Effect of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) seed flour and its fractions on the growth of Streptomyces clavuligerus and clavulanic acid production in media containing soy meal, malt and mineral salts as the main substrates, was investigated. Peanut seed flour increased the clavulanic acid production by S. clavuligerus. Concentration of clavulanic acid in the media containing peanut seed flour, peanut meal, peanut oil, glycerol, peanut meal + glycerol, peanut protein + glycerol and control were 657, 391, 459, 463, 614, 668 and 467 mg/l, respectively. Concentration of clavulanic acid in the media containing peanut protein + glycerol and peanut seed flour were the most and clavulanic acid production in these media were 43% and 40% more than that of control, respectively. It was concluded that peanut and its fractions can use as suitable nitrogen and carbon sources for clavulanic acid production.

  In the corn and peanut intercropping system, the organic amounts of carbon, nitrogen, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium in the soil were affected by sowing system after harvest and changes in each element varied according to the percentage of plant and different morphological structure between two plants. Intercropping of Roselle and mung bean was modeled based on different percentages of mix-culture and the results showed that, by increasing the cultivation area of Roselle would cause negative effects on soil properties and increasing in the mung bean cultivation area in comparison with the Roselle had a positive effect on the amount of nitrogen and carbon. To determine the best intercropping patterns and effect of vermicompost in corn, peanut and borage intercropping, a split plot test based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at the Institute of Zabol University in 2015. The study factors consisted of various proportion of vermicompost as a major factor in three levels, including: 0, 2.5 and 5 tons per hectare, different patterns of intercropping as a sub-factor in 9 levels including monoculture of corn, peanut, borage, and mix cultivation which are including: 50% corn plus 25% peanut plus 25% borage, 100% corn plus 50% peanut plus 50% borage, 40% corn plus 30% peanut plus 30% borage, 100% corn, 75% peanut plus 25% borage, 60% corn plus 20%peanut plus 20% borage plus and 100% corn plus 25% peanut plus 75% borage. Soil sampling was conducted after harvesting three plants. Soil elements including organic carbon, phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium and sodium were measured in soil sampling. The effects of intercropping patterns and vermicompost on the amount of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and sodium in the soil were significant at 1% probability level. Statistically, the mutual interaction between these two treatments also showed a significant effect on the amount of the elements. In the analysis of intercropping patterns, the cropping patterns of %100 corns plus %50 peanut plus %50 borage, and the use of 5 ton vermicompost per hectare resulted the maximum amount of organic carbon (%41). By increasing the amount of peanuts to %50 in the cropping pattern, the amount of carbon also increased and in the pattern with the least peanuts percentage, the amount of the element (carbon) decreased. The different root system among three plants, and their competition to absorb more of soil nutrients. The legumes in intercropping with positive effect increased the amount of phosphorus. Among different patterns of intercropping, the least amount of sodium in the soil (8.2m.e.l-1) was observed in %100 corn plus %25 peanut plus %75 borage treatments, while fertilizers were not used. As a result, by increasing borage percentage, the amount of sodium in the soil decreased. The highest yield rate of corn (17.3 t.ha-1) was observed in the intercropping pattern of % 100 corn plus %25 peanut plus %75 borage, and the highest yield rate of peanut (15.5 t.ha-1) was observed in the intercropping pattern of %100 corn plus %75 peanut plus %25 borage and usage of 2.5 ton vermicompost per hectare, and finally the highest performance rate of borage was observed in sole crop, and the use of 5 ton vermicompost per hectare. Furthermore, due to the physiological and morphological differences among the three plant species, the use of environmental resources efficiency in pattern designing increased in intercropping. The Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) of all the intercropping patterns was more than 1, which showed the advantage of intercropping over sole crop. Not only does choosing a suitable planting pattern increase the diversity in agricultural ecosystems, but also it plays an important role in both soil reclamation and protection. Both selection of plants and determination of appropriate intercropping percentages in a pattern are possible with respect to the reduction of competition between species and achievement of multiple ecological, economical, and agricultural goals. According to the results, intercropping pattern including %100 corn plus %50 peanut plus %50 borage, increased amount of organic carbon, nitrogen, and moisture in non-fertile soils and dry lands, hence it was the best model

Intercropping and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria improve sustainability of agro-ecosystems. To evaluate the effect of Azotobacter (Azotobacter chroococcum) inoculation on productivity of a peanut /maize intercropping system, a two-year study was design as a randomized complete block in a factorial arrangement with three replicates at Astaneh-ye Ashrafiyeh, Guilan province. Factors were Azotobacter inoculation [control (non-inoculated) and inoculated with Azotobacter chroococcum) and intercropping pattern (Sole cropping of peanut and maize, additive intercropping pattern at three levels (100% peanut + 100% maize, 100% peanut + 50% maize, and 50% peanut + 100% maize), and replacement intercropping pattern at three levels (50% peanut + 50% maize, 67% peanut +33% maize, and 33% peanut + 67% maize). Results showed that gain yields of maize and peanut were significantly affected by Azotobacter inoculation and intercropping pattern. Inoculation with Azotobacter chroococcum significantly increased grain yields of peanut and maize by 10% and 16%, respectively. Maximum and minimum of land equivalent ratio (LER) were observed at 100% peanut + 50% maize and 50% peanut + 50% maize, respectively and inoculated intercropped plots with Azotobacter chroococcum had 12-16% grater LER that non-inoculated ones. Regards to impossibility of mechanical weed control by machines in additive intercropping patterns, to obtain the highest productivity in maize/peanut intercropping system, intercropping pattern of 100% peanut + 50% maize along with Azotobacter application will be suitable in fields with low weed density. Otherwise, based on LER and grain yield of peanut, the intercropping pattern of 67% peanut + 33% maize along with Azotobacter application will be suitable.

