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عضویت

جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "spatial distribution" در نشریات گروه "پزشکی"

  • Roghaye Farhadi Hassankiadeh, Annette Dobson, Somayeh Rahimi, Abdollah Jalilian, Volker J. Schmid, Behzad Mahaki *
    Background  

    This study aimed to comprehensively analyze the overall congenital heart disease (CHD) prevalence in live births and children in Iran, along with evaluating the spatial distribution of CHD birth prevalence across various geographical regions within the country. 

    Methods 

    A Bayesian hierarchical meta-analysis (PROSPERO 2022: CRD42022331281) was performed to determine the pooled prevalence. A systematic search was conducted using Web of Science, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Iranian Research Institute for Information Science and Technology (IranDoc), Scientific Information Database (SID), and Magiran until October 4, 2023. Cross-sectional and cohort studies in both English and Persian languages, focusing on the age range of 0-10 years, were considered for the study population. The study quality was evaluated using the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) Risk of Bias tool. Heterogeneity was assessed by I2 and τ2 statistics, and publication bias by Egger’s and Begg’s tests.

     Results

      The meta-analysis included 62 studies, revealing an overall CHD prevalence of 2.5 per 1000 births. Over time, CHD birth prevalence in Iran has consistently increased. Spatial distribution analysis, including spatial autocorrelation and local spatial autocorrelation, indicated no spatial clustering (P = .46) or aggregation (P = .65) among Iran’s provinces. Geographic disparities were significant (P = .000), with the northern and eastern regions showing the highest and lowest CHD prevalence, respectively. 

    Conclusion 

    The overall CHD prevalence in Iran is lower than global rates, but it continues to rise. Furthermore, there are variations in birth prevalence among different regions of Iran. Environmental, genetic, socioeconomic, and diagnostic accessibility differences are possibly involved in regional variation. The limitations like heterogeneity among studies, the potential inaccuracy of reports due to limited use of accurate diagnostic methods in some studies, and the absence of population-based models to investigate prevalence, underscore the urgent need for standardized diagnostic approaches, and the utilization of population-wide birth defect registries to accurately assess CHD prevalence in Iran.

    Keywords: Spatial Distribution, Birth Prevalence, Congenital Heart Disease, Iran, Systematic Review, Hierarchical Bayesian Meta-Analysis
  • Faezeh Saberinasab, Samar Mortazavi *, Alireza Riyahi Bakhtiari
    Background
    In regions with heightened pollutant concentrations, especially in industrial and urban areas, dust plays a crucial role in carrying complex metal components, posing environmental challenges and health risks. This study utilized pollution indicators and geographic information system (GIS) to delineate the spatial distribution of heavy metals in the Arak plain.
    Methods
    Dust samples from 30 stations across the Arak plain were systematically collected through random sampling. Analysis using inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP-OES) allowed the calculation of pollution indices (PI) and the Nemerow Integrated Pollution Index (NIPI) for lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), and iron (Fe). GIS generated spatial distribution maps depicting metal pollution.
    Results
    The average concentrations were 45.5 mg/kg for Pb, 10.7 mg/kg for Zn, 0.47 mg/kg for Cu, 30.8 mg/kg for Ni, and 0.206 mg/kg for Fe. Analysis of PI, NIPI, and spatial distribution maps revealed heightened pollution in the northeast, center, south, and southwest areas of the Arak plain, attributed to human activities like heavy vehicle traffic, high population density, concentrated agriculture, and specific industrial operations.
    Conclusion
    The study recommends mitigation strategies, including biological methods like phytoremediation, promotion of public transportation, mandatory environmental standards for industries, and encouragement of green practices. These initiatives aim to address and reduce environmental pollution in the Arak plain.
    Keywords: spatial distribution, Heavy metal, Integrated Nemerow Pollution Index (NIPI), industrial capital of Iran
  • عبدالرحیم اسداللهی*، پریسا بریموندی، سمیه فتح تبار فیروزجایی، رویا جوانمردی، سید منصور کشفی
    سابقه و هدف

    عوامل محیطی و جغرافیایی می تواند به طور موثری در توزیع جغرافیایی بیماری MS (Multiple Sclerosis) موثر باشد. مطالعه حاضر با هدف پهنه‏ بندی مکانی شیوع بیماری ام اس در استان فارس با استفاده از سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی صورت گرفت.

    مواد و روش ها

    در این مطالعه اطلاعات 2031 بیمار مبتلا به MS (Multiple Sclerosis) در استان فارس در سال 1402 بررسی شد. ابزار گردآوری اطلاعات شامل ویژگی های جمعیت‏ شناختی و متغیرهای بالینی بود؛ داده‏ های زیست محیطی، آب و هوایی و کدهای GPS استان گردآوری شده؛ سپس به نرم افزار Arch-GIS منتقل شدند.

    یافته ها

    سن اکثر مبتلایان به بیماری MS بالای 40 سال، اکثریت متاهل، خانه دار، تحصیلات لیسانس، با سابقه کمبود ویتامین D و با گروه خونی O بودند. اکثریت تحت درمان با داروهای تزریقی بودند. نتایج تحلیل GIS نشان داد شیراز و مرودشت جزء مناطق با خطر بالای MS بوده با درصد جمعیتی زنان بودند. همچنین روند شیوع بیماری بر روی مناطق با دمای متوسط، رطوبت و بارش بیشتر متمرکز بوده و نرخ ابتلا در نواحی مرتفع شایع‏تر از نواحی گرم است.

    نتیجه گیری

    این پژوهش تا حدود زیادی با مطالعات پیشین در ایران و جهان همسو است. شیوع بیماری در مناطق مختلف فارس و کشور می‏ تواند به دلیل مولفه قومیتی- تغذیه ای و زیست محیطی خاص این مناطق باشد که نیازمند بررسی و پژوهش بیشتر است.

