جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « عدم تحمل بلاتکلیفی » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Academic stress and sleep quality are the main issues of social anxiety disorder. The aim of this study was  to examine the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral education based on intolerance of uncertainty and emotional regulation on academic stress and sleep quality of students with social anxiety disorder.

The method of the present study is quasi-experimental with a control group. The statistical population was the students of Islamic Azad University of Birjand in summer and autumn 2020. For that purpose, a total of 60 students with high scores of social anxiety and intolerance of uncertainty disorders were identified by the purposive sampling technique. In the next step, a diagnostic interview was conducted on the candidate students. Finally, the tested students were randomly split into two experimental (Education based on intolerance of uncertainty and emotional regulation) and one control groups. The experimental group was trained for ten sessions of an hour and half for diagnosis and treatment of reading disorders. The social anxiety, sleep quality and student stress questionnaires were distributed between the students. Statistical data analysis was performed by IBM SPSS Statistics 25.

The results showed that the academic stress and sleep quality scores of students have reduced in posttest compared to pretest groups (p<0.001).

The results indicate the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral education based on intolerance of uncertainty and emotional regulation on decrease the academic stress and sleep quality. Therefore, the cognitive-behavioral education and emotional regulation method is suggested to counselors and education experts to decrease the stress and improving the sleep quality of students especially anxious students.

Social anxiety is one of the most common anxiety disorders. Failure to handle this disorder properly can cause many problems in social interactions. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy on attention bias, fear of negative evaluation and intolerance of uncertainty in people with social anxiety.

The present study is a quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest design and a control group. The statistical population included people with social anxiety admitted to counseling and psychiatric centers in Mashhad in 2022 (Approximately 100 people). Among them, 30 Individuals were selected using available sampling and they were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group received eight 90-minute sessions (two sessions per week) of Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy, while the control group did not receive any intervention.  Data were collected using Dot-Probe software (Macleod et al., 1986) to measure attention bias, the short-form questionnaire of the fear of negative evaluation scale (Leary, 1983) and the uncertainty intolerance scale (Freeston et al., 1986). Was. The data were analyzed using multivariate covariance analysis.

The findings of the research indicated that there is a significant difference between the post-test scores of the experimental and control groups. Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy in reducing attention bias (F=37.58, Eta=0.58, P<0.001), fear of negative evaluation (F=28.67, P<0.001, Eta=0.51) and uncertainty intolerance (F=21.12, P<0.001, Eta=0.80), had an effect in the experimental group.

It seems that Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy is effective in improving and reducing attention bias, fear of negative evaluation, and intolerance of uncertainty in people with social anxiety. Therefore, the use of this therapeutic intervention is recommended

Ambiguous situations related to health such as the coronavirus pandemic produce various types of anxiety in people, which can be called death anxiety, after that, intolerance of uncertainty. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between Coronavirus anxiety and death anxiety and intolerance of uncertainty in medical students. This was a descriptive-correlational study based on the structural equation method, which was designed and implemented in the academic year 2021-2022. The statistical population of this research included all medical students of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. Accordingly, 350 students (with the educational background of interns or interns and students who went to the ward and at the patient's bedside) were selected as available sampling. The participants responded to Qabadian-Qadikalai's Corona Anxiety Scale, Templer's Death Anxiety Scale, and Freeston et al. Uncertainty Intolerance Questionnaire. The data were analyzed through SPSS-26 and AMOS-25. Death anxiety and uncertainty intolerance have a direct and significant effect on coronavirus anxiety (P<0.001). In other words, GFI (0.892) and AGFI (0.882) and NFI (0.629) obtained indicated that the structural equation model between coronavirus anxiety and death anxiety and intolerance of uncertainty has a good fit. Based on the obtained results, it seems that medical students due to their lack of experience in their job, were very anxious in front of the spread of the coronavirus. Therefore, it is suggested that in future studies, researchers should conduct this study using these tools or similar variables on other samples such as nurses and experienced physicians.

Today, infertility is a major concern for public health and one of the most important crises in life, which leads to many psychological problems. Since cognitive-behavioral therapy emphasizes empowering and educating the patient to solve problems, this study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy on marital self-regulation and uncertainty intolerance in infertile women.

