جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "prospective memory" در نشریات گروه "پزشکی"

Hyperactivity and lack of attention can create difficult conditions for children and their families. These children need education and rehabilitation. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation based on prospective memory on attention bias, executive functions, and academic performance of students with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

This was a semi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design and follow-up with a control group. 32 children were selected in a targeted way and randomly replaced in two groups of 16 people. The participants were evaluated before and after the intervention and one month later with attention bias questionnaires, executive functions, and academic performance. The intervention group received cognitive rehabilitation based on prospective memory for 16 sessions. The data were analyzed by repeated analysis of variance. This research is an experimental type with a semi-experimental design, pre-post-test-follow-up, and control group. All participants are evaluated before and after the intervention using the standard instrument of attention bias, executive functions, and academic performance. Then, the effectiveness of the intervention was investigated by comparing the experimental and control groups in different phases of the research. The current research population included all the students of the first secondary school in Tehran. The sample size was considered 16 people for each group based on JPower software; which included 32 people for two groups. The impact factor was extracted from Khaksarian et al.'s article (2019) equal to 0.56. The alpha error level was 0.05 and the confidence level was 95%. The sampling method was cluster random. First, one district was randomly selected from among the 22 districts of Tehran. Then the list of schools was received and four schools were randomly selected from among the schools. Sampling continued until reaching the limit of samples. The final sample (34 people) was randomly replaced by two groups of 16 people. The inclusion criteria included obtaining a score above the cut-off line in the Connors Hyperactivity Questionnaire, the willingness of the child and parents to cooperate, living with two parents, male gender, and receiving a diagnosis of one of the three types of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (attention deficit, impulsive, and combined). Those suffering from intellectual, developmental, physical, or psychological debilitating diseases were included in the study. Absence of more than one session of training sessions, failure in previous semester exams (to control learning disorder), receiving a previous diagnosis of learning disorder, and confrontational disobedience were the criteria for dropping out of the study. The following questionnaires before, after, and one month later were used for evaluation

The results showed that the attention bias, executive functions, and academic performance of the intervention group had significantly improved compared to the control group. According to the results of variance analysis with repeated measures that show the scores of inhibition, inhibition, change, working memory, organization, and planning in the three stages of pre-test, post-test, and follow-up, there is a significant relationship between the subjects' scores in the three stages. Also, the effect size for inhibition, inhibition, change, working memory, and organization variables is equal to 23%, 24%, 34%, 17%, and 38% respectively, which means equal to 23%, 24%, and 34% respectively. 17% and 38% of the changes in the scores of inhibition, inhibition, change, working memory, and organization in the post-test and follow-up were related to the therapeutic intervention; Therefore, the research hypothesis is accepted. After confirming the normality of the data distribution, the homogeneity of variances for the research variables was examined, the results of the M-box test were not significant (Box M=12.16, P=0.09), so the condition of homogeneity of the variance-covariance matrices has been correctly met. Also, Levin's test, which is the condition of equality of variances between groups, is not significant in any of the steps, and the error variance of the dependent variables was equal in all groups. Finally, the results of Mochli's test showed that the assumption about the variable was met (Mochli's w = 0.79, x2 = 6.01, P = 0.06). The results of the analysis of variance with repeated measures are presented in the table below.

In explaining this finding, it can be said that attention bias is a type of cognitive bias in which a person involuntarily pays special attention to a specific stimulus or a sensory sign. Since this is more evident in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, in this study, children underwent cognitive rehabilitation based on prospective memory. In explaining this finding, it can be said that the game and practice aspect of the tasks presented in the active memory training program causes students to become more involved and interested in doing the tasks and attach importance to getting the best results, which helps the students. Consider all aspects of the assignment and do the assignments in a more targeted and organized manner. This increases the focus on a topic in the participants. In explaining this finding, it should be said that in addition to this, the simplicity of the tasks and games and their successful solution also strengthens this process and ultimately helps to improve the planning ability, and also justify the effectiveness of the mentioned training program, it can be said that this training program is because the skills It teaches orientation, inhibition of response, multi-step order, and auditory and visual memory, which are essential in reading, and can also improve planning skills in these students. Also, this cognitive rehabilitation program presents tasks from simple to difficult, which provides the possibility for the hyperactive child to have more motivation to complete the tasks while mastering the basic skills to do more difficult tasks. This step-by-step mastery and success motivate hyperactive children who often have difficulty completing tasks and make them put more effort into doing exercises. The proposed mechanism for the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation exercises is neuroplasticity or brain flexibility. According to findings related to children's imaging, performing cognitive rehabilitation exercises can change synaptic connections in these children. According to the obtained results, cognitive rehabilitation based on prospective memory is effective on attention bias, executive functions, and academic performance of students with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