    کلید واژگان: پهنه بندی مکانی, مالتیپل اسکلروزیس (MS), سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی, استان فارس
    A. Asadollahi *, P. Berimavandi, S. Fatah Tabar, R. Javanmardi, S.M. Kashfi
    Background and Objective

    The influence of environmental and geographical factors on the prevalence of multiple sclerosis (MS) disease is significant. The aim of this study was to spatially map the prevalence of MS in Fars province using a geographic information system (GIS).

    Methods

    In the current study, the data of 2031 MS patients in Fars province of Iran in 2023 were analyzed. The data were collected using demographic characteristics, clinical variables, environmental data, weather conditions and GPS coordinates of the province and then entered into Arch-GIS software.

    Findings

    Most of the MS patients were over 40 years old, married, and housewives, had a bachelor's degree, suffered from vitamin D deficiency, and had blood type O. Most patients were treated with injectable drugs. The GIS analysis revealed that Shiraz and Morvdasht were high-risk regions for MS, especially for the female population. The prevalence of the disease was highly concentrated in areas with moderate temperature, humidity, and higher rainfall and was higher in higher altitude regions than in warmer areas.

    Conclusion

    This study consistent with previous studies conducted in Iran and worldwide. The prevalence of MS in different regions of Fars and the country can be attributed to unique ethnic, nutritional and environmental factors, warranting further investigation and research.

    Keywords: Spatial Distribution, Multiple Sclerosis, Geographic Information System, Fars Province
  • Shahrzad Moghadam, Isa Piri*
    Background

    As cities are the focus of health services and diseases, it is noteworthy that two-thirds of the global population affected by diabetes, totaling 415 million individuals, live in urban areas. Consequently, cities have become the main centers of health interventions aimed at reducing the growing curve of diabetes. The current study aims to investigate the effect of urban factors on the prevalence of diabetes, with a particular focus on the spatial and spatial differences in Zanjan City, with an applied developmental goal.

    Methods

    The current study employs a descriptive survey method. Geographic information systems (GIS) have been used to understand the spatial difference in the incidence of diabetes. For this purpose, after collecting information, a database was created in ArcCatalog, and spatial statistics tools in ArcMap.

    Results

    The analysis, supported by Movaren's index with a coefficient of 1.64 confirms the presence of special clusters in diabetes distribution within Zanjan City. Cold spots, indicating lower prevalence, are centered in the southern and southwestern regions, while higher incidence is observed in the northeastern and northwestern parts of the city, with a statistically significant confidence level of 99 %. The regression results also show a strong and positive relationship between certain occupational sectors, such as art and entertainment (coefficient of 2.5), transportation (coefficient of 3.5), and the food industry (coefficient of 2.01) with this disease. In terms of the spatial distribution of diabetes, there is a significant relationship. A strong and positive correlation at the 99 % confidence level can be seen in Darmangah, Shahrak Shahada, and Qeysarieh.

    Conclusion

    The findings of the present study underscore the existence of a cluster pattern in the occurrence of diabetes within Zanjan City.

    Keywords: Diabetes, Spatial differentiation, Spatial distribution, Moran's coefficient, Zanjan
  • R. Kiani*, S. Shahbazin, M.E. Akbari, M. Moudi
    Aims

    Iraq used chemical weapons in the war with Iran, in military and civilian areas. Due to the long-term effects of these weapons, Considering over 35 years after this eight-year war, the number of chemical warfare victims is increasing. This research aimed to investigate the spatial distribution of chemical warfare victims by province.
    Instrument &

    Methods

    This descriptive-analytical research study was done using data obtained from the General Department of Statistics and Information Technology of the Martyr and Veteran Affairs Foundation. The data of chemical casualties includes the number; place of residence, gender, and type of injury in 2021 that were analyzed using SPSS 20 and ArcGIS software and Moran's test.

    Findings

    The total number of veterans in 2021 was 601330; 10.7% of them were chemical victims. Tehran (11%), Isfahan (9.67%), and Khorasan-Razavi (6.92%) provinces had the highest, and Hormozgan (0.39%), South-Khorasan (0.66%), and Sistan & Baluchistan (0.77% provinces) had the lowest. The spatial distribution of chemical warfare victims showed a cluster pattern.

    Conclusion

    The consequences of Iraq's use of chemical weapons can be seen in all of Iran’s provinces, and all provinces have chemical victims. Tehran, Isfahan, Khorasan Razavi, Kerman, West-Azerbaijan, and Khuzestan have more chemical victims than other provinces.

    Keywords: Chemical casualties, Health demographic, Spatial distribution, Veteran, War, Policy
  • Amin Allah Pasgar, Mohammad Malakootian*

    Awareness of lead (Pb) distribution and zoning in urban, agricultural, and industrial areas is of particular importance in environmental protection planning. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the distribution of Pb in different uses with different levels of industrial development and human activities in urban areas in Hamadan during 2018. For this purpose, 146 soil samples were collected from 0-20 cm depth and prepared for air-dried laboratory analyses. Then, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total Pb, and adsorbable Pb in the soil were measured. The results demonstrated that the mean concentration of total Pb is 88 mg/kg. In addition, the mean concentration of Pb in urban, industrial, and agricultural areas was 41 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg, and 17 mg/kg, respectively. Further, the average concentration of adsorbable Pb with a standard deviation of 0.3 in industrial, urban, and agricultural areas was 0.38 mg/kg, 0.16 mg/kg, and 0.06 mg/kg. Land use was an important source of Pb change in the studied soils; however, Pb change did not depend only on land use. Factors such as weather conditions or proximity to roads, as well as previous land uses, could affect the role of existing land use and be effective in the distribution of soil Pb. Studies revealed that the amount of the soil’s adsorbable Pb is more important than that of total Pb in different uses, which should be considered in any soil-related research.

