Downy mildew is the most important disease of cucumber. Efficacy of the fungicides Cyazofamid (Regnant® SC 20%) and Pyraclostrobin + Dimethomorph (Pyradim® DF 18.7%), in controlling cucumber downy mildew disease were assessed in Tehran and Mazandaran provinces in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 10 treatments and four replications. Treatments included the Regnant fungicide at three concentrations of 0.5, 0.6 and 0.75 ml/L and the Pyradim fungicide at three concentrationse of 0.25, 0.3 and 0.35 ml/L as target fungicides and Propamocarb hydrochloride + Fluopicolide (Infinito® SC 68.75%) 2ml/L and Cyazofamid (Ranman® SC 400) 0.5 ml/L as standard fungicides including two controls as with and without water spray. The combined Analyses of Variance (ANOVA) revealed a significant diference between treatments at level of 1%, but no significant difference was detected between locations and treatment × location intractions. Means comparison based on Duncan Multiple Range Test revealed that the Ranman® and Infinito® fungicides together with the Regnant at the dose of 0.75 ml/L decreased disease severity by 79.1, 72.8 and 71.9% compared to water spray treatment (control), respectively. On the contrary, the fungicides Regnant at the dose of 0.5 ml/L and Pyradim at the concentrations of 0.25 and 0.3 ml/L decreased disease severity by 46.7, 46.7 and 43.2% showing the lowest efficacy compared to water spray treatment (control), respectively.. Based on the results, the concentrations 0.6 and 0.75 ml/L of the Regnant and the dose of 0.35 ml/L of the Pyradim fungicides are recommended as the proper concentrations for control of the disease with 7-10 days intervals.

 Downy mildew is one of the most important diseases of cucumber. The use of multi-site fungicides in disease control programs is recommended to ensure adequate crop protection and to delay the potential resistance of high-risk groups of single-site fungicides. The efficacy of 15 different copper oxychloride (WP 35%) brands of Iranian formulators with a concentration of 2 g/L, in control of cucumber downy mildew were assayed. Other treatments were two registered fungicides flopicolide + propamocarb hydrochloride SC 68.75% (Infinito) 2 ml/L and cyazofamid SC 400 (Ranman®) 0.5 ml/L with control treatment. Trials were performed in Tehran (Varamin) and Mazandaran (Amol) provinces with 16 treatments and southern Kerman province (Jiroft) with 17 treatments in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The experiments were carried out in greenhouse production systems (Varamin and Jiroft) and open field (Amol). Foliar spray began with the appearance of first symptoms of the disease and was repeated at intervals of 5 to 7 days. In Jiroft, Tehran and Mazandaran experiments, 2, 3 and 4 sprays were performed with experimental treatments, respectively. Experimental plots were evaluated at the stage of disease severity with a grade of 9 in the scoring index in control plots. Analysis of variance showed significant differences in all experiments between treatments and control. Comparison of the mean of the experiments showed that the brands of copper oxychloride had not the same effect and were divided into several statistical groups. Their efficiency was 65.9-72% in greenhouse conditions and 29-43% in open field conditions.

Today, pesticides are widely used to control plant pests and are one of the most important factors affecting soil, water and environment pollution. Pesticides and theirenvironmentaltion products may remain in the environment and affect the ecosystem and biodiversity of plants, animals and aquatic organisms. In addition, the degradation of pesticides can lead to the production of harmful metabolites. One of the pesticides widely used to kill plant pathogenic fungi is propamocarb. This chemical poison is a systemic fungicide. Propamocarb in large amounts can reduce the mitotic index in mice, cause behavioral disorders and accelerate the formation of atherosclerosis. Using large amounts of this poison in plants causes yellow spots on the leaves and also reduces the antioxidant capacity of the plant. In aquatic animals, including zebrafish, it can cause liver disorders and intestinal microbiota dysbiosis. In this article, we first introduce propamocarb as one of the widely used fungicides. Then we will examine its effect on mammals and aquatic animals, as well as its durability on different parts of the plant. Although this chemical fungicide is one of the poisons approved by the regulatory organizations of different countries, including Iran, but with the use of new technologies such as nanomaterials, it may be possible to reduce its consumption.

Zilpaterol (ZH) is a ß-adrenergic agonist which has been shown to improve feedlot performance in rumiunant. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of alternative consume of dietary ZH on growth performance in Ross broiler chicks. Eighty 25 d-old Ross female broiler chicks were used in a 20 day feeding (four pens per treatment in a completely randomized design) Chicks were fed a corn and soybean meal based finishing diet and received ZH at level 0, 0.2, 0.25, 0.3 mg/kg of live body weight in a skip 2 days manner. Each bird was individually weighed on d 25, 48 of the experiment. On d 48, chickens were slaughtered and carcass data were collected. Data were analyzed using Proc GLM in SAS program. Supplemental ZH significantly improved feed efficiency compared with control group (P<0.05) and treatment that contained 0.25 ZH had best result (P<0.05). ZH increased final LBW of broiler chicken. But the effect of ZH on carcass weight and carcass yield was not significant. Consumption of Zilpaterol hydrochloride increase glucose plasma (P<0.05). Also Zilpaterol hydrochloride induced an increase in tissue protein (P<0.05). The result suggested that Zilpaterol hydrochloride as a ß-agonist improved growth performance in broiler chicken.