For the first time، invention of iron production technique emerged by the Hittite in Anatolia، in the mid-second millennium BC. (about 1200 BC). Hittite government collapsed and iron production technology expanded to the adjacent areas، including Iran. Soon iron was used for production of various tools، equipments، weapons، ornaments and other items. In Iran، the first iron objected، in a limited number، appeared among the remains of Iron Age I (1200-1450 BC). Iron objects are much more in the Iron Age II (1200-800BC). In the first half of the first millennium BC the widespread use of iron for making tools led to rapid technological advances and extensive changes in the social and economic structures. In this paper، the role of iron production technology in these extensive changes will be studied.

Archaeological evidences emphasizes Central Iranian Plateau as one of the important region of Iron age studies. Tepe Sofalin is an important Protohistoric site in north of Pishva, east of Rey plain, Tehran Province. But the archeological evidence shows the use of this site in Iron Age, too. During excavations at this site a number of single and scattered Iron Age’s burial have been discovered. We know, the Bronze Age culture does not suddenly disappear. In fact, culture changes very little in the first half of second B.C. This may suggest that there is no significant cultural break throughout the entire region at the beginning of the Iron Age. Primary burial and grveyard practices slowly appears in this era. However, in the Iron age period numerous settlement and significant sedentary or nomadic society! occupation started. A similar pattern also seems to have occurred in the Iranian Plateau. New excavations show that Central Iranian Plateau had continuity from late Bronze age to Iron age. So, this article provides an introduction to Iron age’s burial and their grave goods from Sofalin. The burials are single burials in earthen graves. the burial lies in the fetal position. This type of burial style continues into Iron II and III. Tombs architecture are simple rectangular structures without elaboration.Most characteristic of vessels are formas red, buff and grey ware, forms dipper juglet, jars and storage. The bangles tend to be tappered than bangles dated to the end of Iron II. These later examples are heavy looking. In this research, the burial and their grave goods as a part of Iron age’s societies in central Iranian Plateau exploring and discussed. The main question of this research is how was relationship the burials traditions of Sofalin with other sites in eastern Iron age’s societies in Central Iranian Plateau, Varamin-Pishva plain. The contribute to the emerging picture of the nuances of early and middle Iron age subsistence strategies on the Pishva plain. Preliminary studies on findings of Sofalin site is show that dispersion style of traces and Iron finds more has been focused in the southeastern part of this site. Style of burial is to form of squat and recumbent on flank. Graves is to form of oval cache and without any architectural structure. So far, from the Tepe Sofalin hasn’t been achieved any evidence based on settlement or big cemetery during the Iron period. Cultural finds based on species, decoration, and ceramic and metal forms from the burials and also, surface finds achieved from this site and archaeological surveys in area of study is proves Iron Age I to III. Indications exist of preparation graves are to form of flooring, beaten of grave space, and also, muddy encrusted in burial numbers 1, 2, and 3. Bronze arrow found above the burial, can proves a warrior of buried (burial number 1). Exist of multiple votive objects of terra cotta (burial numbers 2 and 3), and exist of extensions decorative of metallic as: ring, bracelet, and ankle jewelry (addition to that represents the ritual and spiritual), based on small amount grave objects can show the social rank of the deceased person.

During the Iron Age (1500 - 550 BC) extensive migrations and socio-political conflicts have taken place, especially in southwest Asia. Probably the main reason for these movements was related to the 3200 BP (1200 BC) and the 2800 BP (800 BC) climatic events. This study attempts to investigate the influential climatic events during the Iron Age in southwest Asia, based on paleoclimate research of the late Holocene. The main question is what (possibly) link has there been between climate change and Iron Age socio-political change in the region? It is assumed that the escalation of arid climatic conditions has severely strained human societies. In this study, historical documents and archaeological evidence of southwest Asia belonging to the Iron Age, along with the results of paleoclimate research of the late Holocene from the region, the North Atlantic, and Greenland have been examined. According to paleoclimate studies, several climatic oscillations are identified during the Iron Age: about 1500 - 1250 BC a wet period (Iron I), about 1250 - 950 BC a very dry period (the 3200 BP event), and about 950 - 850 BC a relatively wet period (Iron II), about 850 - 750 BC a dry period (the 2800 BP event) and about 750 - 550 BC an unstable wet-dry period (Iron III). The results of this study show that periods of increasing violence and widespread human migrations during the Iron Age overlapped with times of climatic anomalies. It is also emphasized that the survival of most Iron Age societies in Iran during difficult periods of climate change has certainly been compatible with a kind of subsistence system that can probably be described as pastoral nomadism and hunting; A system adapted by the environmental potentials of many regions of Iran, which has been also continued during historical and Islamic periods.

Studying and understanding social, economic and political structures of Iron Age societies is an important aspect of archaeological studies on this age. Archaeological surveys of Iron Age in Iran have so far been concentrated on typological study and comparison of the findings obtained from excavations in the cemeteries of this era, and little attention has been paid to examining and reconstructing various social, economical and political aspects of societies of this period. Our archaeological knowledge of Iron Age Iran is greatly based on the excavations carried out in cemeteries of this period, but settlement sites have not been examined sufficiently. Most researchers have so far classified Iron Age peoples of Iran as societies lacking organized political and administrative institutions, and have referred to them as wanderers, on the basis of the small number of the settlement sites. Studying, explaining and analyzing the data obtained from the excavation of the settlement sites of this period can prove the existence of social, economic and political institutions and that they were well organized. The discovery of some grey potsherds with cylinder seal impressions along with such evidences as seals, plaster tokens, big crocks and remains of crock plumps in granaries and places of special usage in large and important Iron Age settlement sites, provides good evidence on social and economic organizations related to agricultural affairs.