    Keywords: Soil contamination, Heavy metals, Lead, Spatial distribution, Hamadan
  • سعیده شهبازین، محمد ساسانی پور*
    اهداف

    با توجه به الگوی سنی مهاجرت و نیز روند سالمندی در کشور، هدف از انجام این مطالعه بررسی تاثیر میزان مهاجرت بر الگوی توزیع فضایی سالمندی شهرستان های کشور طی سال های 1385 تا 1395 است. 

    مواد و روش ها

    این مطالعه از نوع تحلیل ثانویه و توصیفی تحلیلی است. منبع استفاده شده داده های سرشماری عمومی نفوس و مسکن بوده و واحد تحلیل نیز شهرستان های کشوراست. برای تحلیل داده ها از شاخص های همبستگی پیرسون و تحلیل واریانس در قالب نرم افزار SPSS نسخه 22 و برای نمایش نقشه های توزیع فضایی از GIS استفاده شده است.

    یافته ها

    بررسی روند مهاجرت در شهرستان ها نشان داد شهرستان های مهاجرفرست با از دست دادن جمعیت جوان خود به سمت سالمندی رفته اند. این در حالی است که شهرستان های جوان عمدتا مهاجرپذیر هستند. درنتیجه، هر ساله بر نسبت شهرستان های سالمند افزوده شده است. همبستگی رابطه میزان خالص مهاجرت با شاخص سالمندی حاکی از رابطه معکوس (0/363-، 0/303- و 0/216-) این 2 متغیر طی هر 3 دوره مهاجرتی بوده است. با افزایش میزان خالص مهاجرت، شاخص سالمندی کاهش پیدا می کند. نتایج تحلیل واریانس نیز نشان از تفاوت معنادار میزان خالص مهاجرت در سطح شهرستانی دارد (در سطح معنا داری 0/000). توزیع فضایی شهرستان های کشور نیز نشان داد شهرستان های مهاجرفرست مناطق غربی و شمال غربی در مقایسه با سایر مناطق سرعت سالمندی بالاتری دارند. 

    نتیجه گیری

    با توجه به سوال پژوهشی تحقیق باید گفت که الگوی فضایی سالمندی در جمعیت ایران درمجموع با توجه به شاخص های مطالعه شده به صورت خوشه ای پراکندگی داشته و جمعیت ایران در حال گذار از میان سالی به سالمندی است.

    کلید واژگان: مهاجرت داخلی, سالمندی, توزیع فضایی
    Saeedeh Shahbazin, Mohammad Sasanipour*
    Objectives

    Considering the migration age pattern and the aging trend in Iran, this study aims to investigate the migration effect on the aging spatial distribution of the country during 2006-2016.

    Methods & Materials

    This study is a secondary and descriptive-analytical analysis. The source used is the data of the general population and housing census and the analysis unit is the counties of the country. Pearson correlation and analysis of variance in SPSS software, version 22 were used to analyze the data and geographic information system (GIS) was used to display spatial distribution maps.

    Results

    The study of the migration process in the cities showed that the immigrant-first cities have gone towards aging by losing their young population, while the young cities are mostly receiver-migrant. As a result, the proportion of elder cities is increasing every year. The correlation between the net migration rate and the aging index indicates the inverse relationship (-0.363, -0.303, and -0.216) of these two variables during all periods; as the net migration rate increases, the aging index decreases. The results of the analysis of variance also showed the net migration rate at the county level is significantly different (P = 0.000). The spatial distribution also showed that immigrant-first cities in the western and northwestern regions have a higher rate of aging compared to other regions.

    Conclusion

    According to the research question, it should be said that the spatial pattern of aging in the population of Iran according to the studied indicators is scattered in clusters and the population of Iran is transitioning from middle age to old age.

    Keywords: Internal migration, Aging, Spatial distribution
  • Hossein Ebrahimipour, Payam Mahmoudian*, Reza Vafainejad, Ali Ebrazeh, Seyedah Elaha Hosseini, Khosro Shakeri, Seyed Hassan Mohsenian
    Background

    Physical access to health services is determined by the geographic location of the patient. This study aims to distribute the bases and hospitals of Mashhad City, Iran, and the extent of coverage of the bases in traffic accidents.

    Materials and Methods

    This research is a descriptive cross-sectional and applied study. The study population for high-accident points includes 21142 missions carried out regarding traffic accidents as well as 37 points related to 115 emergency bases in 2014. The information needed by the researcher was collected by receiving the files of the injured from the statistical unit of the center. By forming the database of the road network in Mashhad City in a geographic information system environment as communication links and defining emergency centers as facilities, the radius of emergency centers was drawn using the service area method. 

    Results

    In this study, the areas that needed more services and the number of provider centers was less compared to the covered area were identified. After matching the distribution map of the bases with the distribution of accidents, the areas with the lowest distribution of accidents and the highest service of emergency medical services, as well as high accidents and less service were obtained. 

    Conclusion

    The distribution of bases and hospitals does not have a proper distribution situation, which can lead to the lowering of the desired level and the creation of illogical concentration. To cover the emergency missions, it is necessary to set up emergency bases and complete the existing hospitals in the city.

