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Pyometra is one of the most common diseases of the genital system in the female dogs. The aim of the present survey is to investigate the dogs suffering from cystic endometrial hyperplasia or pyometra from clinical, hematological, biochemical and histopathological aspects. For this, a total of sixty dogs were studied. At first thirty dogs of small and large breeds with an average age of 5.57±2.04 years, affected by cystic endometrial hyperplasia or pyometra and another thirty healthy dog​s were selected. Blood samples were taken from all dogs and hematological factors (counting white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets) and biochemical factors (ALP, AST, ALT, globulin, Albumin to Globulin ratio, total protein, BUN, creatinine, cholesterol and lactate) and histopathological findings were also investigated. Nine dogs were identified with cystic endometrial hyperplasia and twenty-one dogs were affected by pyometra. The most important clinical signs were included lethargy, abnormal discharge from the vagina, anorexia, dilation of the uterus, polyuria/polydipsia, dehydration, fever, pale mucus membranes and vomiting. The results of the hematology test showed leukocytosis (mean: 32.16±5.54), neutrophilia with left shift deviation, and normochromic-normocytic anemia in the affected dogs by pyometra. Histopathological evaluation confirmed the thickness of the uterine wall due to significant endometrial hyperplasia, the increase in the number of cystic glands, and the accumulation of pus in the uterine canal and horns. In the biochemical test, the levels ​​of ALP, total protein and globulin were significantly higher in the pyometra group than healthy group. Besides, the ratio of albumin to globulin (0.37±0.06) was significantly decreased in the pyometra group. BUN (52.3±14.2 mg/dl), creatinine (2.1±0.34 mg/dl) and lactate (3.65±0.38 mmol/l) concentrations were also significantly higher in the affected dogs to pyometra. It can be concluded that the survey of hematological (such as leukocytosis, neutrophilia and anemia) and biochemical indices (increase of ALP, total protein, globulin and plasma hyperlactatemia) can significantly help with the diagnosis and prognosis of pyometra in dogs.

The temporomandibular joint is found bilaterally in all mammalian species, but its morphology and function are very different among different groups of mammals. In addition to chewing, this joint plays an important role in swallowing, oral health, nutrition and animal survival. The temporomandibular joint structure is formed by the connection between the condylar process of the mandible and the mandibular fossa of the squamous part of the temporal bone. Dysplasia is a rare abnormality of temporomandibular joint which can be congenital or developmental and it has been reported sporadically in a series of dog breeds, and the occurrence of this disorder is less in cats. Dysplasia often results in luxation or subluxation of the joint associated with locking of the open jaw. The current study is a case report of an 11.5 year old male terrier dog, which clinically had a history of pain in the mouth, difficulty in chewing, and reduced the ability of mouth movements. In this study, CT scan was used to evaluate the temporomandibular joint dysplasia. After performing a CT-scan and examining the images, temporomandibular joint dysplasia was diagnosed bilaterally with more severely in the right joint. In CT images, deformation of the retroarticular process, elimination of smooth joint surfaces, deformation of the joint surfaces of the mandibular condyle with S- shaped appearance, and the ambiguous joint space were observed which indicated temporomandibular joint dysplasia. Also, flattening of the retroarticular process was observed in the CT-scan images in reconstructed sagittal plane.

Accurate prediction of parturition as a vital event, provides the possibility of better planning regarding to breeding, treatment and prevention of neonates mortality, but the special characteristics of the reproductive cycle of dogs and their breed differences make time prediction of whelping difficult. Occurrence of about 60% of dystocia in small and miniature dogs makes it more important to predict the time of whelping in these breeds. Fetometry with ultrasound is one of the accurate and practical methods for predicting the time of whelping. The aim of this research is to obtain fetometric formulas for Pomeranian fetuses in order to estimate the whelping time using ultrasound. Using serial ultrasound in 15 Pomeranian pregnant dogs, fetometric parameters were evaluated. In total, 7 internal chorionic cavity (ICC), 15 biparietal diameter (BP) and 14 crown-rump length (CRL) were measured in each dog. The relationship of BP or CRL with the number of days remaining until parturition, and ICC with the number of days after mating were analyzed using linear regression model. The growth equations for all 3 parameters were obtained as y = a + bx and the correlation coefficient was analyzed by student's t test. According to the results, there is a significant relationship between number of days before parturition and CRL or BP, as well as between the days since mating and ICC (P < 0.01). The formulas obtained from the linear regression analysis of the results of this research can be used to predict the delivery time in Pomeranian dogs.

