جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « متفورمین » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Cancer is considered one of the most common causes of mortality, in today’s world. A growing body of evidence has demonstrated that the global cancer burden is expected to rise significantly in the years to come. Cancer is characterized by the uncontrollable rate of cells growth, ultimately proving fatal if not treated. Both genetic and environmental contributing factors have proven critical in developing differential cancers. Chemotherapy is the most common form of treatment used for cancers all around the world. Despite a high efficiency in treating malignancies, toxicity and targeting of normal healthy tissues are considered the most common side effects of chemotherapeutic agents. Thus, reducing the aforementioned side effects with complementary treatments can prove critical through maximizing therapeutic efficiency while also minimizing unwanted side effects at the same time. Doxorubicin (DOX) is a common chemotherapy drug that, has limitations on its use due to severe side effects such as hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, as well as cardiotoxicity. Metformin is one of the most common drugs originally used for the treatment of type II diabetes. Additionally, coenzyme Q10 is naturally produced by the body and can also be obtained from diet and supplements. Both metformin and coenzyme Q10 have demonstrated protective effects against toxicity and oxidative stress and are attractive candidates for the treatment of diseases with the basis of inflammation and oxidative stress as demonstrated by various studies investigating the effect of metformin as well as coenzyme Q10 against toxicities. This study investigates the protective effects of metformin and coenzyme Q10 alone and in combination against doxorubicin-induced oxidative damage in rats.

In this experiment, 36 male Wistar rats were divided into six groups (n=6). The groups consisted of a normal control group (distilled water), metformin and coenzyme Q10 control group: (metformin+coenzyme Q10), doxorubicin control group (doxorubicin), Metformin pre-treatment group (metformin+ doxorubicin), coenzyme Q10 pre-treatment group (coenzyme Q10+doxorubicin), as well as metformin and coenzyme Q10 pre-treatment group  (metformin + coenzyme Q10+doxorubicin). Metformin (200 mg/kg) and coenzyme Q10 (15 mg/kg) were administered orally daily for one week, and doxorubicin (25 mg/kg), was injected on the eighth day. 24 hours after the last injection, blood and liver tissue samples were collected to analyze liver enzymes (i.e. ALT, AST, ALP), oxidative stress parameters (i.e. malondialdehyde, total antioxidant capacity, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase), and histological changes.

The results showed that doxorubicin significantly elevates the activity of liver enzymes, concentration of malondialdehyde, and tissue damage and decreases total antioxidant capacity, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase activity (P<0.001). Treatment with metformin, coenzyme Q10, and their combination significantly reduced liver enzymes' activity, improved antioxidant parameters, and significantly contributed to histomorphological amelioration compared to the doxorubicin control group.

These findings showed that metformin and coenzyme Q10, alone or in combination, can significantly reduce and protect against the liver complications of doxorubicin injection in rats. This effect is likely, through mitigating oxidative stress and bolstering antioxidant defense mechanisms.

Under hyperglycemic conditions, inflammatory processes with damage to the peripheral nerves are involved in the occurrence of neuropathy. This study aimed to compare the anti-inflammatory effects of metformin (synthetic drug) with gallic acid (natural compound) in hyperglycemic conditions.

Hyperglycemia was induced in male rats by the intraperitoneal injection of Streptozotocin (STZ) at a dose of 60 mg/Kg. For this research, rats were divided into four groups. Two groups were healthy control and hyperglycemic control rats that did not receive any drugs. The other two groups were hyperglycemic rats, which respectively received Metformin at a dose of 300 mg/kg/day and gallic acid at a dose of 40 mg/kg/day. At the end of the 8-week period, the rats in all groups were anesthetized and a sample of their sciatic nerve was taken to measure the expression level of genes related to pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α. Data analysis was done by SPSS software and comparison between average data was done by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test.

Induction of hyperglycemic conditions in rats increased the expression of genes related to pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 (p=0/000), IL-1β (p=0/008) and TNF-α (p=0/005). However, administration of metformin and gallic acid to hyperglycemic rats for 8 weeks reduced the expression of IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α genes (p˂0.05).