 This clinical trial study was performed on 30 infertile women referring to the infertility center of Sari city in two groups of case and control (15 patients in each group). Cognitive-behavioral therapy was performed in 12 sessions of 45 minutes, once a week for the experimental group, while the control group received the routine treatment. After the follow-up period, the control group also underwent psychotherapy. Both groups completed the questionnaires of marital self-regulation by Wilson et al. (2005) and uncertainty intolerance by Friston et al. (1994) in the pre-test, post-test and follow-up (45 days after the post-test) and were compared.

The results showed that in the two subscales of marital self-regulation in the experimental group, the average scores in the three stages of pre-test, post-test and follow-up respectively for the subscale of communication self-regulation (24.266 ± 6.273), (41.000 ± 3.207) and (35.266 ± 3.899) there was a significant increase in the post-test and follow-up compared to the pre-test stage(P<0.05). And the sub-scale of communication effort(19.333 ± 5.094), (8.666 ± 1.914) and (12.000 ± 2.449), and intolerance of uncertainty 92.600 ± 9.302), (67.400 ± 7.585) and (75.200 ± 10.975), had a significant decrease in the post-test and follow-up compared to the pre-test stage (P<0.05).

The results of the study showed that cognitive-behavioral therapy can be an effective intervention in improving marital self-regulation and reducing intolerance of uncertainty in infertile women.

The anxiety due to coronavirus has caused the emergence of a special class of anxieties that originates from this widespread disease and has challenged the psychological characteristics of humans. Therefore, the present study developed the corona anxiety model based on intolerance of uncertainty with the mediation of cognitive emotion regulation.

This is a descriptive study. The statistical population of this research included all the medical students of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences who were studying in the academic year of 2021-2022. Based on the inclusion criteria, 350 medical students were selected by purposive and convenience sampling methods and completed the Ghobadian’s Corona Anxiety Scale, Freeston’s Intolerance of Uncertainty Questionnaire, and Garnefski’s Cognitive Emotional Regulation Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using path analysis method.

Cognitive emotion regulation strategies can mediate the relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and coronavirus anxiety (Beta=0.481). In other words, intolerance of uncertainty through positive (Beta=-0.721) and negative (Beta=-0.321) strategies of cognitive regulation of emotion predicts the level of coronavirus anxiety of medical students (p<0.001).

The results of the present study suggested that psychological factors such as negative strategies of cognitive emotion regulation and intolerance of uncertainty are involved in corona anxiety. In other words, students' intolerance of uncertainty predicts an increase, and positive strategies of cognitive regulation of emotion predict a reduction in anxiety of corona.

Depression is considered one of the most common mental disorders, and knowing the variables affecting it plays a significant role in people's health, quality of life, and occupational and academic performance. So the purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between emotional clarity, intolerance of uncertainty, and cognitive flexibility with depression symptoms in college students.

The present study was conducted with a descriptive and correlational method. Samples of this study were students of Mohageg Ardabili University in the 2020-2021 semester (n=12000). 350 of them were selected by the available sampling method. the questionnaires including the Beck Depression Inventory (Beck, 1966), Trait Meta Mood Scale(saluvey et al, 1995), Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (Friston, 1994), and cognitive flexibility scale(vender, valp, 2010) were completed by students. And those with ratings of 14 and above in BDI were selected as people with depression symptoms and final samples (249 students). The study's data were analyzed by multiple regression and Pearson correlation in SPSS v19 software.

The results showed that depression symptoms were correlated negatively with emotional clarity (p<0/05, r=-0/142) and cognitive flexibility (p<0/01, r=-0/125) and correlated positively with intolerance of uncertainty(p<0/05, r= 0/221). Regression analysis showed that emotional clarity predicts overall 45% of depression symptoms and intolerance of uncertainty and cognitive flexibility also predicted 33% and 21% of depression symptoms.

Depression symptoms are predictable through emotional clarity, intolerance of uncertainty, and cognitive flexibility. So we're suggesting that psychologists and counselors consider the role of emotional clarity, intolerance of uncertainty, and cognitive flexibility in improving depression symptoms.