Vitamin D deficiency not only causes cardiovascular problems but also increases the risk factors for this disease. One of the reasons for reducing cardiovascular problems can be attributed to the improvement of dyslipidemia due to this vitamin. Many mechanisms have been reported for the effect of vitamin D on the lipid profile, but how vitamin D affects the lipid profile is still unknown. Considering that the impact of this supplement on the serum level of fat factors in dogs has not been investigated, therefore this study aimed to study the effect of vitamin D supplementation on serum levels of calcifediol (25-hydroxyvitamin D), cholesterol, triglycerides, and the composition of apolipoprotein A1 in healthy adult dogs. Eight adult male dogs of mixed breed were selected and kept. Then an oral vitamin D supplement of 50 IU/kg was prescribed for 42 days. Serum levels of calcifediol and cholesterol, triglycerides, and the level of apolipoprotein A1 composition before treatment (day 0) and days 14, 28 and 42 as days after treatment were investigated. Based on the results obtained, after administering this supplement, the serum level of calcifediol showed an increasing trend. Vitamin D did not affect the level of VLDL composition in the blood, but it led to an increase in the level of triglyceride, and cholesterol. However, the level of serum apolipoprotein A1 were reduced during the study. Considering the dosage of this supplement and the duration of administration, it is necessary to conduct additional research in this field.

Patellar dislocation represents a significant cause of lameness in toy dogs . In this study, the prevalence of patellar luxation and associated factors, including age, gender, breed, direction of dislocation, degree of dislocation, and dislocation type were  investigated.

A total of 133 toy breed dogs were referred to one radiology imaging center evaluated over a two-year period  (November 2018 to September 2020). Firstly, the  dogs subjected to a clinical examination to identify any abnormalities. Subsequently, radiographic imaging was conducted in two different positioning ,that is, craniocaudal and right lateral . Subsequently, the  findings were subjected to  analysis with the objective of determining the prevalence of specific factors and diseases in  toy dogs.

The results of this study indicate that dogs with luxation of the patellar bone (48 dogs)   exhibited notable increases  in the relative frequency of specific variables, including male (54.2%), under three years old (52.0%), unilateral dislocation (54.2%), right posterior limb dislocation (39.6%), breed (Terrier 40%, Pomeranian 36%),and second-degree dislocation (60.4%).

The present  study demonstrates that medial patellar luxation is more prevalent than other  forms of patellar luxation , including  bilateral luxation. Furthermore, the problem mostly was  observed in Terrier and Pomeranian breeds. Furt hermore, the results indicated that male sex and age below  three years are associated with an increased risk.. Ultimately, luxation represents a significant cause of lameness in dogs. However, this can be effectively addressed through a combination of continuous clinical observation and radiological consultation  when  necessary.

In this study, 100 blood samples were taken from domestic dogs (50 samples) and domestic cats (50 samples) in Tabriz along with their age, gender and breed characteristics, and after separating the serum from the blood samples, serial dilutions from 1.20 to 1.320 was prepared and the suspension of Toxoplasma tachyzoites was tested by MAT according to the protocol. The antibody titer at a dilution equal to or greater than 1.20 was considered as a positive titer, and the criterion for positivity was to observe the formation of a net-like network at the bottom of the screen. The serum prevalence of Toxoplasma was determined to be 12% in domestic dogs of Tabriz and 18% in domestic cats of Tabriz Statistical analysis using the Mann-Whitney-U and Kruskal-Wallis methods showed that the level of Toxoplasma infection in the serum of domestic cats and dogs in Tabriz has no significant relationship with the age, gender and breed of the animals. The present study showed that the level of serum contamination of domestic dogs and cats in Tabriz with Toxoplasma antibody is low. However, to prove this issue more accurately, more investigations are needed with more samples as well as the variety of animals targeted for sampling.