Gallic acid, like metformin, with its anti-inflammatory properties, can be effective in improving complications caused by hyperglycemic conditions, especially neuroinflammation, and it is hoped that it will be clinically useful for diabetic patients in the future.

Cancer is considered as one of the main causes of death and a major health challenge in the world. Resistance to chemotherapy is one of the challenges in this field. Some recent findings have shown that anti-diabetic drugs, especially metformin, when combined with anticancer drugs, produce positive effects in cancer treatment. In the present study, the activity and possible mechanism of the effect of metformin in increasing the sensitivity of ovarian carcinoma cell line A2780/CP to cisplatin were investigated.

In this experimental study, ovarian cancer cells resistant to cisplatin (A2780/CP) were selected. The effect of metformin on cisplatin cytotoxicity was evaluated using MTT method. The mRNA expression levels of multidrug resistant-associated protein 2 (MRP-2) after metformin treatment were determined using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The effect of metformin on cisplatin-induced apoptosis was investigated using the Annexin V/FITC method. All data were analysed using GraphPad Prism 6.01, and p value < 0.05 were considered as significant.

Metformin increased the cytotoxic effects of cisplatin in cisplatin-resistant A2780/CP ovarian cancer cells, but had no effect on the cytotoxicity of sensitive A2780 ovarian cancer cells. Metformin had no effect on MRP-2 gene expression. In addition, metformin increased the apoptotic effects of cisplatin in A2780/CP cells.

The results of the present study showed that metformin increases the sensitivity of A2780/CP cells to the cytotoxic effects of cisplatin. Therefore, metformin may be an effective and potent compound for combination therapy in ovarian cancer cells to overcome multidrug resistance to chemotherapy agents.

Today, stroke is one of the most important challenges in human health and is one of the main causes of disability in societies. The Aim of this study was to investigate the pharmaceutical history of patients with stroke.

In this descriptive study, the records of patients admitted with a stroke diagnosis in Imam Khomeini Hospital of Urmia were examined regarding medical history. For this purpose, the records of 200 hospitalized patients in the first six months of 2019 were recorded in terms of the drugs used and the frequency of the drug classes. In addition, the variables of age, gender, and underlying diseases were also recorded and analyzed. In this research, incomplete or unreadable files were considered as exclusion criteria.

Our results showed that in terms of gender, 107 patients (53/5%) were men and 93 (46/5%) were women, and in terms of age, 13 patients (6/5%) were less than 45 years old, 76 patients (38%) were in the age range of 45-65 years and 111 patients (55/5%) were over 65 years old, which shows that men with the age of 65 years were more frequent. The examination of the underlying diseases of stroke patients showed that the most common underlying diseases include high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, history of previous stroke, and ischemic heart diseases. In terms of drug history, the most used drugs were: atorvastatin, losartan, aspirin, metoprolol, and metformin.

The most drug classes used in the studied patients include statins, angiotensin receptor blockers, antiplatelets, beta blockers, and biguanides, most of which have protective effects on strokes. Also, high blood pressure and diabetes mellitus were the most frequent disorders in the examined patients, so it is suggested that these patients be screened and controlled more to reduce the incidence of strokes in the society.

Medicines that reduce insulin levels along with increasing insulin sensitivity have created great hope for the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome. The aim of this study is to compare the effectiveness of metformin and inofolic in inducing ovulation in patients with resistant polycystic ovary syndrome.

This randomized clinical trial study was conducted on 40 patients referred to the infertility clinic with PCOS. Patients were randomly divided into two groups: metformin (receive 1 tablet of 500 mg twice a day) and inofolic (receive 1 sachet twice a day, half an hour before breakfast and half an hour before dinner). The treatment continued for 3 months. During the treatment period, both groups underwent ovulation stimulation (received 5 days of oral administration (clomiphene citrate tablet 100 mg daily or letrozole tablet 5 mg daily)) as well as injectable gonadotropin.

The presence of at least one mature follicle in both groups was completely similar, and the number of mature follicles in both groups had a relatively similar pattern (P = 0.26). The pregnancy rate in the group receiving inofolic and metformin was 25% and 15%, respectively.