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive therapy based on Islamic teachings on intolerance of uncertainty and positive beliefs about worry in mothers with autistic children.

The research method is quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design. The statistical population included all mothers with autistic children in Gonbad in 2021. Of these, 40 people were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to two experimental groups (20 people) and control (20 people). The experimental group underwent 8 sessions of 90-minute cognitive-religious therapy based on Islamic teachings, but the control group did not receive any training. Data were analyzed using the multivariate analysis of variance in spss software.

Data analysis showed that there was a significant difference between experimental and control groups with pre-test control in intolerance of uncertainty and positive beliefs about worry (p<0/001).

According to the results, it can be used that religion-based cognitive therapy based on Islamic teachings reduces the level of intolerance of uncertainty and positive beliefs about worry in mothers with autism.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease affecting the patients' physical conditions and limiting their activities. Patients with MS are more intolerant of uncertainty than the general population. This construct includes beliefs about anxiety, negative orientation towards the problem, and avoidant coping style. Psychological helplessness is another psychological problem that manifests itself in people with inflammation. Psychological helplessness refers to a specific distress and emotional state that people may experience temporarily or permanently in response to the pressures and problems of life. Emotional self–regulation is one of the strategies to deal with psychological problems caused by chronic diseases, specifically multiple sclerosis. People with MS experience more problems in emotional regulation than healthy people, which predicts lower quality of life. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of schema therapy on psychological helplessness, intolerance of uncertainty, and emotional self–regulation in women with MS referred to the MS Society of Tehran City, Iran.

The research method was quasi–experimental with a pretest–posttest design with a control group. The statistical population comprised women with MS referred to the MS Society of Tehran in 2017 for counseling and treatment. The number of these people was 4816. Thus, according to the list provided by the Tehran MS Society to the researcher, 357 people entered the study voluntarily. The required number of samples was calculated based on similar studies, considering the effect size of 0.40, confidence level of 0.95, test power of 0.80, and the rate of loss of 10% for each group of 15 people. The inclusion criteria include women aged 20 to 45 years, with minimum diploma education, who have suffered from MS for at least one year, and whose illness was diagnosed by a qualified physician, with the results of diagnostic tests such as MRI in the case of MS Confirmed. Also, people whose disease had reached a severe stage or those absent from the intervention sessions for more than three sessions were excluded from the study process. The study participants responded to the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS) (Freeston et al., 1994), Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS) (Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995), and Emotional Self–Regulation Questionnaire (Hofmann & Kashdan, 2010) in the pretest and posttest phases. The schema therapy group received group intervention in 8 sessions of 45 minutes, and the control group was placed on a waiting list. Centrality and dispersion indices such as mean and standard deviation were used to describe the data. The independent t test and univariate covariance analysis were used to analyze the data. The mentioned statistical analyses were done using SPSS version 24 software. The significance level of the tests was considered to be 0.05.

The results showed that schema therapy reduces the variable components of psychological helplessness, including stress, anxiety, and depression (p<0.001), relieving the variable components of uncertainty intolerance, including the stressfulness of indecision, the inability to take action, the negativity of unexpected events and their avoidance, and uncertainty about The future (p<0.001), and the increasing of emotional self–regulation variable components, including secrecy, compromise and tolerance (p<0.001) in the women of the experimental group with MS.

Based on the research findings, schema therapy effectively reduces psychological helplessness and uncertainty intolerance and increases the emotional self–regulation of women with MS. This treatment can improve the psychological problems of patients with MS.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the prediction of cell phone addiction based on metadiagnostic factors (emotional dysregulation, metacognitive beliefs and uncertainty intolerance) and anxiety.

The research method is quantitative and correlational. The statistical population of the research was all male students of the second year of high school in Tehran in the academic year of 2019-2019, numbering 125,110 people. The sample size of 400 of these people was selected based on Klein's model (2016) and the available nonrandom sampling method and the Mobile Phone Addiction Questionnaire (MPAQ) Sawari (2013), the Emotional Dysregulation Scale (DERS) Gratz and Romer (2004), Metacognitive Belief Questionnaire (MCQ) by CartwrightHoughton and Wells (1997), Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS-27) by Friston et al. (1994) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) by Beck et al. (1988) answered . The data were analyzed with Pearson's correlation coefficient and multivariate regression using SPSS version 24 software.