    Keywords: Spatial distribution, Physical access, Pre-hospital Emergency Medical Services (EMS), Geographic Information systems (GIS)
  • Jahar Bhowmik, Raaj Kishore Biswas *
    Background

    Asian and pacific region countries are high risk countries for human immunodeficiency virus/ acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS). Although the prevalence of HIV/AIDS is low in Bangladesh but women in Bangladesh have been identified as susceptible due to associated socioeconomic exposures. There are various misconceptions associated with HIV/AIDS transmission among the women in low- and middle-income countries including Bangladesh, which lead to a negative attitude towards the HIV/AIDS-infected. The purpose of this study was to assess the overall knowledge, transmission, and misconception about HIV/AIDS among the women in Bangladesh as well as its spatial distribution across the country.

    Methods

    The study used data from the UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund) Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) 2019, with a sample of 64 346 women. This was a cross-sectional, population-based survey of Bangladeshi women aged 15–49 conducted using a multistage, cluster sampling technique. Three binary outcome variables considered were knowledge about HIV/AIDS, knowledge about HIV/AIDS transmission and knowledge on myths and misconceptions on HIV/AIDS along with 10 predictors based on past literature. Bivariable analysis using chi-square tests of association was conducted to examine the unadjusted percentage differences of the outcome variables for each of the predictor variables and their associations. Multiple binary logistic regression models were then fitted to evaluate the association between the outcome variables and the predictors after adjusting for survey cluster, strata, and weights. All analysis was conducted in R software (V 2.5.0).

    Results

    The percentage of women who held knowledge about HIV/AIDS, knowledge about HIV/AIDS transmission and knowledge on misconceptions about transmission of HIV were on average 60.3%, 52.2% and 71.7% respectively. The models indicated that women regularly exposed to media were 79%, 18% and 19% significantly more likely (odds ratio, OR: [95% CI] = 1.79: [1.70, 1.89]; 1.18: [1.10 1.26] and 1.19: [1.11, 1.27]) to have heard about HIV, aware about HIV transmission, and have less misconceptions about HIV respectively compared to those who were not exposed to media. Overall results indicate that women from peripheral districts living far from metropolitan cities were most unaware of HIV and had higher misconceptions about AIDS.

    Conclusion

    The findings of this study should assist policy-makers and program implementers to focus on raising awareness to educating women about how HIV/AIDS is transmitted. Furthermore, interventions should be made by targeting the most disadvantaged groups, including younger women with low education living in rural areas, from poor households and limited access to information. Also, education on HIV transmission in Bangladesh should integrate cultural and ethnic considerations of HIV/AIDS.

    Keywords: HIV, AIDS knowledge, Awareness, Women, Bangladesh, spatial distribution
  • Maryam Zahed *, Ali Goli, Elaheh Zamirian, Saeid Zahed, Azita Azad, Fatemeh Aghaei

    Statement of the Problem: 

    Oral lichen planus (OLP) is an important inflammatory disease concerning its tendency to malignancy. The etiopathogenesis of this disease is still unknown. Medical geography uses geographic techniques to study factors related to location that cause uneven distribution of disease.

    Purpose

    This study was conducted to map OLP in patients referred to Shiraz Dental School with medical geography techniques and investigate any possible relationship between the number of dentists and health-centers in different regions of Fars province with the number of referrals.

    Materials and Method

    In this cross-sectional study, we evaluated the records of OLP patients referred to Shiraz Dental School from 2007 to 2018. Age, sex, place of residence, occupation, level of education, location of involvement, duration, and cutaneous involvement were recorded. The number of dentists and healthcare centers was obtained from the statistical records of Fars province. A Geographic Information System was used for the assessment of the spatial distribution of OLP. Ordinary least squares (OLS) and geographically weighted regression (GWR) indices were used for evaluating the relationship between the number of dentists and health centers with the number of referrals.

    Results

    From 1006 records, 457 were studied, from which 71% were female (age range of 41-60). The regression coefficient was 0.937 for the number of dentists in each county compared to OLP referrals indicating a strong relationship. The regression coefficient was 0.983 for the number of health-centers. According to GWR analyses in Shiraz neighboring counties like Marvdasht, Sepidan, and Sarvestan, there is a positive relationship between the number of dentists and OLP patients.

    Conclusion

    The results revealed that dentists and health care centers had a good cognition of referring patients with OLP (as a premalignant lesion) for definite diagnosis in Fars counties. But both groups need more education in this matter. Moreover, referrals from settlements near Shiraz were more common because of their easier access.

    Keywords: Medical Geography, Dentists, Spatial Distribution, Oral lichen planus
  • Mehran Rostami, Abdollah Jalilian, Seyed Amirhosein Mahdavi, Nasser Bagheri
    Background

    The suicide incident has had an increasing trend in Iran over the past years. This study mainly aimed to investigate and visualize the spatial variations of registered suicide cases at the province level. A two-step modeling approach was employed in order to estimate the relative risks and model the age of fatal suicide across provinces in Iran. Study design: An applied ecological study.

    Methods

    This study used the suicide death data recorded by the Iranian forensic medicine organization from March 21, 2016, to March 20, 2018. Furthermore, a Bayesian spatial approach- Besag, York, and Mollie's (BYM) model- was applied to estimate the relative risk of suicide across provinces in Iran.

    Results

    This risk was found to be significantly higher than the average in both men and women in the west of Iran. For women, higher population density (mean: 0.003; 95% CrI: 0.001-0.005) and lower urbanization rate of provinces (mean: -0.025; 95% CrI: -0.038, -0.012) were associated with increased relative risk of suicide. Based on the log-normal model fitted to the data, the overall mean age of the fatal suicide at the national level was 34 years.

    Conclusions

    The magnitude of gender and age differences was quantified, and many spatial variations were identified in suicide mortality across provinces in Iran. Given the heterogeneity in suicide mortality risk among different subgroups of age and gender, our findings point to the urgent need in developing gender- and age-specific suicide prevention strategies. Moreover, efficient allocation of healthcare resources for suicide prevention can be attained by targeting provinces with higher risk.

