Kalhori Kurdish dialect is one of the vernaculars of the southern branch of Kurdish language (Kurdish language has three branches north, central and southern) that most of its speakers live in the cities of Ivan-Gharb and Sarablah of Ilam province and Islamabad-Gharb and Gilan-Gharb in Kermanshah province. Since linguistic studies consider Kurdish to be one of the most widely used languages in Persian, the concepts, words and combinations of this language, like Persian, are derived from the relations and proportions between words, one of which is the existence of citizens in the language. Therefore, the authors of this study have lead the present research in an integrated-field study method (direct conversation with Kalhori speakers of Gilan-Gharb and Ivan-Gharb regions) and with reference to library sources (referring to authoritative books related to Kalhori dialect) and they try to answer these questions: 1- Are there any dependency in the Kurdish dialect of Ivan-e-Gharb and Gilan-e-Gharb? 2- In the Kurdish dialect of Ivan-e-Gharb and Gilan-e-Gharb, what is the relationship between the word base and dependency (function)? 3- What are the differences and similarities between the dependency in the Kurdish dialect and the other in the Persian language? One of the results of this research in terms of semantic, function, structure and music, in the Kalhori dialect clarifies the dependency is exactly similar to the dependency in the Persian language. With the difference that the frequency of the function to the subject in Kalhori dependency is higher than the preceding the function to the subject in Persian language. Another difference is the existence of dependency switcher in Kurdish, which was not found in Persian. These practical differences and alterations indicate that Persian and Kurdish, with all their structural similarities, and adaptations, are two independent languages, and addressing such small and subtle differences can reveal aspects of the two languages' independence.

Arrays have been a definite part of Islamic architecture, like Islamic tombs whose array is part of their architecture. On the other hand, in Gilan and Mazandaran provinces, Islamic tombs have their own shape in terms of architecture-related layout, and from one part to another in these two provinces, there are differences in the layout of Islamic tombs, so the main purpose of this study Cognition and analysis of the array of Islamic tombs in the provinces of Gilan and Mazandaran is due to the impact of cultural factors and these questions are raised that the array of tombs in the provinces of Gilan and Mazandaran have what characteristics and what cultural factors are effective in their formation ? The research method in this research is descriptive-analytical and data evaluation has been done through comparative comparison. The selection of samples is based on the common shape of tombs from the west of Gilan to the east of Mazandaran and in general based on historical and geographical records and the selection of samples in these two provinces in this study is divided into four sections. It should be noted that in terms of antiquity, the samples have a long history, most of which were rebuilt in the old form in the Qajar period, and in fact a continuation of a form from the past, and this is due to moisture and consequently high erosion in this area. In this regard, the common examples of West Gilan belong to the Qajar period and the common examples of East Gilan belong to the Safavid period and most of the Qajar, and the common examples in the west and east of Mazandaran belong to the Timurid and Qajar periods. The results show that the cultural factors that are the religious and customary customs and beliefs of the society here have caused differences in the array of Islamic tombs in these two provinces, so that in western Gilan due to Sunni religion and pastoral livelihood simple tombs with walls Mesh and sloping ceilings are popular and their main array is related to knotting wooden lattice walls and carving on the capitals of small porches of the building period and burial box. While in East Gilan, due to the spread of Shiite religion and was of great importance, religious figures and religious ceremonies, tombs with closed burial chambers and large porches on one to four sides, as well as more details and arrays are common, and the main array These tombs can be seen in wood carvings on the body of columns, capitals and lintels, as well as doors and chests, which shows the public belief in these elements in the tombs. Also, wooden knot arrays with regular geometric designs can be seen in elements such as shrines and skylights. In addition, due to Shiite culture and religious beliefs, murals with religious themes are other arrays of tombs in East Gilan. In the western part of Mazandaran, the tombs with porches related to the Qajar period are similar to the tombs of East Gilan in terms of array and the factors of formation of arrays, with the difference that there is no mural array in them; In addition, due to the direct connection of Mazandaran with the center of Iran and also the custom of the community, tower tombs, which were mostly related to the Timurid period, were common in Mazandaran, but in western Mazandaran due to its distance from the center of Marashian Shiite rule Rarely seen in the architecture and array of tower tombs; But in the east of Mazandaran, the tower tombs are more majestic and luxurious, and in general, most of their arrays can be seen structurally and in the transition to the dome. They are porches and are similar to the west of Mazandaran in terms of array and the impact of culture on them.