In order to evaluate of grain yield of groundnut under intercropping with corn under the application of phosphorus chemical and bio-fertilizers, this experiment is performed as factorial arrangement based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Rasht, Iran in 2017 and 2018 cropping seasons. Five level of phosphorus fertilizer (PF) as triple super phosphate (TSP) including 1. Zero (as control), 2. 50 kg/ha TSP, 3. 100 kg/ha TSP, 4. 50 kg/ha TSP + 200 g/ha Barvar2 phosphate bio-fertilizer (BPB), and 5. 100 kg/ha TSP + 200 g/ha BPB, and five intercropping pattern (IP) including 1. maize sole cropping, 2. groundnut sole cropping, 3. intercropped groundnut-maize with the ratio of 1:1, 2:1, and 1:2 rows, comprise the experimental treatments. According to the results from this experiment, the interaction effect between phosphorus fertilizer × intercropping system has been significant for all measured characteristics. Maximum grain yield of maize and groundnut are observed in the application of 100 kg/ha phosphorus fertilizer plus 200 g Barvar2 phosphat bio-fertilizer under sole crop. The combined usage of chemical and biological phosphorus fertilizer increase grain yield of maize and groundnut under sole crop. The highest land equivalent ratio (LER) equal 1.88 can be seen under control treatment and maize-groundnut intercropped system with the ratio of 1:1 rows. Intercropping system improve yield attributes of groundnut such as pod numbers per plant and grain number per pod, pod length, and diameter. Based on the results of this experiment, maize-groundnut intercropped system are advantageous for crop production per unit area. In addition, the concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus content in groundnut grain rise in response to the integrated application of chemical phosphorus and Barvar2 phosphat bio-fertilizer under maize-groundnut intercropped system. Maize-groundnut intercropped system with the ratio of 1:1 rows and the application of 100 kg/ha phosphorus fertilizer plus 200 g Barvar2 phosphat bio-fertilizer are superior to other treatments. Hence, Barvar2 phosphat bio-fertilizer superiority could be recommendable to enhance profitability and crop production at maize-groundnut intercropping system under region climatic condition.

The effect of peanut pod as insoluble fiber source in diets on growth performance, small intestine morphology and nutrient digestibility of broilers was evaluated. This study was conducted using 320 Ross-308 broiler chickens in a completely randomized design with four treatments diets (containing 0 (control), 2.5, five or 7.5 percent peanut pod), with five replicates and 16 birds in each from 11 to 42 days of age. At the growth phase (11 to 24 d) dietary peanut pod decreased feed intake and feed conversion ratio, however, the birds that fed the diet containing 7.5 percent had higher daily weight gain (P

The aim of this study was to see how alkaline salts of sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate, as well as peanut skin extract, affected the qualitative qualities of fried coated peanuts during shelf life, as well as the chemical properties of the oil used in the frying process.Control coated peanuts with no alkaline salts or peanut skin extract, as well as additional samples with varying percentages of two alkaline salts, sodium carbonate (0.10, 0.12, 0.14) and potassium carbonate (0.16, 0.18, and 0.20)next to each other or along with 0.02% peanut skin extract.Following the production of samples, the peroxide and anisidine indices, oil absorption rate, colorimetry, and sensory assessment of peanuts were assessed.The utilized oil's iodine, soap, peroxide, anisidine values, polar compounds, and acidity were also studied.The addition of alkaline salts reduced oil absorption in peanuts significantly (p< 0.05).Lower peroxide and anisidine values were detected in samples containing peanut skin extract in addition to alkaline salts (p<0.05).Increasing the concentration of alkaline salts significantly led to a decrease in brightness, an increase in redness, yellowness, and ΔE in coated peanut samples (p<0.05).The sensory evaluation scores decreased as the concentration of alkaline salts increased, but the use of concentrations of 0.10% sodium carbonate and 0.16% potassium carbonate significantly improved texture crispness and overall acceptability compared to the control (p<0.05).There was no significant difference in other sensory indications as compared to the control.Chemical analysis of used frying oil revealed the same results for all samples, and alkaline salts and peanut skin extract had no effect on the oil's quality.The iodine and soap values of the oils used to fry all peanut samples declined, whereas acidity, peroxide and anisidine values increased.According to the results, it was proposed to coat peanuts in the frying process with 0.10% sodium carbonate,0.16% potassium carbonate, and 0.02% peanut skin extract.

Mixed cropping is one of the most important principles of sustainable and organic agriculture. Intercropping of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and corn (Zea mays L.) is the most successful mixed cropping in north areas of Iran. Nevertheless, in this region, there has hardly been any research to determine the best sowing pattern and varieties of corn that could be cultivated with peanut. Thus, an experiment was conducted to evaluate three planting patterns and two varieties of corn and their interaction effects on LER, yield and yield components of peanut and corn varieties. A complete randomized design (CRD) was conducted in three replications, factorially in a rain fed farm of Lahijan in summer of 2005. The varieties consisted of two levels of early and late mature hybrids of corn (KSC301 and KSC 704). The planting pattern consisted of tree levels including one row of corn and tree rows of peanut, one row of corn and five rows of peanut and two rows of corn and five rows of peanut. Agronomic practices were done based on peanut requirements, because peanut is cash crop and more important than corn for farmers in this region. Results of this experiment showed that hybrids and planting pattern have significant effects on LER and the yield of peanut. In sum, one row of late mature corn (KSC704) and five rows of peanut were best in LER (1.15). KSC 704 variety resulted in higher yield of peanut than early matured corn (KSC301), because this cultivar had different canopy with peanut and interfere into the growth of peanut less than the other.