The ability of selective attention does not develop well in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and the short attention span leads to incomplete assignments and plans and causes their attention to be constantly shifted from one activity to another. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation program based on prospective memory on the attention span in children with ADHD.

Present study was a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest control group design. The sample included 32 children with ADHD aged 8-11 years old in Kermanshah city in the academic year 2017-2018. They were selected by convenience sampling and then randomly assigned to either the experimental or the control group. The experimental group received eighteen 40-min sessions of cognitive rehabilitation program based on prospective memory, while the control group remained on the waiting list. The instruments were Conners’ Parent Rating Scale (Revised) (Conner, 1999), clinical interview, and Stroop Color and Word Test (Stroop, 1953). Data were analyzed by MANCOVA.

The results showed that cognitive rehabilitation program based on prospective memory had a significant positive effect on the attention rate of children with ADHD (P<0.0001).

The use of cognitive rehabilitation program based on prospective memory was associated with positive and effective results and significantly improved the attention in the children. Therefore, use of this program in the treatment procedure of children with ADHD is suggested.

Children with attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are one of the groups of children with special needs and this disorder is widely recognized as one of the most frequent disabilities. Professionals rely on diagnostic criteria of American psychiatric association (APA), The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM–5), and used it for diagnoses ADHD. In the DSM–5, three subtypes of ADHD are recognized: predominantly inattentive type, predominantly hyperactive–impulsive type and combined type. ADHD is widely recognized as one of the most frequent neurodevelopmental disorders and the most frequent reason of referral of children to clinics. Adding to their socialization problems, many children with attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder also have memory problems. It seems that cognitive rehabilitation program could reduce memory problems of children with ADHD. The cognitive rehabilitation is one of the methods for treating children with ADHD, because these children are often facing problem in memory. Children with ADHD have serious problems in profile of working memory compered to normal children. In fact, ADHD affects all aspect of individualchr('39')s life, while applying cognitive rehabilitation program based on prospective memory has been associated with effective outcomes. Therefore, present study was aimed to determine the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation program based on prospective memory on the profile of working memory in children with ADHD in Kermanshah city. 

The present research was a semi–experimental study with pre–test, post–test design and control group. The statistical population consisted of girls with ADHD aged 8 to 11 years in Kermanshah city (Kermanshah province, West of Iran) schools in 2017 academic years. The participants were 32 girls with ADHD from schools in Kermanshah city using convenient sampling method. Subjects were divided into experimental and control groups randomly, each group consisting of 16 children. The experimental group received 18 sessions of cognitive rehabilitation program based on prospective memory, while the control group did not. Control group at the end of research participated in two sessions, for moral considerations. The instrument used was The Working Memory Test Battery for children by Arjmandnia. Working memory test battery applied by researchers for all subjects’ pre–test and post–test. The obtained data before and after the training sessions were analyzed using Kolmogorov Smirnov test, M. Box test, Leven test, independent t test and multivariate analysis of covariance test with 23th version of SPSS.

