Jafar Qoli khan Donboli was one of the influential members of the Donboli dynasty in the scene of political developments in Azerbaijan and the Caucasus during the Qajar period. In the events following the assassination of his father, Ahmad Khan, he played an important role in consolidating the rule of his brother, Hussein Khan, and restoring the glory of the Donboli dynasty. But his approach to relations with the Qajar government was unstable. Contrary to the practice of obeying the rule of Aqa Mohammad Khan, during the reign of Fath Ali Shah, in order to challenge his authority in Azerbaijan, he tried to open the door to the Ottoman and Russia by adopting the policy of confrontation. In this regard, this study aims to investigate the politics of Otomanism to Russianism in the relations of Jafar Qoli Khan Donboli with the Qajar government. Two questions have been posed in this study: what was Jafar Qoli Khan's relations with the Qajar? And what were the influential factors in his inclination towards the Ottoman and Russian? The results of the study showed that he revolted against the Qajar in order to counter the policy of integrating with the central power and maintaining the Donboli dynasty. Therefore, after failing in a military confrontation with the Qajar and the lack of support from the Ottoman, he turned to that government, observing the power of the Russians.

The Donboli family was one of the local families in Azerbaijan and the city of Khoy was their main base. The authority of this dynasty reached its peak during Ahmad Khan due to the weakness of Zandid's government. However, this family suffered from some internal conflicts. The Qajar government used this weakness to exercise their sovereignty over them, fomenting internal divisions within the Donboli dynasty, paving the way for their integration into the central power. On the eve of the formation of the Qajar government, Hussein Khan was the head of the Donboli dynasty. Due to the power of the Qajars, he leaned towards the new government of Iran, and through this he achieved the position of Beglerbegi of Azerbaijan. But unlike his brother, Jafar Qoli Khan did not have a stable policy towards the Qajars. In order to take over the rule of the Donboli family and removing his brother in relations with Aqa Mohammad Khan, he followed the procedure of obedience and was able to gain the position of Beglerbegi by attracting the opinion of the ruler of Iran. But the process of accompanying him was changed with the death of Aqa Mohammad Khan, and during the reign of Fath Ali Shah, he adopted the policy of confrontation and started an armed struggle against the Qajars. In order to challenge the authority of the Qajars, he tried to involve them in the internal affairs of Azerbaijan through the policies of Ottomanism and Russification. This study tries to investigate the causes of his relationship with Fath Ali Shah and the emergence of dual behaviors from the politics of interaction to confrontation. The role of peripheral powers in the issue of Jafar Qoli Khan and its effect on relations with the Qajar government and the recognition of his role in the position of Khan Shaki under the supervision of the Russian are other issues presented in this study.

This research has made an attemot to investigate the issue by relying on Russian, Ottoman, and Iranian historiographical documents and using the descriptive-explanatory method. In this research, mainly Russian documents (AkAK) and Ottoman archival documents (bеlgеlеri) have been used. The Russian documents contain reports of Russian, Iranian, Ottoman rulers, and Khans about the developments in the Caucasus and Jafar Qoli Khan's relations with Russian. The Ottoman documents contain information about the correspondence of Khans of Khoy with the Ottoman authorities and reports from the Ottoman pashas about the Jafar Qoli Khan uprising. 

The result of the study showed that the component of hostility formed the basis of Jafar Qoli Khan's relations with the Qajar government. He waged an armed struggle to maintain the local government of Donboli and to oppose the policy of integration of the Qajar and with several unsuccessful revolts. He turned to the Ottoman to achieve his goals. By establishing relations with the border pashas, he tried to make the ground ready for Ottoman authorities to interfere internal affairs of Azerbaijan by obtaining their help and creating unrest in the border areas of the two countries. However, Iran's diplomatic action on the Ottoman and its willingness to adhere to a compromise led to the issuance of a decree entitled Jafar Qoli Khan's on pashas not to support Khan Donboli. His failure to capture the Ottomans caused him to turn to the Russians. The Russians, realizing Khan Donboli's influence in Azerbaijan, considered him as a suitable option to advance their political ambitions in the Caucasus and appointed him as the governor of the Shaki. He became the executor of their policies in the region with the support of the Russians and by suppressing the pro-Iranian insurgency, he provided the ground for Russian influence and consolidation in the Caucasus region.