The results showed that there is a significant relationship between emotional dysregulation, metacognitive beliefs, uncertainty intolerance and anxiety with cell phone addiction (P<0.01). Also, the results of multivariate regression analysis revealed that 72.4% of the variance of phone addiction is explained by metadiagnostic factors (emotional dysregulation, metacognitive beliefs, and uncertainty intolerance) and anxiety.

The findings of this research show that emotional dysregulation, metacognitive beliefs, intolerance of uncertainty and anxiety play an important role in predicting mobile phone addiction in second year high school male students.

Since the COVID-19 epidemic, numerous studies have shown an increase in mental health problems. According to the findings, women are more likely than men to be concerned about the spread of the disease. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy in worry, anxiety, and intolerance of uncertainty in women with COVID-19-induced anxiety.

This single-case quasi-experimental study was conducted with multiple baseline, continuous assessment, and three-month follow-up. Three female patients were purposefully selected from the statistical population based on the criteria set for entering the study and were treated upon dialectical behavior therapy protocol. These individuals were assessed by completing the Corona Disease Anxiety Scale, Penn State Worry Questionnaire, and Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale. Data were analyzed by graph, recovery percentage, and reliable change index.

The overall recovery values of participants after treatment (follow-up) were 25% (34%) in terms of anxiety, 56% (57%) in terms of COVID-19-induced anxiety, and 49% (52%) in terms of intolerance of uncertainty, which is statistically significant at 95% confidence level. The results show that participants' worry and intolerance of uncertainty have improved in the three-month follow-up, and the enhancement of their COVID-19-induced anxiety has been stabilized.

In general, dialectical behavior therapy is effective in improving anxiety, worry, and intolerance of uncertainty in women with COVID-19-induced anxiety.

Corona disease has affected people around the world since late 2019. Hospital personnel are at the forefront of the fight against the virus. Nurses, as the largest active workforce in health care organizations, have the most contact with Corona's patients. The aim of this study was to predict self-care behaviors based on anxiety sensitivity, intolerance of uncertainty and personality traits in nurses working in Covid-19 disease ward.

The present study was a descriptive-analytical study that performed on nurses in Covid-19 wards of Tehran hospitals. Based on purposive sampling method, 100 people were selected as a statistical sample and revised to Corona Pouyanfard et al (2015) and five personality factors of Neo Costa et al (1989) and revised Anxiety Sensitivity Scales by Reese et al (1986) Intolerance of uncertainty by Freeston et al (1994). pierson correlation and multiple regression in Spss software version 26 used to analyze the findings.

Results of Pearson correlation test showed that self-care behaviors had a positive and significant relationship with personality traits and a negative and significant relationship with anxiety sensitivity and uncertainty intolerance (p <0.05). Also, the results of multiple regression test showed that anxiety sensitivity, intolerance of uncertainty and personality traits were able to predict -39, -40 and -72% of changes in self-care behaviors in the statistical sample population.

Due to the severe involvement of nurses with patients in Covid-19 wards and the many risks for them, it is recommended to use the presence of a psychologist to help nurses.

Intolerance of uncertainty (IU) is a transdiagnostic vulnerability factor characterized by a negative reaction at an emotional, cognitive, and behavioral level to uncertain situations.

The current study investigates the factor structure, reliability, and convergent validity of the Iranian version of the intolerance of uncertainty scale-12 and its predictive role in anxiety, depression, and contrast avoidance (CA).

This is a cross-sectional, psychometric study. Two large samples (N1=1210, N2=228) were collected with the convenience sampling method from three university students in Zanjan city (i.e., University of Medical Sciences, Azad University, and Payame Noor University) who were studying from February to July 2020. Data were collected using CAQ-GE, BAI, BDI-II, GAD-7 and IUS-12. The data were analyzed with  Mplus 7.4, Amos 24, and SPSS 26 software.