First, normality of variables and contingency of variance and covariance assumptions were tested. The Kolmogorov Smirnov test showed that all variables were normal. In addition, box test confirmed contingency of variance–covariance assumption. Therefore, assumptions of MANCOVA test confirmed and can be used the MANCOVA test for analysis of data. The results of MANCOVA showed that cognitive rehabilitation program based on prospective memory had a significant effect on the profile of working memory of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (p<0.001). In the other word, the results revealed that interventional program had a significant effect on central executive, phonological lop and visual spatial sketchpad in these children (p<0.001). It can be stated that according to Eta square 62%, 59% and 66% of variations in components such as central executive, phonological lop and visual spatial sketchpad, can be explained by the subjects’ participation in cognitive rehabilitation program based on prospective memory.

According to the findings, cognitive rehabilitation program based on prospective memory improved profile of working memory in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. So, this program can be used to improve working memory of these children and planning for providing of cognitive rehabilitation program based on prospective memory for them have particular importance.

Hearing loss affects different aspects of life, while the use of a cognitive rehabilitation program based on memory is associated with desirable outcomes.

The aim of present study was to investigation the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation program based on memory on the working memory profile and prospective memory in hearing loss students.

The present research was a quasi-experimental study with pre-test, post-test design and control group. The participants were 24 male hearing loss students from schools in Shahr-e-Kord city who selected through convenient sampling method. Subjects were divided into experimental and control groups, each group consisted of 12 students. The experimental group received 10 sessions of cognitive rehabilitation program based on memory, while the control group did not. The instruments of research were working memory test battery for children and prospective and retrospective memory questionnaire. Data were analyzed by MANCOVA.

The results showed that cognitive rehabilitation program based on memory had a significant effect on the working memory and prospective memory in the experimental groups (P<0.0001).

According to the findings, cognitive rehabilitation program based on memory improved working memory profile and prospective memory in hearing loss students. So, this program can be used to improve of working memory profile and prospective memory of these students and planning for providing of cognitive rehabilitation program based on memory for them have special importance.

Many studies have provided the combination and incorporation of the fields of psychology and Cardiology. Using science of psychology has been suggested to prevention and treatment of diseases related to the heart. Type D personality is recognized as a risk factor for a wide range of diseases. Type D personality is the inter action of two stable personality traits: negative affectivity (NA), which is the tendency to negative emotions experience across time and situations, and social inhibition (SI), which is the tendency to inhibit the expression of emotions. Patients who have high score in NA, frequently report feelings of dys phoria, worry, tension and patients who have high score in SI tend to avoid negative reactions from others. Adherence to medication is defined as a degree to the patient who is in accordance with the interval and dose regimen prescribed. Adherence to medication refers to the degree or extent of compliance to the health care provider’s recommendations for day–to–day treatment. Cognitive function disturbances in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) occur relatively often. This fact can have significant influence on physiological, psychological and social aspects of a patient’s life. A recent study found that although heart doctors do cognitive problems test, but many of them miss memory loss in their patients. However, some heart doctors do not believe that diagnose of cognitive problems is not their duty, and they are mainly trained to focus on heart problems. They feel that check for memory problems should be done by primary care physicians. However, if you care someone with heart disease, make sure that one of their doctors tests them for memory loss, as it could be the difference in the success or failure of their treatment. Working memory is a cognitive system with a limited capacity that is responsible for temporarily holding information available for processing. Working memory is important for reasoning and the guidance of decision–making and behavior. Prospective memory is a form of memory that involves remembering to perform a planned action or recall a planned intention at some future point in time. Prospective memory tasks are common in daily life and range from the relatively simple to extreme life or death situations. This study aimed to evaluate schema therapy on personality type D, working and prospective memory and adherence to treatment in patients with cardiovascular disease.

Five man with heart disease were selected from patients referred to Mashhad (Northeast of Iran) Razavi hospital along with using purposeful sampling method. The statistical population of all cardiac patients was Razavi Specialist Hospital in Mashhad. Patients participated in this study after obtaining treatment requirements. The efficacy of treatment protocol was evaluated in three phase (Baseline, 6 session treatment and 6 weeks follow–up) by using the Type D personality questionnaire (DS14), prospective memory questionnaire, Wechsler working memory test and Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS–8–Item). The data were analyzed using visual analysis using Excel software, calculating the permanent change index (RCI), and calculating recovery percentages.