ne of missions of political systems has been to establish security in country for which they have created organizations and authorities. To establish social stability, prevent from revolts, combat theft and robbery, create order within cities and provide security for people are the significant responsibilities of security agents. Given the traditional structure of Qajar government and before creation of new civilization institutions for security, such as police, gendarmerie, Cossack Brigade and so on, the method of providing security in cities was the same as previous traditional ones which was enforced by ruler, sheriff, warden, guard, toll man, troopers etc. By using descriptive-analytical method and by referring to historical sources, this article examines the method of providing order and security in and out of cities in pre-Constitutional Revolution Qajar Era, and the traditional security authorities in this era has been explored. The findings indicate that security, particularly in combating theft and robbery was a significant issue and it was conducted by applying violent methods and hard punishments but the desirable and institutionalized security was not created due to the lack of efficiency of traditional security institutions and administrational corruption

The second period of the rule of Kalbalikhan (1219-1235 AH/1804-1820 AD), one of the powerful rulers of the Kangarloo Dynasty over Nakhjavan, coincided with the first round of wars between Iran and Russia. At the beginning of these wars, he cooperated with Russian military commanders, however, during the war of Yerevan (1219 AH/1804 AD), he turned to the Qajar government. So the question is raised that “What were the causes of Kalbalikhan's inclination towards the Russians before the war, and then his turning to Iran and continuing to hesitate to cooperate with the Qajar government? “This issue has been investigated based on the collection of manuscripts of the Kangarloo family's correspondences, Qajar historical sources, and Russian documents. The findings shows that Kalbalikhan turned to the Russians to deal with the policy of eliminating and integrating local elites in the structure of the unified government of Iran with the aim of his political survival, which resulted in his dismissal from the Nakhjavan government by Agha Mohammad Khan. In contrast, Fath Ali Shah's tolerant policy, along with the promise of Nakhjavan's rule and the presence of hostages from his family in the Qajar court, led to Kalbalikhan's inclination towards the government of Iran. However, this cooperation continued along with mutual suspicion due to Kalbalikhan's erratic behavior.

The changes those occurred in the second half of Qajar Era in the economy of Iran, changed many fields of the country. Agriculture also influenced by those changes, like other economical and social fields of the country.To survey on the influence of economical changes of Ghaenat in the second half of Qajar Dynasty on the agriculture of this Velayat and its consequences is the problem of this research.Due to this research after the development of domestic and foreign trade in the end of nineteenth and the beginning of twentieth century, the Ghaenat remote and border Velayat turned to a hub in the trade of Russia, Britain India and Iran in the eastern part of country. Thus the agriculture of Velayat experienced of the process of commercialization. Increase in the production of export products like Opium, Saffron and Silk, and in the other hand, decrease in the production of essential products like Wheat and Barley were one of the character of this new process.

The nature of power in the Qajar government, like other traditional Iranian rulers, has been based on the militant support of the tribes and the clans. The convergence with these forces was possible by kinship links through marriage. Here, the question is how the political role of the Qajar dynastic marriages could be studied in terms of their power. To investigate this, a case study of marriages of the Qajar rulers with the elders of local families and court agents has been used implementing a descriptive-analytical method. Research findings revealed that political marriage was one of the leverages used by the Qajar dynasty to control the local powers and political agents. The Qajar government has lacked acceptance and basic infrastructure for governing its dominant territory. In order to obtain these two criteria, they have established kinship ties.