One of the religious buildings and mosques in the Islamic era is the mausoleum of the divine people (in this research the baptized Imams and tombs) who are of special importance to the people because of the sanctity of the mosques. In other words, the burial architecture or the tomb of separation Each society is at different times. In Iran, from the past to today, especially in our Islamic era, we see such buildings. After the arrival of Islam and the change of religious rituals, various functions have been created in accordance with the new religion, or similar functions have been developed or modified, including the tomb. In the Islamic era, as if this tomb was related to people with divine cremations, such as the descendants or the family of the infallible Imams, the names of Imam Zadeh, Tomb, Torbat, Mashhad and ... were introduced to them and they were respected by the general people and they were a way. There is no doubt that this kind of performance has a lot of cultural influence in Iranian society. Thus, paying attention to the architecture of the tomb in the Islamic period is important, especially in the southern margin of the Caspian Sea. In this research, the Gilan and Mazandaran provinces, which on the one hand were considered as the most important refuge of the Muslim immigrants, the Alavians in the early Islamic Ages, The number of Imams and tombs in this region is higher than in other parts of Iran. However, few studies have been conducted on this area. Thus, the purpose of this research is first to identify the architectural features of such buildings and then to identify their differences and similarities, taking into account the role of the environment and culture in this area. According to the above mentioned questions, the research questions are as follows: What are the architectural features of the shrines of the Islamic period on the southern margin of the Caspian Sea? What role does the environment and culture play in the formation of Islamic tombs in the southern margin of the Caspian Sea? . In this research, descriptive-analytic research method has been used. The samples were 127 cases, of which 16 were selected (typical cases) with high abundance, so that their attributes were attributed to the statistical population. These samples are examined in terms of location, plan and space, body and exterior shape, along with decorations, materials and methods of constructing comparative comparisons. In other words, they are viewed from two general viewpoints - the shape of the space and the body Are evaluated in order to simultaneously examine all aspects of the creation of such a function in this area. The results of the study show that although the provinces of Gilan and Mazandaran are in one line, but due to the semi-closed widespread use of a wooden lattice wall and semi-open or without walls due to religious beliefs, livelihoods of Shibani and the climate in western Guilan, tombs Avangaran with closed burial chamber in eastern cities in the west of Gilan such as Rasht, Lashtenesha, Nasha and Fouman and in the eastern cities of Gilan, due to religious practices and climatic conditions, the presence of four and octagonal domes in the southwestern and eastern mountains Guilan (Roodbar, Amarlou and Dilman) due to geographical conditions and adjacent to other areas such as Ghazvin and Zanjan, the prevalence Shrines in Mazandaran due to custom and beliefs of the people as well as climatic conditions, which are also different in the western and eastern parts of the province, as well as examples of the Qajar dynasty (more than an ivory) in the west and east of Mazandaran; the architecture of the shrines The Islamic period in different regions of these two provinces is influenced by environmental factors (climate and geographical location) and cultural factors (religious beliefs, customs, and customs).

The architecture of the temperate and humid climate of Iran has features that evolved uniquely over many years and under the influence of environmental factors. These features led to using the particular patterns in the architecture and housing architecture in particular. The rural houses of the north of Iran were uniquely created under the influence of environmental factors such as geography, climate, economy, culture, and social conditions. The architecture of this region is a response to the behavioral and climatic needs of the local people by relying on the regional and natural facilities. The case study was the rural houses of West Gilan that were studied in four geographical classifications of coastal plain, plain, foothill, and mountain. The research method was the analytical-descriptive method. The results were presented using the statistical data analysis extracted from the software. Therefore, the samples were selected non-random sampling method, considering the purposive method and consideration. The components of the functional efficiency in the structure of the rural houses were studied using the Space Syntax method and Igraph software. The results indicate that the pattern of rural housing of Gilan has a single layer structure and enjoys a shallow depth. The maximum connection between the house and the outdoor is through the porch. Also, access to other spaces is through the porch and then telaar. The porch is the shallowest and the most connected space element that is responsible for connecting the outdoor spaces and the other spaces, and telaar is the second element. The porch and telaar increase the connectivity degree and better connection between the yard space and other internal spaces, resulting in improving the function between the spaces generally.