The findings of the present study showed that the effectiveness of inositol in terms of improving ovarian function and the occurrence of pregnancy in PCOS patients is similar to metformin.

Identifying the effective factors in the progression toward lactic acidosis and death is essential in improving the treatment of Metformin-poisoned patients. This study investigates the blood lactate level in Metformin-poisoned patients and the factors affecting it.

This was a case series study in two referral clinical toxicology centers in Iran for one year. 16 patients were included in the study. The questionnaire was filled out based on the demographic characteristics of the person, vital signs, poisoning symptoms, blood biochemistry, blood gases, blood sugar, and treatments. The lactate level was measured 6-12-24 hours later.

Three cases (18.8%) were male and 13 (81.3%) were female. The average age was 30.13 ± 16.22 years. One case of hypoglycemia, three cases of metabolic acidosis, and three cases of creatinine level above 1.2 were observed. The initial pH and bicarbonate were predictors of the lactate level. No cases of death or lactic acidosis were observed.

Blood pH and bicarbonate can be used as predictors of serum lactate increase. Also, this study showed that the probability of death and lactic acidosis with metformin is very low.

Background and Objectives Metformin is increasingly used as an effective treatment for gestational diabetes (GDM). However, the impact of metformin treatment on maternal and neonatal outcomes is not well known. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of maternal and fetal outcomes in women with gestational diabetes treated with metformin in Ahvaz. Subjects and Methods This retrospective study was conducted on 314 women with gestational diabetes treated with metformin in the outpatient department of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Ahvaz during 1397-98. The women were followed up until delivery and maternal and neonatal outcomes were assessed. Results The result of this study showed that 32 patients (10.2%) had preterm labor, 2 patients (0.6%) had preeclampsia 6 patients (1.9%), had low birth weight (LBW), 1 patient (0.3%) had macrosomia, and 6 patients (1.9%) had neonatal hypoglycemia. Abnormal blood glucose 6 weeks after delivery was observed in 13 cases (4.1%). In all but 8 (2.5%) women with GDM, optimal glycemic control (HbA1C<6.5) was achieved with metformin alone. There was no significant association between maternal and neonatal outcomes and baseline characteristics of metformin-treated women with GDM. Conclusion Our study shows that metformin is effective and safe in the treatment of GDM. It is not associated with an increased risk of adverse maternal-fetal complications and can be used as a useful treatment in the management of gestational diabetes to reduce the costs associated with gestational diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases that is associated with insulin resistance and increased blood sugar levels, and affects the morbidity, mortality, and quality of life of the patients. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the safety and effectiveness of sitagliptin and metformin combined treatment compared to metformin treatment alone in patients with type 2 diabetes.

A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science databases until November 2020. The Cochrane tool was used to assess the quality of the studies. Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan software version 5.3.

Nine studies were included with a total number of 5675 patients. The results showed that in except of the comparision of the dose of 1000 mg with 100/1000 mg, there was significant differences between the two treatment groups in respect of HbA1c level. FPG was significant only at a dose of 1000 mg versus 50/1000 mg (P = 0.0001). Significant differences in the outcome of HOMA-B were observed in the studied doses. However, no significant difference was observed between the two treatment groups in the outcomes of HOMA-IR and Fasting proinsulin. Proinsulin/insulin ratio was significant only at a dose of 1000 mg versus 50/1000 mg (P <0000.1). The outcome of one or more side effects was higher at doses of 500 mg versus 50.500 (P = 0.20) and 1000 mg versus 1000/100 in the combination group (P= 0.02).

Sitagliptin and metformin combination therapy showed better efficacy than metformin treatment alone in patients with type 2 diabetes. No significant adverse events were observed for combination therapy.

Hyperglycemia is associated with decreased activity of antioxidant enzymes and damage to peripheral nerves. The present study aimed to compare the antioxidant and analgesic effects of gallic acid (a natural compound) with metformin (a chemical drug) in hyperglycemic conditions.