EFA and CFA supported the two-factor model for IUS-12. In addition, the results indicated that the IUS-12 has an excellent convergent validity (p<0.01) and an acceptable internal consistency (α=0.89). Regression analysis results confirmed the predictive role of IUS-12 in predicting anxiety and depression and pointed out the possible transdiagnostic nature of the CA.

Iranian version of IUS-12 showed good psychometric properties and a robust two-factor structure. Therefore, using it in predicting constructs related to anxiety and depression could help us extend our knowledge of the underlying factors of psychiatric disorders.

Many women with breast cancer suffer from the psychological problems associated with cancer, and the patients' psychological well-being is deteriorating daily. This study aimed to compare cognitive avoidance, intolerance of uncertainty, and emotion regulation in women with and without breast cancer.

The research method was causal-comparative. The statistical population of this study was all patients with non-metastatic breast cancer referred to the Shahid Motahari clinic, selected by the convenience sampling method (n=100). Also, all women referring to primary schools in District 2 of Shiraz during the same two-month period were selected as cancer-free and healthy women (n=100) for comparison with the group of women with breast cancer. The data were collected by Sexton and Dougas’s Cognitive Avoidance Questionnaire, Freestone, Ryuma, Retarte, Dogas, and Ladosaur’s Intolerance and Ambiguity Questionnaire, and Garnfski and Craig’s short questionnaire of Cognitive Emotion Regulation. Data were analyzed using (MANOVA).

The results showed a significant difference between women with breast cancer and without cancer in the components of cognitive avoidance (P<0/029), intolerance of uncertainty (P<0/0001), and emotion regulation (P<0/046).

 Findings showed a difference between cognitive avoidance variables, intolerance of uncertainty, and emotion regulation in women with breast cancer and those without cancer. Therefore, identifying psychological factors and their role in women with breast cancer help reduce the problems of women with breast cancer.

The main objective of this research work is to examine the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral education (CBE) based on intolerance of uncertainty and emotional regulation on behavioral activation/inhibition systems (BIS) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) of students with social anxiety disorder.

The target population was 300 students at Islamic Azad University of Birjand in 2020. Of these, 231 students completed the social anxiety, generalized anxiety and intolerance of uncertainty questionnaires. A total of 60 students with high scores of social anxieties were identified. A diagnostic interview was conducted on the candidate students by the purposive sampling technique. Finally, the tested students were randomly split into two experimental (CBE-based on intolerance of uncertainty and emotional regulation) and one control group. The experimental group was trained for ten sessions of an hour and a half for the diagnosis and treatment of reading disorders. Two months after training, post-training questionnaires were distributed between the students. Statistical data analysis was performed by SPSS 25.

Analysis of covariance showed that CBE-based on intolerance of uncertainty and emotional regulation significantly changed BIS (p<0.05). The Bonferroni test showed that mean score values of the activation system increased meaningfully in the experimental group compared with the control group. A statistically significant difference was explored between the mean score values of inhibition systems in the two experimental groups. Analysis of covariance also indicated that CBE-based on intolerance of uncertainty and emotional regulation considerably reduced GAD (p<0.05). The Bonferroni test showed that mean score values of GAD reduced significantly in the experimental group compared with the control group.

The results of this study indicate that CBE is an effective educational approach for treating students who struggle with anxiety disorder. It is recommended that CBE be used in university counseling centers for treating students who struggle with anxiety disorder.

The aim of this study was to provide a structural model for predicting mental disorders based on intolerance of uncertainty mediated by feelings of psychological cohesion and cognitive flexibility.

The method of the present study was descriptive and the correlational research design was structural equation modeling. The statistical population of this study consisted of all undergraduate students of Islamic Azad University of Tehran who were studying in the academic year 1399-1400, from which 387 people were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. Data were collected using the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Lovind and Lavind (1995) Questionnaire, the Freeston et al. (1994) Uncertainty Intolerance Questionnaire (1994), the Flensburg (2006) Feelings of Mental Cohesion Questionnaire, and the Dennis and Vanderwall Cognitive Flexibility Questionnaire (2010). شد. Research data were analyzed using SEM structural equations using Amos software. Significance level in this study was considered 0.05.