From the third to the seventh century AH, Islamic geographers have mentioned a toponym with similar names such as Mādhruestān, Mādhrustān, and Māīdhruestān, all of which point to a place or area along the Great Khorasan Road. So far, researchers have suggested different options for the location of Mādhrustān, including Taq-e Gara, Qaleh-i Yazdgird, Sorkhah-Dizah, the route of Gilan-e Gharb and the plain of Eywan-e Gharb. The present research seeks to find out which area or ancient site can possibly conform to the toponym of Mādhrustān. The authors, based on some historical and geographical clues supported by archaeological and linguistic documents, demonstrate the conformity of Mādhruestān with the forested area of ​​“Nāwdār” in the county of Dālāhū. Moreover, the authors believe that the name “Mādhrustān” is probably rooted in the name “Media,” or as its modern name (Nāwdār = among the forest), is rooted in the most important natural feature of the mentioned area, i.e. the dense cover of the Māzū (oak) forest covering the entire area. The authors believe that the Nāwdār Palace, which is attributed to Bahram Gūr in Islamic texts, corresponds to the current Sorkhah Dizah monument which is located in the middle of the Nāwdār region. The authors believe that the name Sorkhah Dizah (red fort) probably refers to ancient Iranian stories such as those found in the book Haft Peykar according to which Bahram Gūr errected a red palace for one of his wives.

Climate change is one of the greatest challenges of our time to achieve sustainable development. The dangers of global warming and climate change can be recognised and planned for, so efforts should be made to identify the consequences and methods of adaptation to reduce their impact, as trees and plants are sensitive to climate change, heat and moisture stress, and forest ecosystems are affected by these changes. Climate change is one of the greatest challenges of our time to achieve sustainable development. The threats of global warming and climate change can be identified and planned for, so efforts should be made to identify the consequences and methods of adaptation and reduce their impacts because the sensitivity of trees and plants to climate change, heat and moisture stress, forest ecosystems are affected by these changes. Forest degradation due to climate change is a global phenomenon affecting many tree species. One of the major challenges to Iran's natural resources is the degradation of oak forests. The increase in temperature in recent years has lengthened the growing season of Iranian oak, and due to the lack of rainfall, the intensity of water stress on this forest species has increased. Understanding the extent of climate change in the Zagros ecosystem based on standard indicators that show climate change can help managers and planners take action to adapt to conservation and restoration conditions.

In this study, based on the standard indicators established and updated by the World Meteorological Organization, the occurrence of climate change in six sites monitoring the decline of oak trees in Ilam Province, including Sarabeleh, Mala Siah and Dalab Strait, was detected in both north and south directions. The trend slope line, trend slope error and trend significance of the indices in the statistical range P value=0.05 were calculated using ClimPACT software in R program environment. The characteristics of heat, cold, combined, and precipitation indices such as day, number of occurrences, and continuity of the index in the nearest synoptic station to each site were identified, and daily data of minimum temperature, maximum temperature, and precipitation parameters were used between 1987 and 2019. The variations of each index were plotted and analyzed as graphs in the R software environment. Accordingly, the trend slope and significant indices affecting heat stress (hot temperature indices and cold-temperature indices) and water stress were calculated with the software ClimPACT in the R programme environment.

The results of the trend and significance of thermal indicators for climate change detection showed that of the 16 heat indices studied, in Ivan station, 11 indicators showed a significant trend of about 70% and in Ilam 9 indicators showed a significant trend of about 56%.The heat-based temperature indices, especially those based on maximum temperatures, showed a significant change towards warming, while those based on minimum temperatures showed no significant trend. The study of heat waves showed that the northern and northwestern regions of the province were subjected to several periods of heat waves, which occurred with greater frequency and continuity in the northwestern part of the province (Malah Siah and Dolab Strait sites) than in the northern part (Sarab sites) of the province, confirming the emergence of high mountain regions as a result of climate change. Cold-based temperature indices of 8 studied indices in Ivan-e-Sorchrove station, 7 indices were above 87% and Ilam 3 was about 38% the trend was significantThe cold-based temperature indices in Ivan West station show a significant change in the direction of a decrease of frost and cold and their persistence and warming, and in Ilam station the decrease of cold and warming of air after 2008 indicates a decrease of cold and warming. The results of the trend and significance of the combined indices for climate change detection in Ivan West station were 100% and in Ilam station 50% showed significant trend. The combined indices confirm climate change in terms of increase in air temperature due to increase in growing season and increase in trend of change in maximum temperature. The study of the trend and significance of ten precipitation indices related to the frequency and intensity of heavy rainfall and the length of dry and wet periods showed only one index in Ivan-e-West station, which was about 10%. The station Ilam did not show significant changes in the precipitation index.