Hyperglycemia was induced in male rats by the intraperitoneal injection of Streptozotocin (STZ) at a dose of 60 mg/Kg. For this research, rats were assigned to four groups. Two groups were healthy control and hyperglycemic control rats that did not receive any drugs. The other two groups were hyperglycemic rats, which respectively received metformin at a dose of 300 mg/kg/day and gallic acid at a dose of 40 mg/kg/day. At the beginning of the 8-week period for all groups, every two weeks, hot-plate and tail-flick tests were taken, and at the end of the period, the rats were anesthetized, and their blood test was performed to measure the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Data analysis was performed in SPSS software using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test.

The administration of metformin and gallic acid in hyperglycemic rats for eight weeks increased the pain threshold and the activity of the antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) (P<0.05).

Gallic acid, like Metformin, can be effective in the improvement of complications caused by hyperglycemic conditions. Therefore, gallic acid may have a clinical application in the treatment of diabetic patients in the future.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is associated with hyperandrogenism and obesity. The present study was performed with aim to compare testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate serum levels and anthropometric indices between patients with PCOS taking metformin and cyproterone compounds.

This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted in 2022 was performed by reviewing the medical documents including age, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip-ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), testosterone serum levels, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate before and after taking the drugs for 3 months. Two-hundred and twenty participants were divided in 4 groups (n=55 in each group) as follows: 1) taking metformin 500 mg daily, 2) taking cyproterone compound 2 mg daily, 3) taking metformin and cyproterone compound simultaneously, and 4) participants without PCOS as control. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 25) and paired T-test and ANOVA. P<0.05 was consider statistically significant.

Before the intervention, the mean serum levels of testosterone and dihydroxyepiandrosterone sulfate were significantly higher in the intervention groups compared to the control group without PCOS (p<0.001 and p=0.005, respectively). This difference was not significant after the intervention (p=0.111 and p=0.423, respectively). However, taking metformin alone increased BMI (p= 0.001) and WC (p= 0.001) and decreased WHtR (p= 0.026) compared to the control group. Taking metformin and cyproterone compounds simultaneously were associated with a decrease in WC compared to the control group (p= 0.001).

Taking metformin and cyproterone compounds alone or simultaneously has no effect on the androgens serum level. Co-administration of metformin and cyproterone compounds may reduce abdominal obesity in PCOS patients.

Overweight and obesity are related to increased risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes and some specific cancers. In recent years, inactivity, obesity and metabolic syndrome have been increasing in developing societies (2). Among various diseases, polycystic ovary syndrome is among the cases that are strongly related to obesity (3).Studies in recent decades have shown that PCO syndrome can be a pro-inflammatory stage, because among them cardiovascular diseases, diabetes 2, insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome are seen with a high incidence (4). In the meantime, investigating and identifying the inflammatory causes of this condition for the above reasons can help specialists in its treatment with the process of reducing its negative effects through aerobic exercise. In this regard, the above research investigated some inflammatory factors such as E-selectin and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB).To improve the physical condition of obese people, instead of medicine, sports activities, both anaerobic and aerobic, are used, and each of these activities affects the improvement of physical condition through different mechanisms (2). Researchers believe that regular and not heavy exercise is a healthy and natural method for patients with polycystic ovary syndrome apart from clinical treatments (18). Physical activity improves menstrual irregularity, ovulation, ovarian morphology and fertility by reducing abdominal fat, blood sugar, blood fat, reducing insulin resistance, affecting hormone secretion and reducing cardiovascular risk factors. Be (7). But the question is, what exercise? With what intensity? And for how long?Treatment with all kinds of drugs may cause male characteristics, and unfortunately, most of the side effects are irreversible, so non-drug treatment strategies are necessary and need to be examined and studied. On the other hand, by reviewing the research done inside and outside the country, no research has been done on the effect of Tabata exercise on the research variables and even aerobic exercise on the research variables in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, so the purpose of this research is to determine The effect of a session of Tabata exercise in water and metformin on E-selectin and NF-κB in obese women with PCOS.