The levator ani muscle is one of the two main muscles forming the pelvic diaphragm, playing a significant anatomical role in conditions such as perineal hernia. Additionally, a condition known as levator ani syndrome is characterized by pelvic and rectal pain. Studying the natural shape, size, and positioning of this muscle using computed tomography (CT) could provide a foundation for future research on its disorders through other imaging modalities like ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

CT scans of the levator ani muscle were performed on 10 clinically healthy male and 10 clinically healthy female mixed-breed dogs weighing between 15 and 20 kilograms. The muscle’s shape and dimensions were evaluated from its origin to its insertion, and the measurements were statistically analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test and Fisher’s exact test.

The levator ani muscle was symmetrically located on both sides of the rectum at the level of the hip joint and extended from the axis of the ilium to the hemal process of the fourth caudal vertebra. The average length of the levator ani muscle was 4.9 cm in male dogs and 4.5 cm in female dogs (p<0.05).

This study demonstrated that the levator ani muscle in dogs has a symmetrical structure with minor length differences between males and females. These findings can serve as a reference for future research on disorders involving this muscle and for improving imaging techniques such as ultrasonography and MRI.

Patellar luxation is a common orthopedic problem in dogs. Medial luxation is more common than lateral luxation and is usually seen more in small breed dogs. Diagnosis is based on clinical manifestations of patellar instability. However, diagnostic imaging is required to assess the degree of bone deformation and then the most appropriate treatment. In this study, the problems and complications related to the stifle joint of dogs referred to small animal clinics in Tehran were investigated from a clinical and radiographic perspective.

Relevant data were collected over a one-year period and age, sex, type of involvement, side of involvement, and degree of luxation were recorded.

Of the 100 dogs studied, 28 were diseased (19 males and 9 females) and 72 were healthy (38 males and 34 females). Also, out of 100 dogs studied, 28 were sick (19 dogs aged 1 to 5 years, 5 dogs aged 5 to 10 years, and 4 dogs aged 10 to 15 years) and 72 were healthy (39 dogs aged 1 to 5 years, 19 dogs aged 5 to 10 years, and 14 dogs aged 10 to 15 years). Out of 28 dogs with patellar luxation, 19 dogs had medial luxation (11 dogs aged 1 to 5 years, 4 dogs aged 5 to 10 years, and 4 dogs aged 10 to 15 years) and 9 dogs had lateral luxation (8 dogs aged 1 to 5 years, 1 dog aged 5 to 10 years, and 0 dogs aged 10 to 15 years).

In the present study, it was determined that unilateral luxation were 82.1% and bilateral luxation were 17.9% in the dogs studied.

The purpose of the present research was to evaluate the radiographic effect of domperidone on the time of passage of the contrast media through the dog's digestive tract. This study was conducted on 15 healthy dogs and in 3 equal groups. The first group received only ketamine and acepromazine drugs, before administration of contrast media. The second and third groups received domperidone with dosages (0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg) respectively. Then radiography followed at times zero, 20, 40 and 60 minutes and every one hour until the contrast media reaches the colon. Examining the time of contrast media emptying from the stomach showed that there was difference between the domperidone (0.5 mg/kg) group and the groups domperidone 0.1 and control had a significant difference (P<0.05). The average time of complete gastric emptying of the contrast media in dogs of control group, domperidone groups (0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg) were 96±32.86, 52±10.95 and 48±10.95 minutes, respectively. Significant difference was observed between the control group and the other two groups (P<0.05). The average time for the contrast to reach the colon in dogs of the control group, domperidone groups (0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg), 10.2±7.73, 8.2±8.84 and 4.4±1.34 hours, respectively. A significant difference was seen between the domperidone (0.5 mg/kg) group against domperidone (0.1) groups and control (P<0.05). The results showed that the administration of domperidone compared to the control group in both dosage caused complete emptying of the contrast media from the stomach and decreased the time of the contrast media reaching to colon.