The results showed that cognitive, experimental, interpersonal and behavioral techniques in the D character was (p=0.033), working memory was (p=0.085), prospective memory was (p=0.042), and follow–up therapy medicine was (p=0.003). Cardiovascular patients were statistically and clinically significant.

According to the results, schema therapy waseffective in reducing personality type D, increasing working memory, reducing prospective memory defects and increasing the medication adherence to treatment.

interaction between the physical and cognitive factors of the elderly can have a significant impact on their quality of life and affect on design of health-based mechanisms for the elderly. In this regard, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different levels of physical activity on the retrospective and prospective memory performance in elderly.   The present research is a causal-comparative study. The sample consisted of 178 elderly. All participants were asked to complete the physical activity level Questionnaire of Champs and elders was placed in three groups with low physical activity (n=56), moderate (n=63) and high (n=59). Retrospective and prospective memory was evaluated through Crawford Questionnaire.   The findings showed that there was a significant difference between the performance of prospective memory in the elderly group with a high and moderate activity level with  prospective memory of the elderly group with a low level of activity (P = 0.001). Also, the results of variance analysis indicated that there is a significant difference between retrospective memory performance in elderly group with physical activity levels (P = 0.004). According to the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that in elderly, different levels of physical activity significantly effect on the memory performance. So, one can expect that the elderly with regular physical activity will prevent the occurrence of many memory problems over time. This study suggests that Elderly people put up high-level physical exercises in their daily routine to prevent cognitive decline in retrospective and prospective memory.

Methamphetamine (METH) is a highly addictive stimulant and sympathomimetic, which is widely abused in the world and imposes substantial global public health and costly social burdens. There is a growing evidence of potential psychological problems and cognitive impairments as a result of prolonged METH use in humans. Individuals with substance dependence frequently show signs of impaired executive functions after prolonged drug abuse. Among these functions, sustained attention, inhibition response, and prospective memory show higher decline and have been studied over and over again. Nonetheless, few studies have examined the role of use abstinence on executive functioning deficits. Those few who did study the phenomenon reported mixed results without consensus. Addressing this research gap, the current study aimed to evaluate the effect of sustained use abstinence on improving executive dysfunctions in former chronic METH abusers.
In this quasi-experimental study, 20 former chronic METH abusers who recently initiated abstinence use (34.9 ± 3.7 yrs. of age) were selected via multistage sampling. All the participants had been diagnosed with MA dependence as determined by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders (SCID) and had been drug abstinent a maximum of two weeks. Random urine screens were performed at the referring sites to verify drug abstinence, with none of the screens yielding positive results. Evaluations were carried out in intervals of two weeks, two months, and six months after last METH abuse. The participants were administered Continuous Performance Test (CPT), a measure of future memory, and Color- Word Stroop Test to assess sustained attention, prospective memory and response inhibition. Three measures were obtained from CPT (Omission error, commission error, Reaction Time), four measures were obtained from a future memory inventory (self-oriented short-term memory, environment oriented short-term memory, self-oriented long-term memory, environment oriented long-term memory) and five measures were obtained from Color- Word Stroop Test (congruent error, incongruent error, congruent reaction time, incongruent reaction time, interference score). The data were analyzed by Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance (GLMRM).
Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance revealed no significant differences between any components of sustained attention (P=0.21). The results of Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance also revealed no significant differences between response inhibition (P=0.47) and prospective memory (P=0.54) scores at two weeks, two months, and six months after last METH abuse.
Chronic MA use is becoming increasingly prevalent and leads to a host of harmful health outcomes, including cognitive dysfunction and psychiatric complications. Findings revealed that despite whatever benefits might be seen in the short-term (one month) of use abstinence, there appears to be no period of neuropsychological recovery that may continue over six months, of sustained abstinence. The present study showed that use abstinence (both short and long-term) does not have any significant effect on sustained attention, response inhibition and prospective memory in former chronic abusers of methamphetamine with possible significant clinical implications for the prevention of relapse. Alternatively, it may be that MA-associated deficits within these executive functioning domains may take longer periods of abstinence (e.g., greater than a year) to show significant recovery. These findings demonstrate no impact of use abstinence on cognitive aspects of addiction and irreversibility of METH-associated cognitive deficits, which it is advised to be administered with caution.