The current research was semi-experimental and applied with a pre-test-post-test research design. For this purpose, 30 women with a body mass index greater than 29.9 in Isfahan city, who were diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome by an endocrinologist or gynecologist and diagnostic tests and ultrasound, were considered as a statistical sample. They were selected and randomly divided into two experimental groups (metformin + exercise in water) and control. 24 Before starting the exercises, the subjects first completed the personal information questionnaire and blood was taken after 12 hours of overnight fasting to determine the level of the variables. Experimental group for 12 weeks, 3 sessions a week and each session 40 minutes of exercises in the water (including 10 minutes of walking forward, backward, sideways and soft running in the shallow part of the pool where the water level is below the neck and Then they performed stretching exercises. Then they performed Tabata exercise with a special exercise song played in the pool for 20 minutes, and then they did 10 minutes of stretching and cooling (22) and 500 mg metformin twice consumed during the day and after breakfast and dinner. 48 hours after the last training session, blood was taken again from all subjects. At the end, descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation), Shapiro-Wilk test to check the normality of data distribution and covariance analysis to check research hypotheses using spss/21 software at a significance level of a≤0.05 were used. became.

The results showed that the E-selectin factor in obese women with PCOS at the end of the period in the group of Tabata exercise in water and metformin intake had a significant difference compared to the control group (P=0.001 and F=134.6). Tukey's post hoc test results It showed that there is a significant difference between the pre-test of the Tabata training group in water and the post-test of the Tabata training group in water on the one hand, and between the post-test of the Tabata training group in water and the pre-test and post-test of the control group on the other hand, but between the other groups. There is no significant difference. (Table 2).The results showed that Tabata exercise in water and metformin consumption have a significant effect on NF-Κb factor in obese women with PCOS (P=0.025 and F=354.3). The results of Tukey's post hoc test showed that there is a significant difference between the pre-test of the Tabata group in water and the post-test of the Tabata group in water, but there is no significant difference between the other groups (Table 3).

The results showed that the E-selectin factor was significantly higher in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome at the end of the period in the aerobic exercise and metformin group than in the control group. The results of the follow-up test showed that there is a significant difference between the pre-test of the Tabata aerobic training group and the post-test of the Tabata aerobic training group on the one hand, and between the post-test of the Tabata aerobic training group and the pre-test and post-test of the control group on the other hand, but between the other There is no significant difference between the groups. Aerobic exercises decreased VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 adhesive molecules; While its effects on E-selectin and P-selectin have been inconsistent. Of course, it seems that the effect of aerobic exercise on these conditions depends on the type and duration of the exercise intervention and the disease conditions such as the presence of ischemia. As presented in this review, there is a high level of evidence that sports activity has a positive effect on key factors in the development of atherosclerosis. This can partly explain the scientifically proven anti-atherogenic effects of aerobic exercise and has significant clinical effects (23).The results showed that the NF-Κb factor in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome was significantly lower in the aerobic exercise and metformin group at the end of the period than in the control group. The results of Tukey's post hoc test showed that there is a significant difference between the pre-test of the Tabata aerobic exercise group and the post-test of the Tabata aerobic exercise group, but there is no significant difference between the other groups. In the explanation above, it can be stated that NF-κb is stimulated and activated in response to cellular stimuli. So far, about 450 stimuli, including physical, chemical, physiological and oxidative stimuli, have been identified for NFκB. Also, mitogens, receptor ligands, bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi and their products, pro-inflammatory cytokines and some pathological conditions are among the stimuli of this transcription factor (28). The transcription factor NFκB is responsible for supplying a large number of pro-inflammatory genes, including cytokines, chemokines, immune receptors, enzymes and other pro-inflammatory molecules (29). Inappropriate activity of NFκB is one of the mechanisms of some diseases, especially those associated with inflammation (30).

Diabetes is one of the most common co-morbidities and is associated with worse results in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The results showed that mortality was reduced among diabetics taking metformin compared with those not taking metformin. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of providing reliable and up-to-date evidence about the effects of metformin drug in diabetic patients suffering from concomitant infection with COVID-19.

In this review, we searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane and Google Scholar databases starting in December 2019 to find studies. We carried out a systematic search of English texts using the keywords "metformin" or "biguanides" and "coronavirus disease 2019" or "COVID-19". After reviewing the titles, summaries and complete texts, 28 studies were eventually included in the study.