The Middle-East, known-to-be the birthplace for animal domestication, is among the few remained geographical theaters in the world where glanders-stricken solipede and human cases are still reported. In the Persian environment with some 60 years of maleination test history in its horse, mule and donkey populations, mini or midi outbreaks of glanders are seen now and then mostly in the Western and central regions. This work was aimed to characterize the phenotypic and genotypic properties of the most recently-collected isolates of Burkholderia mallei in Iran (A tiger sample and 3 horse samples). Bacterial culture, Biochemical tests, complement fixation test and Western blot, Flip 407-PCR, Bim A-PCR and also Strauss reaction tests were included in the assessment. The results obtained from experiments conducted on four isolates from Tehran, Kordan, Oshnavieh and Semirum outbreaks, displayed the expected characteristics of B. mallei. Whether our isolates of interest represent the local/regional population(s) of B. mallei, we assume further molecular epidemiology studies will enable us to address.

Canine parvovirus (CPV-2) is an important disease with high relatively prevalence. In the present study, the ultrasonographic and radiographic findings of the gastro-intestinal tract were detected in dogs suffering from hemorrhagic and non-hemorrhagic diarrhea. Thirty dogs between 2 until 11 months of age (mean= 5.43 months) were examined with confirmed canine parvovirus enteritis by immunochromatography assay (ICA). The studied dogs were categorized into three groups and each group was divided into subgroups (less than 6 months) and (above 6 months). The mean of wall thickness of stomach, small intestine and colon were recorded 1.38, 2.14 and 0.9 mm for group A1 and 1.5, 1.96 and 0.84 mm for group A2 respectively. The above parameters were detected for groups B1, B2, C1 and C2. The mean of peristaltic contractions in small intestine of different groups A1, A2, B1, B2, C1 and C2 were recorded 1.6, 1.4, 2.18, 1.5, 2.1 and 2.4 respectively. The statistical analysis showed a significant difference between groups A and B with C group (p<0.05), but the difference was not significant between groups A with B (p>0.05). The obtained results showed that hemorrhagic diarrheas (parvovirus and non-parvovirus) can decrease the number of peristaltic contractions in small intestine. Changes in echogensity were seen as hyperechoic (6 out of 30; 20%) and hypoechoic (5 out of 30; 16.67%). Although none of the above changes are pathognomonic for canine parvovirus enteritis, but the above findings in combination with other signs can be highly helpful in the treatment process.

The main objective of this study was to compare the accuracy of renal volume measured with ultrasonography to real volume in ten native dogs that were candidates for euthanasia due to severe injuries sustained in traffic accidents. Furthermore, correlations of renal dimensions in ultrasonography, such as length, width, and height, were determined with real ones. Initially, the dimensions of the right and left kidneys were determined using ultrasonography. Renal volume was measured using two different methods. The first method consisted of choosing automatic volume measurement in an ultrasonography unit. The volume formula of a prolonged ellipsoid (length × width × height × 0.523) was used in the second method. The real renal dimensions (golden standard) were measured during celiotomy and after necropsy, and the true volume of kidneys was calculated using water displacement. Linear regression analysis was used to determine correlations between renal dimensions and volume in ultrasonography with real ones. Results showed that renal dimensions and volume measured in ultrasonography were lower than actual measurements. There were positive and statistically significant correlations between renal volume in ultrasonography and actual renal volume. However, the correlation coefficient (r) of volume determined by the formula was greater than that of the automatic volume method, and its mean was closer to that of the real volume mean. There were also positive and significant correlations between renal dimensions measured with ultrasonography and those measured in real measurement. No significant difference was found between renal dimensions measured during celiotomy and after necropsy. These findings indicate that ultrasonographic measurements underestimated renal dimensions and volume, and the formula method provided more accurate results than the automatic volume method.