It can be concluded that zagros vegetative region in Ilam province has experienced severe thermal changes during 1987-2019 and climate change in the north of Zagros vegetative region is a type of temperature increase that has been extended to the northwestern regions of this region since 2008. The results show that in deterioration sites, in addition to increasing temperature, some precipitation has increased. Therefore, it can be said that the occurrence of climate change phenomenon causes increasing temperature, occurrence of floods, emergence of droughts and creating dust phenomenon, especially from neighboring countries and intensifying it in the country, all of these factors are the starting factors of the decline of Oak Trees in Ilam province. What seems to be important is to take necessary measures to prevent and mitigate the effects of climate change. These two measures can be effective and useful in reducing the effects of flood severity and risk. Therefore, managers and planners of forest ecosystems should have adaptive strategies to climate change in order to maintain and revive their executive plans so that Zagros can survive as a forest ecosystem. Although the occurrence of climate change phenomenon is one of the most important factors of drought and deterioration of Zagros forests, conservation and restoration of oak forest ecosystems can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and climate change.

Eshaqiyeh family has had the power and the kingdom in the West of Guilan, especially in the region Fouman for many years of the seventh to tenth century Hijri. This family was faced of the Mongol period in Iran with a variety of government and were often with the independence of the kingdom in the region. In the reign of the Safavid, particularly in the late period Shah Ismail I, in terms of political power weakened and they were pretty docile the central government. Finally, this family were destroyed at the time of Shah Abbas I in the year 1000 Hijri for intra-regional competition and central government centralized policies. In this reseach , with method descriptive and analytical , had studied Political and social situation Eshaqiyeh rulers in the Guillan at the Safavid period and were paid their relationship with the Safavid and Al Kia in east Guilan. The results research show that Eshaqiyeh family with using Geographical position and the appropriate family, Could ruled west of Gilan for many years.

During recent years, various researchers tried to quantify the tectonic movements and have presented several indicators as geomorphic indices. Using these indicators provides the possibility for proper analysis of the evolution situation of the drainage network and changes of the mountain front due to the tectonic activities. Kangir basin (Eyvanegharb) is located at coordinates of geographical longitude of 46ْ, 17َ, and 11ًup to east 46ْ, 27َ, and 35ً and geographical latitude 33ْ, 41َ, and 14ًup to north 33ْ, 50َ, and 57ً with an area of122. 71square kilometers in southeast Eyvanegharb city (North of Ilam Province). The only drainage of this basin is Kangir River, which drains the total of Eyvanegharb plain. The main purpose of this paper is the relative evaluation of status of the basin active tectonics through using and calculating geomorphic indices such as Valley floor – valley height ratio (Vf), Asymmetric factor (Af), Stream length gradient index (Sl), Drainage basin shape ratio (Bs), Percentage dissected mountain fronts (Fd), Percentage undissected escarpments (Eu), Mountain front sinuosity (Smf), and Mountain front facet (Fmf). Thus, topographic maps and geology, satellite imagery and geographical information system software in Arc GIS 10 and several field visits from landforms, has been used. The results indicate that the Kangir watershed has a relatively active tectonic status; Based on indicators of Vf, Af, Sl, Fd, Eu, Smf and Fmf, this basin is placed at class one. The amount of qualitative calculated indices is matched with the existing Geomorphologic evidences available in the area such as the V-shaped and deep valleys, escarpments fault, triangular surfaces, young anticline, low cut mountains front, tilt the main drainage and lack of foothills.

We gathered wind data (2009-2013), Digital Elevation Model and Land-use maps to assess wind potential. Topographic maps of the area with contour distances of 10 meters, surface roughness and obstacles in the stations were prepared to produce wind atlases. Then wind potential was calculated and evaluated using parameters including mean wind power density, most probable and maximum energy-carrying wind speed in 40 m AGL and 0.03 m surface roughness conditions. The comparison of wind properties in studied sites for 0.03m surface roughness and 40 m AGL conditions showed that mean wind speed is the highest in Gilanqarb and Tazehabad and the lowest in Kangavar and Sarpolzahab respectively. Besides, the investigation of shape reveals that wind speed is more uniform in Tazehabad, Somar and Gilanqarb, while it is less uniform in Kangavar and Ravansar. Most probable wind speed equals to 0 in Ravansar and Kangavar. Moreover, it is very low (less than 1 m/s) in Sapolzahab and Eslamabadqarb ,while it is the highest in Tazehabad (5.72m/s), Gilanqarb (5.61 m/s), and Somar (4.91 m/s). Although there is no notable spatial pattern for wind speed in Kermanshah province due to topographical complexity, sites with high wind energy potential is more frequent in west of this province (such as Tazehabad, Gilanqarb and Somar) compared to the east of it. Thus, the west of this area has more potential to use wind energy in general.