In Archaeology the Iron Age refers to the period in which the immigration struggle intensified between different ethnic groups. The best data from these immigrant communities are their funerary structures. So that these structures have been seen in many areas of Archaeological where they are occupied. The most prominent funeral feature of these tribes that can be seen in the most entered lands is a circular stone structure on the grave that surrounds the central space or location of the dead. The study area is ​​one of the flooded rivers of Meshgin city that such a system is one of the important factors in the appearance of the ancient sites of this part of Ardabil province. In archaeological surveys, many Iron Age cemeteries were identified and studied in this area. One of the sensible Features for the tombs of these cemeteries is interesting circle-shaped structures that surround the inside of the grave and location of the dead place. This research is worked with brief background of the transmittal rate of such structures in the second and first millennium B.C graves in different parts of the world with looking for the mythological and symbology studies that why and how the circular structures are made in the ancient Iron Age burials of Meshgin Chayi basin. A sociological regard to this topic shows that there have been special belief between Iron Age societies that believe on those due to appearance and continuation of special methods in the dead interment

Northwest Iran is one of the main areas in the Iranian Iron Age. One of the most important objects found in this area are objects made from organic materials which are carbon based compounds. These materials are of special importance in archaeological data due to their non-durability in environment. Majority of the objects made from organic materials in Northwestern Iran have been found in 9 settlement sites and cemeteries. Considering the importance of these objects from technical, application, commercial, and socio-economic points of view, and their impact on the Iron Age societies, this research intends to study these points and answer the following questions: What were the techniques used in manufacturing such objects? What was the role of trans-regional trade in manufacturing and expansion of these objects? What was the impact of manufacturing such objects on the socio-economic structure of that era? As an outcome of this research, which has been conducted based on library resources and analytical methods, objects made from organic materials such as oysters, ivory and some types of wood, were imported to this area by tradesmen from Northwest of Iran or by Assyrians or Zagros residents which indicated trans-regional links between them. These objects were imported in the form of raw materials, intermediate (semi-finished) or final products. Also, manufacturing these objects led to economic growth in the area and created different classes of craftsmen who in turn influenced the economy, art, and creating various professions in the area. Different methods have been used to shape the objects.

For a long time, humans have used plant motifs on objects such as pottery, goblet, and others, which sometimes have a symbolic appearance and were very important in the relics of a particular period. One of the most important motifs, that has a Mesopotamian origin, is the tree of life. The tree of life is a plant that is found in many mythical traditions of the Near East such as Mesopotamia, Anatolia and Egypt. The flower of life or the motif of geometric rosette is another valuable motif with six petals. In this paper, the authors first discuss the symbols and symbolism and then investigate the background of the tree of life and then discuss the motif of geometric rostte or flower of life, and later focus on the Golden, Silver and Bronze findings at the sites of Marlik, Amarlu in Gilan and Kelardasht in Mazandaran related to iron age of Iran and investigate the impact of this symbolic motif on archaeological findings in the surrounding sites that have probably transformed the motif of the tree of life into the flower of life. This motif emerged among the communities of northern Iran during a period almost identical to the Assyrian era at the bottom of the Golden and Silver and Bronze goblets and is a kind of symbol of the tree of life that then the artists replaced the sacred tree with six petal rosette.

 The most important issue about gray pottery is migration; because researchers believe that gray pottery, as the pottery of migrant or invader tribes, affects plateau settlements. A part of pottery findings of Taleghan region includes gray potteries not known enough in the founded region so far. Problem statement: gray pottery is the main characteristic of Iron Age. The common use of the term Iron Age is due to similarities of pottery, especially gray pottery, to iron technology. The places where this pottery is found are located in the pathway of Aryan tribes’ migration. Taleghan region is one of these places. Most of areas of Taleghan region have gray pottery samples similar to other major regions of Iron Age of central north of the Iranian Plateau, and they have coincidence with adjacent regions in the time period between Iron Age I and Iron Age II. Gray pottery of Taleghan has not been comprehensively studied so far. In the present research, gray pottery of Taleghan region is studied for the first time. Its comparison with other adjacent regions of the north of the Central Iranian Plateau has resulted in a scientific approach and new innovation.

this research is aimed at investigating the emergence of gray pottery of Taleghan region and comparing that with other contemporary areas in the north of the Central Plateau.

data collection was done by searching library and electronic resources and field studies. Then, the results were proposed in a historical, descriptive, and analytical manner.

Based on the studies, it was revealed that the Taleghan gray pottery maybe the result of a new deployment; and the presence of some indications has strengthened the theory that the Taleghan gray pottery is the product of a nomadic rancher society or, in other theory, the product of a rural rancher society associated with the advanced societies in its central north.

In the archaeological research of the Iron Age of Iran, the study of human-environment interaction has been largely neglected. Besides, due to the occurrence of climatic oscillations over the cultural period, conducting research with this approach seems necessary. The biggest limitation of this study was the shortage of absolute datings and reliable relative chronologies for most Iranian Iron Age sites. In addition, the studied sites, which are mainly cemeteries, do not allow for cultural stratification. In this research, the abundance and spatial distribution of the Iron Age cemeteries and settlements excavated and surveyed in the North Central, North, Northwest, and West regions of Iran are analyzed from the perspective of climate change. Paleoclimate researches in Southwest Asia indicate the intensification of arid climatic conditions during the Iron Age II (1250-800 BC). Based on the analysis, it is probable that the decrease of population in some regions and the displacement of human communities, as well as the subsistence system relying on mainly pastoral-nomadic during the Iron Age, were related to arid climatic events.