    Keywords: Completed suicide, Mapping, Spatial distribution, Iran
  • محمدابراهیم فاضل ولی پور*
    زمینه وهدف

    امروزه آلودگی خاک به فلزات سنگین به عنوان یکی از مهمترین آلاینده ها محسوب می شود و از نظر سمیت و پایداری جز خطرناک ترین گروه طبقه بندی شده اند و به دلیل خصوصیات آلایندگی شان در خاک، سمی بودن، زمان ماندگاری بالا و تجمع آنها در بافت جانداران، از اهمیت اکولوژیکی و بیولوژیکی زیادی برخوردارند. مطالعه حاضر با هدف بررسی نحوه پراکنش و توزیع فلزات سنگین در خاک منطقه ده نو شاندیز (شمال غرب مشهد) انجام شد.

    مواد و روش ها

    در این تحقیق 20 نمونه خاک از عمق صفر تا 30 سانتی متری جمع آوری گردید و غلظت کل عناصر آرسنیک، کادمیوم، کبالت، کروم و نیکل با استفاده از دستگاه اسپکتروفتومتر جذب اتمی اندازه گیری شد. برخی از ویژگی های خاک شامل PH،  درصد کربن، ظرفیت تبادل کاتیونی و بافت خاک نیز در نمونه ها اندازه گیری گردید. تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها با استفاده از نرم افزار آماری spss ، ورژن 7/2 انجام شد.

    یافته ها

    بر اساس نتایج حاصل از اندازه گیری میزان غلظت فلزات سنگین، میانگین غلظت آرسنیک، کادمیوم، کبالت، کروم و نیکل در منطقه مورد مطالعه به ترتیب 10/87،  0/26،  14/8،  56/6 و 2/68میلی گرم بر کیلوگرم بود. همچنین براساس نتایج حاصل از آنالیز آماری انحراف معیار و میانگین فلزات آرسنیک، کادمیوم، کبالت، کروم و نیکل در منطقه مورد مطالعه به ترتیب 1/97،  0/16، 1/32، 19/47 و 17/39 بود.

    نتیجه گیری

    غلظت نیکل در خاک های منطقه نسبت به میانگین استاندارد سازمان حفاظت محیط زیست ایران بالاتر و غلظت کروم، کبالت، کادمیوم و آرسنیک نسبت به میانگین این استاندارد پایین تر است. وجود خاک های سرپانتینیتی، سبب افزایش غلظت عنصر نیکل در منطقه شده است.

    کلید واژگان: آلودگی خاک, توزیع مکانی, ده نو شاندیز, فلزات سنگین, مشهد
    MohammadEbrahim Fazel Valipour *
    Background and Aim

    Heavy metals contamination of soils is one of the main environmental problems. Heavy metals are considered as one most dangerous groups of pollutants because of their toxicity and stability. The biological and ecological importance of heavy metals is due to their characteristics of polluting, their toxicity, persistence and bioaccumulation. The aim of this study was to investigate the spatial distribution of heavy metals in region Dehnow Shandiz (North West of mashhad).

    Materials and Methods

    In the present study, 20 soil samples (10-30 cm depth) collected and total concentration of As, Cd, Co, Cr and Ni were measured using Atomic absorption spectrophotometer device. Also, some other soil properties including PH, Organic carbon, CEC and soil texture proportions were measured.

    Results

    The results showed that the average concentrations of As, Cd, Co, Cr and Ni in the study area were 10.87, 0.26, 14.8, 56.6 and 68.2 mg/kg respectively. Also the results of statistical analysis showed that the standard deviations of As, Cd, Co, Cr and Ni in the study area were 1.97, 0.16, 1.32, 19.47 and 17.39 respectively.

    Conclusion

    The results indicate that the average concentration of Ni in the soil of study area were higher than the standard of the Environmental Protection Organization of Iran and As, Cd, Co and Cr were lower than the standard. The presence of serpentinite soils has increased the concentration of nickel in the region.

    Keywords: Dehnov Shandiz, Mashhad, Soil pollution, Heavy metals, Spatial distribution
  • Akbar Zolfaghari *, Hassan Hekmatnia, Saba Derakhshanifar
    Background

    Determining the development level of various communities paves the way for accurate planning. The present study provides an analysis of health care development in the counties of Yazd province using 22 health indicators.

    Methods

    The present study was conducted using an economic and retrospective approach. The data in this study were collected in 2016 using a documentary study. Besides, the analytic hierarchy process and the entropy method were used to weight the indicators, and the VIKOR method and Sturges' rule were used to analyze the data and to rate the counties with SPSS software (version 22).

    Results

    Yazd province with an average Q value of 0.43 does not have a favorable position in terms of the development of health services. It was also shown that Taft and Saduq counties had the highest and lowest levels of health care development, respectively.

    Conclusion

    Given that Yazd province in general and its counties, in particular, were not in a favorable situation in terms of health care indicators, the components such as education, health care, treatment, and housing need to be considered the priority of human development programs in the 10 counties of Yazd province. Furthermore, regardless of variables such as population, administrative-military densities, and size, individual factors like gender, literacy, and awareness as well as economic factors such as income need to be taken into account in development programs.

    Keywords: Spatial Distribution, Development, Health Care, Health Indicators, Negative Entropy
  • PARVIN Sabet Aghlidi, Mehrdad Cheraghi*, Bahareh Lorestani, Soheil Sobhanardakani, Hajar Merrikhpour

    Background & Aims:

     of the Study: Heavy metal contamination of soils, due to improper consumption of materials, such as different agrochemicals and pesticides, has caused major concerns in previous decades. Eghlid county, in the south of Iran, represents an area with contaminated soil by heavy metal which is due to the long-term use of fertilizers in cultivation. In this regard, the present study aimed to examine the spatial distribution of cadmium (Cd) contamination of soil and the soil properties that affect the Cd concentration in soil using geostatistical methods.

