The extent and diversity of oil and gas resources on the one hand and the low price of energy carriers in the country has made Iran one of the highest consumers of fossil fuels, therefore, various approaches and policies have been presented to reduce this, one of them Relying on social capital. Therefore, the main research question is to what extent social capital can be used in the optimization of fossil fuels? The main hypothesis of the article is that due to sufficient social capital in the field of trust, social cooperation and popular organizations (although there is less belief in this), the capacities of social capital indicators can be used to optimize fuel consumption. The results of the research show that based on the field data, the horizontal trust index (trust of people to people) is relatively strong among Iranians and they have shown high social cooperation in various crises. At the same time, although Iranians have not shown much faith in popular organizations, membership in religious groups and delegations can compensate for this. The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical, and the data was collected in a library and through a questionnaire.

The House of Public Participation in Health has been established to attract public participation as one of the principles of primary health care (PHC) and the missing link of socialization of the health system, with the participation of public mediators at both provincial and city levels. Members of the People's Participation Council are representatives of grassroots organizations at the provincial level that transmit health messages to the people and raise the demands of the people in the council with the cooperation of their network mediators, in this way, people can participate in comprehensive health programs.

The Islamic Revolution as a living and growing phenomenon, as it has arisen with the presence and role-playing of the people, is with the effective presence of the people that persists and evolves. Student Basij is one of the popular organizations that has always been a pioneer in popular role-playing in the presence of popular forces in the social arena Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to identify the managerial model of this organization in order to increase its productivity and to complement, refine and improve management knowledge and organizational theories. The study has identified 23 key concepts through in-depth interviews with 18 student Basij officials. In the next step, these concepts are categorized and explained in four main categories: "Management Principles", "Management basics", "Management Complementaries" and "Management Tools". In the student Basij, each individual is present in the organization based on his internal motivations, and therefore there is no conflict between interpersonal goals and individual and organizational goals.

The establishment of Non-governmental Organizations (NOGs) for the present society of Iran is a historical need. The more the NGOs are materialized, the closer the Iranian society gets to the governorship of the people. The stronger the NGOs, the stronger the presence of the people in various social arenas. In the past, trade unions were responsible for the exchange of cultural and economic commodities, which indicated the presence of the people. Today as the administration of the country becomes more and more complicated, the cultural and social function of NGOs become more and more apparent. The interference of the government is the NGOs’ affairs undermine them. In this paper, the writers discuss the importance of the cooperation of the government with NGOs by reviewing the cases of two non-governmental activities; that is, interest-free funds, and cooperatives.

Institutionalized social participation provides the context for the individual's interaction with others in the society in a systematic structure under the name of popular organizations.This participation leads to an increase in social vitality,social capital and social cohesion, and in addition,the target groups of the organizations, such as the deprived classes and the environment, benefit from their activities.The main responsibility of governments towards these groups is to regulate and support their activities.Development plans in Iran are the most important rules for regulating governance in five-year periods.Four levels of decision-making,monitoring,demanding and implementation for social participation are defined in the international models and the Iranian constitution.In this article,the state of social participation in the6th Development Plan and the country has been investigated with a descriptive-analytical method and finally, suggestions have been made to promote institutionalized social participation in the 7th Development Plan based on successful global experiences and the views of social thinkers.In the 6th plan,the three basic levels of participation, i.e. decision-making, monitoring and demanding are weak, and people's organizations have not received proper regulation and support.Pushing participation to the level of its implementation with economic incentives, without proper strengthening and structuring of the public sector,will lead to serious challenges in the country's social structure.To solve these problems, the political and legislative logic of the popular sector and the pattern of its relations with other sectors must be determined.In addition,public education for informed and purposeful participation and helping to institutionalize the public sector should be considered as a prelude to participatory governance,