The results showed that the indirect path coefficient between intolerance of uncertainty and psychological turmoil is significant through the feeling of psychological cohesion and positive cognitive flexibility. Based on this, it was concluded that the feeling of psychological cohesion and cognitive flexibility positively and significantly mediates the effect of uncertainty intolerance on mental disorder. This suggests that intolerance of uncertainty, a sense of psychological cohesion, and cognitive flexibility account for a total of 63% of the variance in psychological distress.

Various psychological vulnerabilities such as uncertainty, perceived vulnerability to disease, psychological vulnerability background, anxiety, and worry can contribute to the fear of the coronavirus disease. One of these factors is anxiety sensitivity that refers to the fear of the feelings associated with anxiety arousal due to perceived physical, psychological, or social consequences. There is evidence that anxiety sensitivity plays an important role in the persistence and progression of anxiety symptoms in all anxiety disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of anxiety sensitivity and uncertainty intolerance in predicting the severity of coronavirus disease anxiety. For this purpose, a descriptive correlational study was conducted on 128 volunteers assessed in terms of Covid-19 disease anxiety, anxiety sensitivity, and uncertainty intolerance. The results of multiple regression analysis showed the existence of a significant relationship between disease anxiety, anxiety sensitivity, and uncertainty intolerance (p <.001). The results of stepwise regression analysis showed that 30.1% of the variance of coronavirus disease anxiety was explainable by anxiety sensitivity and uncertainty intolerance. According to the results of this study, anxiety sensitivity and uncertainty intolerance can be considered appropriate predictors of coronavirus disease anxiety.

Dementia or Alzheimer, a major neuro–cognitive disorder, is characterized by significant cognitive decline. Caring for Alzheimer patients is one of the most challenging types of care and leads to a decrease in the "mental health" of caregivers. Many caregivers of patients sometimes experience anxiety related to their health. Mental health is affected by different factors, such as ambiguity intolerance, a tendency arising from negative beliefs about ambiguity or uncertainty and its consequences and implications, which is an essential predictor of anxiety and mental health. Caregivers of Alzheimer patients may experience varying degrees of ambiguity due to their patient's physical condition, which makes them prone to physical and mental problems. The present study aimed to explain the structural pattern of the relationship between ambiguity intolerance and mental health symptoms with the mediation role of health anxiety in female caregivers of Alzheimer patients.

The research method was analytical correlational. The statistical population of this research included all the female caregivers of Alzheimer patients referred to the Alzheimer Association in Tehran City, Iran, in 2019. Of them, 320 people were selected voluntarily. The inclusion criteria were female gender, age over 25 years, history of caring for a patient with Alzheimer disease for more than one year, no simultaneous use of psychiatric drugs and psychotherapy, and no chronic physical diseases and hospitalization. By contacting the researcher after being fully informed about the research objectives, volunteers in the study sent their details and a manuscript to review the inclusion criteria and declare informed consent. Symptom Check List–90–Revised (Derogatis et al., 1976), Ambiguity Tolerance Scale–II (McLain, 2009), and Health Anxiety Questionnaire (Salkovskis et al. 2002) were used to collect data. Structural equation model and SPSS–24 and AMOS–24 software, and a significance level equal to 0.05 were used for data analysis.

Results:

 The present study showed that the hypothesized model had fitness with the collected data (χ2</sup>=70.63, χ2</sup>/df=1.91, CFI=0.975, GFI=0.943, AGFI=0.898, and RMSEA=0.067). In the present study, the direct path coefficient between ambiguity intolerance and mental health (p=0.001, β=0.250), the direct path coefficient between health anxiety and mental health (p=0.019, β=0.136), and the direct path coefficient between ambiguity intolerance and health anxiety (p=0.001, β=0.241) was positive and significant. In the present study, the indirect path coefficient between ambiguity intolerance and mental health was positive and significant (p=0.043, β=0.032).

Based on the findings of this research, health anxiety mediates the relationship between ambiguity intolerance and mental health in caregivers of Alzheimer patients. It is suggested that to increase the mental health caused by caring for Alzheimer patients, training courses should be held to focus on health anxiety and ambiguity intolerance in them.

COVID-19 is an epidemiological crisis that as a psychological disturbance has caused damages, ranging from a sense of personal security to social relationships and financial security. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of Existential Therapy on intolerance of uncertainty, accepting death, and feeling empty in recovered COVID-19 patients.

