Explaining the Concept of Freedom in the Ideologyof Āyatullāh Bihishtī, the analysis of Principlesand Limitations Based on MacCallum Model

The purpose of the present study is to explain the concept of freedom in the ideology of Āyatullāh Bihishtī based on MacCallum model. Thus, with respect to the fact that freedom in the ideology of Shahīd Bihishtī is of two inner and outer aspects, the main research question investigates how his attitude to freedom is analyzed based on the triplet criteria in McCallum model (actor, obstacle, and objective). This research relies on the hypothesis that although Shahīd Bihishtī pays more attention to inner freedom than outer freedom, he nevertheless attempts to analyze the former as an introduction to the latter and thereby making a bilateral tie between them. The method of study is descriptive analysis and the results showed that his approach to the elements of McCallum model is under the influence of his priority to inner freedom. Contrary to the western thinkers whose definition of freedom has no regard for the internal source of freedom, Shahīd Bihishtī in the three aforementioned criteria pays special attention to the inner aspect of freedom and thus his purpose of freedom is not classified just within the modern approach to freedom.