Geography is one of the sciences that was considered by the intellectuals and the scholars of the Iranian society during the reign of Qajar, and as one of the sub-courses in some of the schools of this period, such as Dār al-Funūn, by teachers of modern mathematics and engineering. It was taught through an applied approach. The work of Najm al-Dawlah in this science played a very influential role in the transition from the traditional to its modern form, which is one of the main features of the science of this period. Before him, of course, several books in India and Iran in this field have been published mainly in the form of translations from other languages into Persian and in lithographic printing. It could develope the modern science in Iran. But Najm al-Dawla’s writings brought more attention to this science in its modern form. The purpose of this study is to study the science of geography during the Qajar period and the role of Najm al-Dawla’s geographical compilations in establishing a modern geography in Iran during the Qajar period.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the consequences of the parliamentary system and constitutional transfer of power from the Qajar to the first Pahlavi historical context. With the outbreak of the revolution, governing structure with its traditional beliefs against changes in power relations underwent political turmoil. Failure to comply traditional order with new patterns, the lack of objective and subjective conditions caused turmoil in the government. Parliamentary system, as the first experience of Iranians did not mean anything considering their traditional political and cultural affinities. So it led to unbridled decentralization and instability. The present review is based on a descriptive - analytical method tries to explain the historical context of transition from the Qajar to the Pahlavi. The major findings of the study are: Reza Khan powered by the traditional structure of society after the constitutional balance, concentration and inhibition centrifugal forces, gained public confidence among the intellectual elites to create a centralized bureaucratic state. The ineffectiveness of the Qajar government in meeting the needs of a growing community, trying to preserve its territorial integrity and national unity and the normalization of crisis as a prelude to the ideals of constitutionalism, caused change and transition. So the main question of this article is: Which factors led to political and social instability and the Qajars fall in the years after the Constitutional Revolution? The hypothesis is: constitutional revolution caused an imbalance in the traditional system of Qajars and made big challenges for them. The transition to democracy and Qajars inability to fulfill the demands led them to extinction.

The relations between the government and the urban society of Iran were not the same in different periods, and how the rulers acted, such as establishing order and security in the city, establishing justice in the society, dealing with the oppression of government officials, providing social and civil services, and attracting the support of tribes and groups at the same time. urban areas played an important role in their relationship with the people and the level of satisfaction of the society as well as the continuation or fall of a government. The main issue of the current research is how the Zandiyeh government is related to the urban society of Shiraz and its effect on the establishment of the Qajar government. The answer to this question is found by descriptive and analytical methods and relying on library information. Based on the findings of the research, the relationship between the government and the people of Shiraz can be divided into two general categories: authoritarian (strong) governments and non-authoritarian (weak) governments. Meanwhile, authoritarian governments can be divided into two groups: efficient governments (with the general characteristics of benevolent actions of the ruler aimed at the public interest and as a result the relative satisfaction of the people) and inefficient governments (with the characteristics of individual and private self-interest of the rulers) and as a result of people's dissatisfaction) categorized. The relationship between the kings of Zandiyeh and the people of Shiraz can be placed in one of the mentioned categories, and this affected on the fall of the Zandiyeh government and the rise of the Qajar government.

One of the greatest aspirations of reformers and Iranian modernists was to transform the country's educational system. In fact, sending students to European countries and paying attention to their educational systems was in line with these goals. In the late decades of the Qajar era, the press described the American educational system and its advantages over European countries. present study is based on descriptive-analytical method and relying on the Press of Qajar era, unpublished documents of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the National Documentation Center of Iran, for the first time examines the impact of the American educational system on Iran in the Qajar era and shows As a result of the propaganda and efforts of the Qajar press, as well as factors such as the National Iranian-American Association, and in particular the efforts of prominent Iranian diplomats in the United States, the Qajar government has been persuaded to model the American educational system, taking the first steps, which were to send students to the that country, and Between the time of the constitution and the extinction of the Qajar, a large number of Iranian graduates returned to the United States, providing comprehensive development opportunities.

Certainly one of the most difficult fields of historical research is narrating local history. Those who are familiar with the history of a distanced place like Ghayenat know that besides the injustice it suffers from nature it has also been faced with injustice from historians to the point that no local history is available about it. The attempts of Abdul Hossain Fanoodi whodesired to narrate the local history of this region in the last years of Qajar dunasty was also left unfinished due to his sudden death. Anyhow, the writer tries to narrate even a part of the history of this region through relyingon reliable sources, especially first hand material. There were many reasons behind choosing the Qajar dynasty era. In addition to the fact that Ghayenat was kept obsolete during this era in contemporary research, the importance of this era due to its coincidence with different developments in terms of society and economy was also an important element which led to its selection. It should be mentioned that this article is only part of the vast subject covered by the writer in his dissertation under the title of “Ghayenat during the Qajar Era”2.