The review found that most studies showed reduced mortality among metformin users compared to non-users among diabetics with COVID-19. In addition, the results indicate that metformin may inhibit viruses by increasing insulin susceptibility. However, some studies do not support the impact of metformin on mortality reduction.

Results from this study show that metformin use in diabetic patients with COVID-19 is associated with decreased mortality. Of course, randomized controlled trials are necessary to confirm this outcome.

The purpose of the present study was comparing the effects of Lipoherb with metformin on metabolic changes and sex hormones of rats with polycystic ovary syndrome

Thirty female Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups (n=6). Group (1): received normal saline for 56 days, group (2): received letrozole (1mg/kg) for 28 days and normal saline for the next 28 days, group (3): in the first 28 days, they received letrozole carrier and in the next 28 days, they received Lipoherb (320 mg/kg), group (4): they received letrozole (1mg/kg) for 28 days and Lipoherb (320 mg/kg) in the next 28 days, group (5): they received letrozole (mg/kg) for 28 days and metformin (250 mg/kg) in the next 28 days. Letrozole at the dose of 1 mg/kg for 28 days induced polycystic ovary syndrome. At the beginning and at the end of the experiment, fasting blood sugar level, lipid profile and sex hormones were measured by ELISA method.

 Blood sugar in the letrozole plus metformin group was significantly lower than letrozole group (P<0.01). The amount of serum triglyceride and LDL cholesterol in the group that received letrozole and Lipoherb were significantly decreased compared to letrozole group (P>0.05). In the same group, total cholesterol concentration also decreased significantly compared to other groups (P>0.01). The serum level of estrogen in the group received Lipoherb was significantly lower compared to letrozole group (P<0.05).

Compared to metformin, Lipoherb had more ability to correct the metabolic symptoms of rats with polycystic ovary syndrome. However, the hormonal effects of Lipoherb did not differ significantly from the hormonal effects of metformin in polycystic ovary syndrome.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a debilitating sensory-motor dysfunction. Neuropathic pain and motor dysfunction are the most common types of dysfunctionality after SCI, which reduces the quality of life. So far, SCI treatment has not been completely effective and researchers are seeking for novel alternative/potent therapies. Metformin has shown antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects on the central and peripheral nervous systems. In the present study, the probable neuroprotective and antioxidant effects of intrathecal metformin administration was evaluated on the neuropathic pain and motor dysfunction after SCI.

Thirty-five rats were divided into five groups: sham, SCI, and metformin (Met) at doses of 1, 2 and 4 mM. Hot plate, acetone, and von Frey behavioral tests and weight changes were performed on days 7, 14, 21, and 28 after SCI. The changes in serum levels of catalase and glutathione, as well as nitrite level, and numbers of sensory and motor neurons were measured on day 28 after surgery.

Intrathecal injection of metformin reduced heat, cold and mechanical pain, motor activity, and modulated weight changes in rats after SCI. Intrathecal metformin also attenuated serum changes of catalase and glutathione, decreased serum nitrite, and increased survived sensory and motor neurons after SCI.

Employing the neuroprotective and antioxidant potential of intrathecal metformin administration could reduce neuropathic pain and improve motor dysfunction following SCI.
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Recently, several studies have shown type 2 diabetes to be associated with gastric cancer and metformin appears to inhibit the growth of cancer cells by inducing apoptosis. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between metformin and gastric cancer.

This case-control study included patients with gastric cancer (case group, n= 121) and a family member of patients with cancer (control group, n= 119). Diabetes history, duration and management of glucose level were recorded in a checklist and data were analyzed in SPSS applying T-test and Chi-square test. Also, logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratio.

There were significant differences between the case group and control group in terms of age, gender, place of residence, level of education, BMI, and smoking (P<0.05). The adjusted odds ratio for history of diabetes was 0.87 (Adjusted OR=0.87, CI95%: 0.3-2.35) which was not significant (P=0.751). The study showed no significant difference between the two groups in history of diabetes control drugs (including metformin) (P>0.05).

According to current study, it appears that, in north of Iran, there is no association between gastric cancer and diabetes, control drugs (including metformin), and other factors such as duration of diabetes or a family history of diabetes.