    Materials and Methods

    This study was performed on 100 randomly selected surface soil samples. Some of the physical and chemical properties of the samples were measured, including calcium carbonate, electrical conductivity (EC), pH, soil texture, and organic matter. Cadmium concentration in samples was measured through the aqua regia method using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The spatial distribution and temporal variation of data were carried out using the Kriging interpolation method and geographic information systems.

    Results

    According to the results of geostatistical analyses, the semi-variogram of Cd, calcium carbonate, pH, and EC in the studied area followed a linear model, while that of the organic matter followed an exponential pattern. Moreover, the mean value of Cd concentration in the studied area was 2.80 mg kg-1 which indicated that most of the area had a high concentration of Cd, according to the Kriging map. Furthermore, based on the spatial distribution pattern of the soil characteristics, the percentage of clay in the northern and central parts of the studied area was found to be more than the southeastern sections. Besides, pH and carbonate calcium rates were higher in the northeast and southeast regions. In addition, the northern part of the studied area contained higher rates of EC and organic matter.

    Conclusion

    Based on the findings, it can be argued that human activities, such as the excessive use of fertilizers, have had a significant effect on the increase in Cd concentration in the studied area.

    Keywords: Cadmium, Environmental pollution, Soil pollutants, Spatial distribution
  • روح الله عسکری، میلاد شفیعی، ذبیح الله چارراهی، سید علی المدرسی، سید محمد افرازنده*
    زمینه و هدف

    دسترسی جغرافیایی مناسب به امکانات درمانی بیمارستانی منجر به افزایش مراجعه افراد جهت دریافت خدمات غیر اورژانسی و عدم تاخیر در ارایه خدمات اورژانسی خواهد شد. هدف این پژوهش، تعیین وضعیت دسترسی به امکانات درمانی بیمارستانی و مکان یابی بهینه بیمارستانها در شهر یزد در سال 2019 بود.

    روش تحقیق

    این پژوهش از نظرنوع  توصیفی و از نظر اهداف یک مطالعه کاربردی است. داده های مورد نیاز تحلیل دسترسی شامل اطلاعات مربوط به کلیه مراکز بیمارستانی موجود، اطلاعات جمعیتی، نقشه ی کاربری نظامی، مسکونی، ورزشی، صنعتی، فضای سبز، آموزشی،  تراکم جمعیت، راه های ارتباطی و لایه  بلوک های جمعیتی شهر یزد بود. تحلیل داده ها در نرم افزار GISورژن 10.3انجام گرفت.

    یافته ها

      شهر یزد دارای 11 بیمارستان و 1915 تخت فعال است. تعداد بیمارستانها متناسب با کل جمعیت بود ، اما کمبود 147 تخت فعال وجود داشت. سرانه فضای بیمارستان 0.40 متر مربع بود که بیشتر از حد استاندارد (0.37 مترمربع) است. توزیع بیمارستان و تختخواب در مناطق مختلف یزد نابرابر بود.درصد جمعیت با دسترسی زیاد یا مطلوب  (جمعیت داخل شعاع 1500 متری پیرامون بیمارستانها) به بیمارستانهای دارای  بخش های اورژانس، داخلی وجراحی، اطفال و زنان وزایمان به ترتیب 54.12 ، 41.92، 44.44 و 48.34 درصد جمعیت شهریزد است. همچنین ، جمعیت با دسترسی محدود (جمعیت خارج از شعاع 3000 متری بیمارستان ها) به بیمارستان های دارای واحدهای اورژانس ، داخلی و جراحی ، کودکان و زنان به ترتیب 15.40، 31.72 ، 21.78 و 18.89 درصد از جمعیت یزد را تشکیل می دهند. نقشه طبقه بندی شده پهنه های شهر یزد برای احداث بیمارستان در 5 دسته بسیار مناسب تا بسیار نامناسب نشان داد که نزدیک به 34 درصد منطقه مورد مطالعه، جهت احداث بیمارستان مناسب است.

    نتیجه گیری

    با توجه به نتایج بدست آمده ، کمبود بیمارستان و فضای بیمارستانی در  شهر یزد وجود ندارد و تعداد تخت ها کمتر از استاندارد بین المللی نیست. با این حال ، مکان یابی بیمارستان ها به گونه ای نیست که بخش عمده ای از جمعیت در شعاع دسترسی زیاد یا مطلوب بیمارستان ها قرار گیرند.

    کلید واژگان: دسترسی به خدمات بهداشتی, بیمارستان, مکان یابی, سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی, شهر یزد
    Roohollah Askari, Milad Shafiee, Zabihollah Charrahi, Seyed Ali Almodarresi, Seyed Mohammad Afrazandeh*
    Introduction

    proper geographical access to hospital medical facilities will increase people’s visits to receive non-emergency services and no delay in providing emergency services. This research aimed to determine the level of access to hospital medical facilities with Geographical Information System in Yazd in 2019.

    Methods

    This research is descriptive and applied. The required data for analyzing access included the information related to all existing hospitals, demographic data, and the layer of Yazd’s population blocks. Data analysis was carried out with GIS10.3 software.

