics in prisons and to support the health of prisoners.

 Based on the results, it can be said that observing the principles of medical ethics and paying attention to the health of prisoners during the corona pandemic in order to prevent Covid-19 virus and treat infected prisoners should be considered by health policy makers. Therefore, using the norms of the Iranian legal system and international documents, it is necessary to adopt regulations in order to standardize the ethical principles of doctors, nurses and health center staff in prisons to maintain the health of prisoners during the corona pandemic.

Despite the studies which demonstrate that religious fields influence the prisoners' compatibility with prison, the role of prisons' religious concentration on the mental health of prisoners is still ambiguous and unknown. Accordingly, the present study investigates the relationship between the mental health of prisoners on the verge of being released in Kerman and Yazd.

The present study is descriptive-correlational and the statistical population includes 743 prisoners who are about to be released in prisons of Kerman and Yazd provinces. Data were collected using Goldberg’s General Health Questionnaire and Glock and Stark Religiosity Questionnaire in accordance with all ethical consideration and analyzed by Pearson correlation test and stepwise multivariate regression. In this study, all ethical considerations were observed and no conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

The results showed that although the prisoners had a low level of mental health, the level of their religiosity was in a suitable condition. The correlation between the parameters of religiosity and mental health of the prisoners showed that the increase in religiosity in the belief and intellectual dimensions reduced their social dysfunctions. The increase of religiosity in the ritualistic dimension also reduced their anxiety. The results of linear regression showed that the ritualistic, belief and intellectual dimensions of religiosity have a more predictive effect on the mental health of the prisoners.

Overall, the results showed that there is a positive relationship between the belief dimension of religiosity and the mental health of prisoners on the verge of being released, which highlights the importance of addressing this dimension in the prison's cultural programs.

The outbreak of Corona pandemic in late 1398 and its spread in 1399, in addition to health and medical dimensions, has had wide social, economic, political and legal dimensions. The most important of these dimensions is the impact on the health of certain groups, including prisoners; Meanwhile, the detention centers for defendants and convicts face serious challenges. The present study examines the challenges facing prisons and detention centers in the Corona pandemic and identifies mechanisms to address it.

This research is of theoretical type. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is library and referring to documents.

Given that inmates and others in related centers are most at risk for Covid-19 virus, the need to pay special attention to prisons and related centers and detention centers and how to manage them in the event of a corona pandemic requires the use of mechanisms. And special measures are taken according to the emergency situation.

Ethical considerations: 

In Order to Organize this Research, While Observing the Authenticity of the Texts, Honesty and Fidelity Have Been Observed.

Detainees charged with a crime and convicts who are in prison for a crime enjoy the same access to their basic rights as the right to health. Conditions in prisons and detention centers indicate that there is no necessary health infrastructure in prisons and detention centers, overcrowding in prisons and detention centers, lack of manpower in the field of health care in prisons, conducting clinical trials on prisoners, Problems related to the management system of prisons and penitentiary institutions and the lack of cooperation of prisoners and mental health problems of prisoners in the era of the corona pandemic are among the challenges facing the right to health of prisoners.

Implementation of psychological interventions in prisoners in order to improve their mental health is one of the necessary measures in the state prisons and security and corrective measures organization. Due to the importance of this issue, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) on cognitive flexibility (CF) in prisoners.

This study was a quasi-experimental design with pre-test, post-test and control group, which was conducted in 2019 in the statistical population of non-financial prisoners in Ahvaz Central Prison. By purposeful sampling method, 40 prisoners were placed in two experimental and control groups. After receiving the pre-test, the experimental group underwent 8 sessions of CBT. The Cognitive Flexibility Inventory-CFI (Dennis & Vander, 2010) was used in the assessment process. Data analysis was performed using SPSS-21 statistical software.

The results indicated that the intervention played an effective role in increasing the perceptual components of different options (P = 0.002, F = 11.632) and controllability perception (P = 0.002, F = 12.044) as well as the CFI (P = 0.0001, F = 27.298) (P <0.001); However, no significant difference was observed in the behavior perception component (P = 0.942, F = 0.005). Generally, CBT intervention was able to explain 0.50 of the changes in CF.

CBT Intervention has the potential to increase cognitive flexibility by modifying dysfunctional beliefs and behavioral activation. Based on this, it is suggested that the role of CBT intervention be considered in line with security and corrective measures.

Improving the psychological health of prisoners is one of the programs of the prisons organization, which prevents the recurrence of crime and social security. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of "Acceptance and Commitment Therapy" (ACT) on resilience and cognitive flexibility in prisoners.

 The method of the present study was quasi-experimental and its design was pre-experimental-post-experimental-follow-up with control group. The statistical population of the present study was all prisoners of non-financial crimes in Ahvaz Central Prison in 2019. The research sample selected 30 people using the convenience sampling method from among the eligible applicants to participate in the "Acceptance and Commitment Treatment" and randomly (as a lottery) to two groups of intervention and control (15) people were assigned to each group. The research instruments were "Cognitive Flexibility Scale" and "Connor and Davidson Resilience Scale". Qualitative content validity and internal consistency was performed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. After receiving the pre-test, the intervention was performed in the eight, 90-minute sessions for the intervention group, but the control group received their usual interventions. Data analysis was performed with SPSS.21.

The trend of changes in the intervention group compared to the control group in the measurement stages in the variables of resilience (P=0.001, F=33.475) and cognitive flexibility (P=0.001, F=18.656) Significantly different (P <0.05) and about 54% and 40%, respectively, of the differences in observation in the variables of resilience and cognitive flexibility due to group membership (intervention). To compare these changes over time, Benfron's subtest was used. Changes between pre-test with post-test, pre-test with follow-up, and post-test with follow-up are only meaningful in the intervention group (P <0.05).

 "Acceptance and Commitment Treatment" increased the resilience and cognitive flexibility. Therefore, it is recommended that this method be used to increase cognitive resilience and flexibility in prisons.