Vitamin B12 deficiency is one of the most well-known disorders due to long-term use of metformin due to interference with its absorption.

This double-blind randomized trial was conducted from June to October 2016 at Shahid Beheshti Hospital in Qom on 60 patients in the age group of 30 to 60 years with a history of type 2 diabetes for one to two years and taking metformin in the amount of one to two grams. Patients were divided into two groups of 30 people. The intervention group received metformin with 1 gram of calcium carbonate daily, and the control group received metformin without calcium. Each of the patients in the intervention group was given 200 calcium carbonate tablets. Vitamin B12 levels of the patients in both groups were measured before the start of the intervention, and they were evaluated in terms of neuropathy according to the Michigan questionnaire. Vitamin B12 of patients and neuropathy in two groups were measured before the intervention and after three months.

There was a difference between the two groups in terms of gender, and no significant difference was observed between the mean ages in the two groups. The mean level of vitamin B12 before receiving calcium in group A (intervention) was lower than group B (control) (P=0.036) and after receiving calcium, the level of vitamin B12 in the intervention group increased (P=0.002). In the control group, the level of vitamin B12 decreased (P=0.030). (P=0.006), and in the control group there was no significant difference in the examination of neuropathy (P=0.2).

Oral calcium daily intake increases vitamin B12 levels in patients with type 2 diabetes and calcium may be able to moderate the decrease in serum vitamin B12 levels induced by metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Myogenin (MyoG) and Myostatin (Mstn) play role in muscle growth and wasting, respectively. The present study aimed to investigate the combined effect of High-intensity Interval Training (HIIT) and Metformin drug (Metf) on gene expression of MyoG and Mstn in skeletal muscle of type 2 diabetic mice.

25 mice (C57BL/6) were assigned to two groups, including 1) Control © (n=5), and 2) HFD (n=20). The mice of the HFD group were fed a high-fat diet for 16 weeks. After 16 weeks, the mice with over 200 mg/dl were selected as diabetic mice. Then, the diabetic mice were divided into four groups including 1) Control Diabetic (CD) (n=5), 2) Diabet with Metf (DM) (n=5), 3) Diabet with HIIT (DH) (n=5) 4) Diabet with Metf and HIIT (DMH) (n=5). The mice of experimental groups underwent the interventions for eight weeks. The Real-Time–PCR methods were used to measure the mRNA expression of MyoG and Mstn in the Rectus-Femoris muscle.

HIIT (but no Metf) upregulated the gene expression of MyoG (p=0.05). Metformin did not affect Mstn expression (p=0.45), However, HIIT downregulated the expression of Mstn (p=0.001). Metformin did not affect decreasingly or incrementally the downregulating effect of HIIT on Mstn expression (p=0.95).

Metf may not positively or negatively affect the expression changes of MyoG and Mstn induced by HIIT in skeletal muscle of mice with type 2 diabetes.

Backgrund: 

Saffron petals contain flavonoid compounds, glycosides, and anthocyanins. Considering the trend of increasing the use of medicinal plants in modern medicine in order to treat some diseases, the upcoming experiment was designed to investigate the effectiveness of the hydroalcoholic extract of saffron petals and alkaline water in comparison with the commercial drug metformin on the blood glucose level of diabetic rats.

In this experiment, 28 male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups. 1) Diabetic animals (negative control), 2) Diabetic animals that received 200 mg of dry saffron petal extract daily, 3) Diabetic animals that had free access to alkaline water, 4) Diabetic animals that received 100 mg/kg BW metformin daily. They did the duration of the experiment was considered to be 28 days. During this period, feed and water consumption will be measured and recorded on a daily basis and weight on a weekly basis. At the end of the experiment, blood biochemical indices were measured.

Weight and blood triglycerides were not affected by experimental treatments. While the feed consumed, water consumed, insulin, glucose, cholesterol, HDL, LDL and liver enzymes were significantly affected by the experimental treatments.

According to the results, the use of alkaline water and saffron petal extract positively reduced the blood glucose of mice and also had significant effects on feed and water consumption, cholesterol, HDL and LDL of animals. However, the definitive confirmation of the results of this experiment requires more studies and investigations in this field.