The research was a quasi-experimental design with pre-test and post-test and control groups. The statistical population in this study included all recovered COVID-19 patients in 2020 in Urmia, Iran. A sample of 30 subjects was selected by convenience sampling method and placed in two groups (N = 15 each). The experimental group received ten sessions of online existential therapy whereas the control group received no intervention. For the collection of data, the intolerance of uncertainty scale (Freestone, 1994) and the life attitude questionnaire (Ray Kerr, 1992) were used. The collected data were analyzed using the analysis of covariance.

The mean scores of intolerance of uncertainty, accepting death, and feeling empty in the pre-intervention stage were 75.47±5.15, 3.27±2.12 and 18.93±3.90 in the control group, respectively, and 73.13±5.41, 3.13±1.68 and 18.73±2.31 in the experimental group, respectively. After the intervention, the mean scores of intolerance of uncertainty, accepting death, and feeling empty were 74.73±6.91, 4.47±2.36 and 18.07±3.94 in the control group, respectively, and 54.93±5.55, 9.47±2.36 and 10.82±2.93 in the experimental group, respectively. The mean of intolerance of uncertainty and feeling empty after the intervention of existential therapy compared to before the intervention in the experimental group in comparison with the control group has decreased significantly (p<0.01) and the mean of accepting death has increased (p <0.01).

Based on the results of the present study, it can be concluded that existential psychotherapy can reduce intolerance of uncertainty and feelings of emptiness and improve acceptance of death in recovered COVID-19 patients.

In addition to high morbidity and mortality due to Prevalence of Covid-19, it has led to psychological problems including Corona anxiety, that Women are more prone to this anxiety than men. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy based on intolerance of uncertainty on worry and anxiety in women with corona anxiety.

 This study was a case study with multiple baseline and two-month follow-up. Three female patients who had completed criteria set for entering the study, were selected from the statistical population by available sampling method. Then they were treated for 15 sessions upon the protocol of cognitive-behavioral therapy based on intolerance of uncertainty. Participants were assessed three times on the baseline stage and in sessions 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 as well as in monthly follow-up sessions for two months by completing the Corona Disease Anxiety Scale, Penn State Worry Questionnaire, and Worry Domain Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using visual inspection, improvement percentage and reliable change index.

The results showed that cognitive-behavioral therapy based on intolerance of uncertainty model was clinically and statistically effective on worry and anxiety in Women with Corona anxiety (p<0.05).

Based on the results of the present study, it can be said that the cognitive-behavioral therapy based on intolerance of uncertainty can be an effective intervention to reduce worry and anxiety in women with Corona anxiety.

Irritable bowel syndrome is one of the most common causes of chronic abdominal pain, therefore the aim was the effectiveness of behavioral cognitive intervention based uncertainty intolerance and acceptance and commitment intervention on anxiety, severity of gastrointestinal symptoms and cortisol level in patients with irritable bowel syndrome with generalized anxiety disorder.

This study was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest and posttest design with a control group and follow up for three months. The statistical population included patients with irritable bowel syndrome and generalized anxiety disorder who referred to Parsian Hospital between late winter 1398 to mid-summer 1399 and internal medicine in Tehran. 60 patients were selected through targeted sampling and randomly assigned in Behavioral Cognitive Intervention based Intolerance of uncertainty, acceptance and commitment Intervention and control (n= 20 each). Data were collected analyzed using the Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Severity of Gastrointestinal Symptoms, Anxiety and blood cortisol level test and by SPSS-25 and using analysis of variance were performed by repeated measures.

Both interventions had a significant effect on reducing the severity of irritable bowel syndrome and gastrointestinal symptoms and blood cortisol levels (P <0.01, this effect was stable during follow-up period (P <0.01). Regarding anxiety, only cognitive-behavioral intervention had a significant effect (P <0.01)

Behavioral cognitive and acceptance and commitment interventions as an effective intervention can be used in medical centers to reduce severity of gastrointestinal symptoms and blood cortisol levels of patients with irritable bowel syndrome and generalized anxiety disorder.