Previous studies have shown that addiction can result in serious damage to cognitive and emotional functions. The purpose of this study was to compare the levels of prospective memory and impulsivity in stimulant addicts, opioid addicts, cigarette smokers and normal individuals.
The study used a causal-comparative research design. The target population included all of those individuals with adoliction to stimulants, opioids and cigarette who were referred to medical centers in Tehran city. The subjects included 120 persons (divided in to 4 groups of 30) and were selected through a purposive sampling method considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria, informed consent, and matched on demographic variables. They completed the Barratt Impulsivity Scale, prospective memory Scale, and demographic Questionnaire. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (multivariate analysis of variance).
Findings: The results showed that the mean of impulsivity and prospective memory in the three addict group was significantly higher than the normal group. The mean of prospective memory [short-term past, long-term future and impulsivity] was significantly higher in stimulant addicts than in the other two groups of addicts. There was no significant difference between the group of opiate addicts and cigarette smokers, in prospective memory and impulsivity.
Based on the results of this study, it can be deduced that prospective memory and impulsivity are important neuropsychological factors in addiction, and depending on the route of usage, have significant differences. Hence it is evident that specific interventions, on the basis of type of addiction, will be necessary.

As one of the main treatment, chemotherapy is used for cancer treatment; however, it has several side effects, one of which is deficit in executive functions, commonly referred to as 'chemo brain'. The aim of this study was to compare retrospective and prospective memory in women with breast cancer as well as breast cancer survivors with history of chemotherapy to healthy counterparts.
This study was cross-sectional and causal-comparative. The sample included 40 women diagnosed with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy, 40 women with history of chemotherapy who were survivors of breast cancer, and 40 healthy counterpart individuals with no history of chronic diseases, whose prospective and retrospective memory were assessed by questionnaires. The obtained data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance and SPSS version 22.
Data analysis showed that prospective and retrospective memory function in women with history of chemotherapy and survivors of breast cancer were significantly different (P Memory can be considered as one of the main causes of patients’ adherence to treatment, which affects patients’ satisfaction directly and indirectly. Health professionals can be inspired by the findings in this group of individuals to determine what strategies are useful for improving memory and to examine its effects on patients’ medication adherence.

Addiction is a physical, mental, social and spiritual illness and one of the serious damages following substance abuse is brain injury. The main aim of the present study was to compare of prospective and retrospective memory in addicted males, have left addicts, and healthy. The study was a descriptive study. 35 addicted, 32 have left addicts, 35 healthy selected by purposive sampling. Prospective and retrospective memory questionnaire (PRMQ) was used for data collecting. Data were analyzed using of multivariate (MANOVA) and Turkey test. There were significant differences in prospective memory performance between addicts, have left addicts, and healthy (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in retrospective memory performance. Turkey test results also showed that prospective memory score mean more than in addicts and have left addicts, and healthy(P<0.05). The increase duration of addiction causes prospective memory destruction and therefore makes it more difficult to quit addiction.

Methamphetamine (MA) dependence is associated with neural abnormalities and corresponding cognitive deficits, including impairment in prospective memory and executive functions. This study evaluated the hypothesis that MA use is associated with impairment in memory for intentions, or prospective memory and working memory.

Twenty MA-dependent individuals, 20 detoxified MA patients and 20 demographically similar non-MA-using comparison subjects were administered the questionnaire for the subjective assessment of the prospective memory task and assignment reminder phone calls and personal belongings test. For assessment of working memory, span subtest of the Wechsler memory scale was used.

Results showed that the dependent and detoxified MA groups performed significantly lower than the comparison participants on overall prospective memory and working memory tasks.

Findings suggest that individuals with MA dependence experience difficulty in the strategic components involved in the retrieval of future intentions and MA detoxified group were improved somewhat on cognitive functions in this regard.