This research aims to explore the people's role in empowering a political system. Accordingly, the central question in this study is how independent people-centric organizations, detached from governmental structures, can make governance effective. To achieve the role of collective agency in participatory governance, a structure-agent approach has been chosen to demonstrate the consequences of the interaction between people-centric organizations and structures. Using religious culture in the social-political spheres, collective agency significantly impacts creating effectiveness and the socio-political lifestyle. In politics, less attention has been paid to the importance of collective agency in interacting with governance, with more emphasis on individual management and personal agency. The remarkable power of collective agency and its religious dimension have yet to be discussed. Collective agency in a specific process and transactional approach finds a widespread and interactive role in society and the political system, strengthening the governance system through consensus-building and collective participation. Overall, in collective agency, the capacity for public participation is high, power is distributed rotationally and cyclically, public satisfaction is a fundamental condition for the effectiveness of collective agency and good governance, the role of people's organizations in all areas is transparent, the minimal state and people's private sector are the majority, justice, and socio-political freedoms are the foundations of collective agency, this mono-centric approach dominates in various fields, the government becomes dependent on people-centric organizations. In reality, religious participatory governance will prevail.

The model of urban governance as an alternative to the traditional model of urban governance emphasizes the transition from formal structures as the center of decision-making to the role of civil society in the exercise of democratic rights and the performance of duties. This research is a descriptive-analytical study that aims to investigate and evaluate the status of urban management in Iran based on good governance indicators in Karaj. Data collection was done through field and library studies. The statistical population includes a group of urban planning experts who were selected by snowball sampling 30 people. Factor analysis, T-test, and ANP integrated analysis model were used for data analysis using SPSS and ANP software. The findings of the study showed that the good governance of the city with a coefficient of T 1.344 is moderate based on the needs and desires of the citizens. Also, the security index (with a coefficient of T = 7.938) and the rule of law (with a coefficient of T = 7.490) scored the highest. In this regard, the indicators of adherence of city management to the customs and traditions of the city with a coefficient of importance of 0.956; Gender justice in the city with a coefficient of importance of 0.962; And the ability to strengthen indigenous and local mechanisms with a coefficient of importance of 0.968 have been more effective in good urban governance than other indicators. According to the ANP model, transparency indicators (C); efficiency and effectiveness (E); responsibility and accountability (F); Consequently, it is necessary to achieve good urban governance, strengthen grassroots organizations, strengthen competitive environment, transparency, strengthen executive and planning mechanisms, and eliminate bureaucracy.

In recent years, social and human aspects of development are more taken into considerations in Iran as a result of the people-oriented and community-based discourse in the country, confronting the mainstream economic and top-down approaches. In this discourse, the stress is put on strengthening social capital to empower the civic associations to become the main agent of development. In this qualitative research, five cases in community-based interventions in Iran are studied by deep interviews with their main practitioners. After coding the interviews and other related reports using Thematic Analysis, the 'intervention dimensions' emerge and the cases are compared in each dimension. Then, the similar issues in community-based development in Iran are identified and compared to the usual approaches in development programs in the country. Finally, it is shown that despite the similarities, each case has adopted its own specific issues and theory of change that has not been mentioned explicitly in the existing literature.

This article tries to answer the question of why and how Iran in the second Pahlavi era, despite the huge wealth it gained from oil revenues, underdeveloped in the political arena, based on the new institutionalist perspective. Findings indicate that the institutional characteristics of Iran in the second Pahlavi era, such as dependence on foreigners, dictatorship and unpopularity, monopoly and repression of popular organizations are among the main reasons for Iran's underdevelopment. , The lack of a mindset of corruption, the freedom of the media and the activism of civil society, and on the other hand, are at odds with institutionalist assumptions such as transparency, analyzability, rationality and practicality. The results of this study show that the Pahlavi government's access to oil rents and the separation of the government from the nation and the Shah's arbitrary actions in creating the country's civil institutions kept him away from the path of political development. The present article is a descriptive-analytical method using library resources and Internet resources