Stanozolol and nandrolone decanoate hormones are mainly used in dogs and horses to strengthen muscle growth, increase of body weight, treatment of anemia and stimulation of appetite; nevertheless, some side effects have been reported, including testicular atrophy, and decrease of spermatozoid count in dogs. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the histopathological changes of testicular and epididymal tissues in dogs treated with stanozolol and nandrolone decanoate. The present survey was performed on sixtheen male dogs. The studied animals were divided into two equal groups of eight. Stanozolol was administered to dogs in group A with dosage of 50 mg per dog intramuscularly for 6 continuous weeks. Group B was similar to group A, but instead of stanozolol, nandrolone decanoate was injected with dosage of 1 mg/kg. To evaluate the possible side effects on the testicles, one of them was surgically removed before the investigation and the second testicle was removed on days 28 (four dogs in each group) and 42 (the remaining four of each group). Before the testes were placed in 10% formalin buffer, sperm quality in the epididymis was evaluated for indicators such as motility, morphology and number in times zero, 28 and 42 days. The results showed that destructive effects were obtained such as hyperplasia of interstitial Leydig cells, vacuolation, the presence of multinucleated cells and different stages of spermatogonia in testicular tissue; also, the destruction of duct covering cells and the detachment of cilia in the epididymal epithelium was observed. These changes were significantly greater in the stanozolol group than nandrolone decanoate. The quantitative changes were more pronounced in the stanozolol group and the qualitative changes in the nanderlone decanoate group. Although both drugs had side effects on testicular and epididymal tissues; the side effects of stanozolol were greater than nandrolone decanoate; therefore, it is recommended minimum dose of nandrolone decanate for therapeutic purposes.

The storage process significantly affects the quality of dog semen because the dog's semen membrane is very sensitive to this process. In addition, this process leads to the production of free radicals and, as a result, to the peroxidation of the sperm membrane. The aim of the present study was to minimize the harmful effects of free oxygen radicals by adding different concentrations of docosahexaenoic acid to dog semen at 5 °C for five days. In this study, 25 ejaculates were collected three mixed-breed dogs and diluted in a Tris-based extender. Then they were divided into 5 parts into the control groups (without antioxidants) and amounts of 1.25, 2.5, 5 and 10 ng/mL docosahexaenoic acid in the extender. The evaluations (motility, morphology, DNA integrity, viability and total antioxidant capacity) were carried out after 0, 24, 48, 72 and 120 hours during storage at cool temperatures using CASA software and a light microscope for sperm parameters and using the ELISA method for the total amount of antioxidant capacity performed. The results showed that the groups containing docosahexaenoic acid had a significant increase in the percentage of cell viability, survival and total antioxidant capacity, as well as a significant increase in DNA integrity at 24, 48, 72 and 120 hours compared to the control group groups compared to the control group. became. The proportion of sperm with normal morphology increased significantly after 120 hours compared to the control group.

Parvovirus infection is one of the deadliest viral diseases in dogs that cub and young dogs are much more involved. This disease is known as dysentery and involves the intestines and bone marrow, causing diarrhea and vomiting and reducing the body's ability to fight infection. The complications of this disease in cubs are much more severe than adult dogs. Creatinine and urea, especially creatinine, are two important indicators of kidney health. Therefore, in the present study, the effect of parvovirus on kidney was investigated by measuring these parameters.

In order to conduct this study, we selected 10 male dogs with an average age of 4-6 months with clinical and laboratory symptoms of parvovirus as the patient group. 10 seemingly healthy male dogs with an average age of 4-6 months were selected as the control group. Blood samples were taken from patients in sterile conditions before treatment. Creatinine and urea were measured by calorimetric method using spectrophotometer.

The results of the present study showed that there was a significant difference between the mean of urea and creatinine in healthy dogs and parvovirus patients (P<0.05). This difference was due to the increase in the amount of these parameters in dogs with parvovirus, indicating kidney disease in dogs with parvovirus.

In general, the results of this study showed that parvovirus, in addition to the complications that have already been proved for it, can cause renal failure in dogs and the effect of this virus on dog kidney should be considered in diagnosis and treatment of this disease.