    Results

    Yazd city has 11 hospitals and 1915 active beds. The number of hospitals was proportional to the total population, but there was a shortage of 147 active beds. The per capita hospital space was 0.40 square meters, which is more than the standard (0.37 m2). The distribution of hospitals and beds in different regions of Yazd was inequitable. The population with high or desirable access (the population within a 1500-meter radius of the hospitals) to the hospitals with emergency, internal and surgery, pediatric, and gynecology units made up 54.12, 41.92, 44.44, and 48.34 percent of the Yazd’s population, respectively. Also, the population with limited access (the population out of a 3000-meter radius of hospitals) to the hospitals with emergency, internal and surgery, pediatric, and gynecology units made up 15.40,   31.72, 21.78, and 18.89 percent of the Yazd’s population, respectively.

    Conclusion

    Regarding the obtained results, it is concluded that there is no shortage of hospitals and hospital space in Yazd, and the number of beds is not way below the international standard. However, locating the hospitals is not so that a large proportion of the population is placed within the radius of high or desirable access to hospitals.

    Keywords: Health Services Accessibility, Hospital, Spatial distribution, Locating, geographical information system, Yazd
  • Faranak Firoozfar, Abedin Saghafipour*, Hassan Vatandoost, Mulood Mohammadi Bavani, Masoumeh Taherpour, Nahid Jesri, Mahmood Yazdani, Kourosh Arzamani
    Background

    Scorpions pose one of the most important public health and medical problems in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, especially in developing countries. This study was conducted to determine the fauna and spatial distribution of scorpions.

    Methods

    In this descriptive study, scorpions were captured using ultra-violet (UV) light, pitfall traps and digging methods in North Khorasan Province, northeastern Iran in 2017. After being encoded, the collected scorpions were stored in plastic containers of 70% ethanol and then transferred to the medical entomology lab of Tehran University of Medical Sciences for species identification based on morphological keys. In addition, Arc GIS 9.3 software was utilized for mapping spatial distribution of scorpions.

    Results

    Overall, 143 scorpions were captured and identified. All of collected scorpions belonged only to Buthidae family. They were also classified into four genera (Androctonus, Mesobuthus, Odontobuthus, Orthochirus) and five species: M. eupeus (59.44%), A. crassicauda (16.78%), O. doriae (12.59), M. (Olivierus) caucasicus (9.09%), and O. farzanpayi (2.10%). Furthermore, spatial distribution of scorpions was performed in this area.

    Conclusion

    Regarding the diversity, high frequency and wide geographical distribution of scorpions and their longterm seasonal activity in this area, the probability of occurrence of scorpion sting is high. Therefore, in order to prevent the occurrence of this public health problem, health educational programs be implemented by health- care providers in the area.

    Keywords: Scorpions, Spatial distribution, GIS, Iran
  • بهناز بیگی، حمیر رضاحمیدرضا بهرامی، رضا افتخاری گل، نجمه مهاجری، بتسابه یوسفی، حسین بوسعید، احسان موسی فرخانی*
    زمینه و هدف
    با وجود ارتقای سطح بهداشت، آلودگی به شپش ها به عنوان یک عامل تهدیده کننده سلامت عمومی و معضلی بهداشتی مطرح است. لذا مطالعه حاضر با هدف بررسی پراکندگی فضایی پدیکلوز در شهرستان های تحت پوشش دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مشهد در سال 95 انجام شد.
    مواد و روش ها
    این مطالعه از نوع توصیفی- تحلیلی از نوع مقطعی می باشد. اطلاعات 7453 فرد مبتلا به پدیکلوزیس در مقطع زمانی 4 ماهه (آبان لغایت بهمن ماه 1395) از پرونده الکترونیک سلامت سینا استخراج گردید. برای نشان دادن توزیع فضایی بیماری از نرم افزارGIS استفاده شد. برای تجزیه تحلیل اطلاعات از نرم افزار SPSS و برای رسم نمودار ها از نرم-افزار Graph pad استفاده شد.
    یافته ها
    مطالعه نشان داد که 2/91 درصد از کل جمعیت مبتلا را زنان و 1/64 درصد را افراد نوجوان با بازه سنی 7-18 سال تشکیل داده بودند. میزان شیوع در افراد با تحصیلات ابتدایی و کودکان زیر 6 سال به ترتیب 6/42 و 8/31 درصد بود که بیشترین میزان شیوع را به خود اختصاص داده بود. 6/54 از موارد انتقال پدیکلوزیس در مدارس 3/46 درصد از روش انتقال مستقیم به وقوع پیوسته بود. بر اساس نقشه توزیع فضایی خلیل آباد بیشترین میزان شیوع و کلات کمترین میزان شیوع را در بین شهرستان های خراسان رضوی داشتند.
    نتیجه گیری
    با توجه به نتایج این مطالعه می توان گفت دختران در مقطع ایتدایی بیشتر در معرض آلودگی هستند. بیشترین مکان احتمال آلودگی مدارس و بیشترین نحوه آلودگی از طریق تماس مستقیم می باشد. افراد با سطح تحصیلات بالاتر کمتر در معرض آلودگی بودند.
    کلید واژگان: شپش, پدیکلوزیس, توزیع فضایی, مشهد
    Behnaz Beygi, Hamidreza Bahrami, Reza Eftekhari Gol, Najmeh Mohajeri, Batsabeh Yousefi, Hossein Boosaeed, Ehsan Musa Farkhani *
    Background
    Despite progress in health, Contamination of lice are considered as a health problem. The aim of this study was to investigate the spatial distribution of Pediculosis in the cities covered by Mashhad University of Medical Sciences in 2016.
    Materials and Methods
    This study was descriptive and analytical cross sectional. Information from 7453 Pediculosis patients was extracted from the Sina Electronic Health Record in a 4-month period (November 2016 to March 2017). To show the spatial distribution of the disease, was used the GIS software. That was used SPSS software to analyze the data and graph pad software to plot the graphs.
    Results
    The study showed that 91.2% of the total population was women and 64.1% were adolescents aged between 7 and 18 years old. Prevalence rates in elementary and children under the 6 years were 42.6% and 31.8%, respectively, with the highest prevalence. Pediclusis transmission was 64.6% in schools and 46.3% in the direct transmission method. Based on spatial distribution map of Khalilabad, the highest prevalence and Kalat were the least prevalence among Khorasan Razavi counties.
    Conclusion
    Considering the results of this study, it can be said that elementary girls are more likely to expose to contamination. Schools were the most probable places of contamination, and direct contact were the most common way of contamination was obtained. People with higher levels of education were less likely to be infected.
    Keywords: Head lice, Pediculosis, Spatial Distribution, Mashhad
  • Mohammad GHANIMATDAN, Abdolali CHALECHALE, Farid REZAEI, Mohammad Bagher ROKNI, Seyed Reza SHAHROKHI
    Background
    This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of fascioliasis and to perform a climatological analysis of different regions of Iran based on the current situation of the parasite and its intermediate host using Geographical Information System (GIS).
    Methods
    Meteorological data were obtained from Iran Meteorological Organization. Risk map of fascioliasis transmission was prepared based on this data and using forecasting indices. Further, the number of fascioliasis cases from 31 provinces reported to the Iran Veterinary Organization were collected and prevalence maps of livestock fascioliasis were drawn.
    Results
    The main risk hotspots were found in Northern provinces like Golestan, Mazandaran and Gilan as well as some Southern provinces such as Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad and Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari and Fars, which have ideal conditions for completion of the parasite life cycle. Moreover, Gilan Province with 10.83% had the highest rate of fascioliasis infection in slaughtered animal.
    Conclusion
    Iran is one of the most important foci of fascioliasis globally. Several provinces of Iran have appropriate conditions for evolution of parasite life cycle and presence of its intermediate host. These regions require special attention and serious determination in order to control fascioliasis in human and animals.
    Keywords: Fascioliasis, Bioclimatic analysis, Spatial distribution, Risk map, Iran
  • Najmeh Hesami, Mohammad Reza Abai, Hassan Vatandoost, Mostafa Alizadeh, Mahboubeh Fatemi, Javad Ramazanpour, Ahmad Ali Hanafi Bojd*
    Background
    Mosquitoes are very important vectors of diseases to human. We aimed to establish the first spatial database on the mosquitoes of Isfahan Province, central Iran, and to predict the geographical distribution of species with medical importance.
    Methods
    Mosquito larvae were collected from eight counties of Isfahan Province during 2014. Collected data were transferred to a database in ArcGIS and the distribution maps were created. MaxEnt model and jackknife analysis were used to predict the geographical distribution of two medical important species, and to find the effective varia bles for each species.
    Results
    Totally, 1143 larvae were collected including 6 species, Anopheles maculipennis s.l., An. superpictus s.l., An. marteri, Culex hortensis, Cx. theileri and Culiseta longiareolata. The area under curve in MaxEnt model was 0.951 and 0.873 rather 1 for An. maculipennis s.l. and Cx. theileri, respectively. Culex theileri had wider and more appropriate niches across the province, except for the eastern area. The environmental variable with highest gain was mean tem perature of the wettest quarter for Cx. theileri and temperature seasonality for An. maculipennis. Culex theileri, An. maculipennis s.l. and An. superpictus, three important vectors of parasitic agents to humans, were collected in this study.
    Conclusion
    The mosquito collected and mapped can be considered for transmission of malaria and filariasis in the region. Bearing in mind the results of niche modeling for vector species, more studies on vectorial capacity and re sistance status to different insecticides of these species are recommended.
    Keywords: Culicidae, Spatial distribution, Culex theileri, Anopheles maculipennis s.l., Ecological niche modeling
  • Eslam Moradiasl, Davoud Adham*, Hossein Solimanzadeh, Abedin Saghafipour, Hadi Eghbal
    Background
    Scorpion sting is a major health threatening problem in the world, while most victims in Iran are children. Identification of high-risk areas for scorpion stings and dispersal areas map can help to control, prevent, and take effective measures in a timely manner.
    Objectives
    The current study aimed at investigating the scorpion stings and determining the distribution status and spatial analysis in Ardabil Province, North-West of Iran.
    Methods
    The current cross sectional study collected the routine human scorpion stings information from health houses, healthcare centers, and hospitals of Ardabil Province from 2012 to 2017 in standard epidemiological surveillance forms. The current study employed Arc GIS 10.2.3 and the space map projection to provide spatial distribution maps of high-risk areas for scorpion stings.
    Results
    Eight hundred fifteen cases of scorpion stings from all 10 counties of Ardabil Province were reported. During the study period, there was direct significant relationship between the increase of scorpion sting cases and temperature, as with 3°C average annual temperature increase, the incidence rate of scorpion sting increased from 5.45/100,000 in 2012 to 16.32/100,000 in 2017. Two hot zones of scorpion stings were detected in Khalkhal and Germi counties; the Southern and Northern areas of the province, respectively.
    Conclusions
    According to the current study findings, there were some hot zones of scorpion stings in Southern and Northern areas of the province. In addition, since the increase of temperature and reduction of rainfall and humidity coincide with the increase of scorpion stings, it is expected that with the increase of temperature in the next years with regard to the global warming phenomenon, scorpion stings also increase in this province.
    Keywords: Spatial Distribution, Scorpion Sting, Iran
نکته
  • نتایج بر اساس تاریخ انتشار مرتب شده‌اند.
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  • در صورتی که می‌خواهید جستجو را در همه موضوعات و با شرایط دیگر تکرار کنید به صفحه جستجوی پیشرفته مجلات مراجعه کنید.
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