This investigation was conducted to evaluate the effect of seed pretreatment using silicic acid and sodium nitroprusside on the germination parameters of tomato (Lycopersicom esculentum cv. Isabella) under salinity stress based on a factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design with 5 replications. The first factor, salinity levels, included 0, 25, 50, 100 and 150 mM sodium chloride (0.067, 2.45, 5.44, 9.52 and 14.10 dS m–1, respectively); the second one was the chemical pretreatment of the seed with/without 2.5 mM silicic acid solution (SiA), and the third one was the chemical pretreatment of the seeds with/without 100 mM sodium nitroprusside (SNP). Results showed that, due germination percentage, germination rate, seed vigor index and stress tolerance index were all decreased, but application of SiA and SNP improved some factors in Isabella tomato seed germination. Under saline conditions, the use of SiA and SNP had a significant effect on reducing the effects of salinity in the above-mentioned indices. In general, the negative effects of salinity on the seed germination characteristics could be reduced by pretreating tomato seeds with 100 μM SNP or 2.5 mM SiA solution, alone or in combination, under salinity levels up to 100 mM NaCl (i.e., 9.52 dS m–1).

The Myth of Farrah-i Izadi is regarded as one of the most important pillars of political thoughts and as one of the main componentsof Ideal King conception in the Ancient Iran. This myth had legitimate political content and function but gradually underwent changes and transformations in terms of its content. The present paper aims at exploringthe mechanism of conceptual transformations to this myth andattempts to investigate the issuevia conceptual analysis and sympathetic perception of historical evidence, chiefly through the lens of comprehensive sociology. Meanwhile, we benefit from Austin’s Theory of Speech Acts and Peter Winch’s Meaningful Action. The method of the data collection is based on library research. The results of the study reveal that the Myth of Farrah, within the framework of cultural rules of Sassanid Era, included profound mythological and cosmological contents and themes and contained deep-rooted social meanings which facilitated the understanding and acceptance of its message. Nonetheless, after the collapse of Sassanid dynasty and domination of new cultural values, this myth was re-constructed with the aim of revival of its former political functions. This superficial re-construction and revival occurred while Farrah Myth had lost most of its social functions. Accordingly, Farrah underwent various transformations and alterations in the terms of its form and content, mainly as a result of transformationsto the cultural rules and absence of profound social understandings.

In this article inconveniences between virtual space (VS) and real space (RS) and its probable damages have been theoretically investigated. The main aim is to analyze effects of accustoming to virtual space mechanisms and rules of creation of consciousness and perception has on the relationship and interactions in the real world. Mead’s “generalized others”, Habermas’s “communicational action” and Beck’s “risk society” has been reviewed in order to articulate the theoretical basis of the concept of “distressed communication”. It seems being drowned in virtual space and creation of virtual consciousness beside accustoming to rules and norms of virtual space has been conducted to some understanding disorders within real space. “Distressed communication” is more realized than “rational communication” in the era of hegemony of social media; the phenomenon that has resulted many damages on individual and group relationships. the problematic in here is just acting within the real on the basis and logic of virtual space. Computational error in sending message and meaningful action, being shocked by others’ reactions, expressing far desires as short-run aims are some of conceptual components of “distressed communication”. Besides holding contradictive statements, casual relationships, weakness in permanence of expressive identity, harmful and violent language are some of other components. The article should not be reckoned as nor pessimistic and neither optimistic toward virtual space. The main problematic of this article was how participants of unrest events at almost end of 2022 in Iran were very confident for overthrowing the political state, while acting as funny and fake revolutionaries. It seemed being drowned in virtual space such as acting in social media and playing virtual games have made them to believe in the logic of virtual space could be applied in the real space. Suffering from lack of rationality of acts, that this kind of transferring would have brought about for them is one of the reasons of necessity of explaining this situation. In order to access to an applicable concept, Meads “generalized others” specially the concepts related to “putting oneself in other shoes” and “definition of situation” were very close in order to explain the main problem of communication in the real world. It seems the actors who had experiencing drowning in the virtual space who we can name them “Actors Drowned in Virtual Space” or “ADVS” while have improved their ability to communicate in the virtual space (VS), have lost the logic of interaction in the real space (RS). Tensions between RS and VS has brought about a condition that Habermas “theory of action” specially “communicational reason” is far to be stabilized. More often this kind of tensions have resulted in irrational communication. Although the main target of Habermas was to describe the “reason” instead of “communication”, but it seems the reason is being ruined under this kind of tensions. Therefore according to the tensions between VS and RS, both “instrumental reason” as Weber suggested and “communicative reason” as Habermas suggests are far from reality of the current relationships. Within VS by governance mechanisms of the platform of social media besides the latent armies such as different group of oppositions whom partially were recently disgraced in Albania and the cost and benfits of having more followers in order to reflect more ads, talking about reason is more ironic than philosophical sophistaction. At the margin of the article Haberms, Giddens, Ulrich Beck and Zymunt Bauman task in order to theorize globalization and late modernity has been verified. Their commitment in order to find a refuge for modernity through the concepts of “communicational reason”, risk society, liquid modernity are mostly fantasies of the real events of the world. Since the theory and concept of globalization has been challenged by the concept of “polarization” and multipolar world by Entezari (2010) suggested, while some of Iranian scholars were very resistant to it, so many articles and books have been written in order to unveil the ideological context of defending modernity (for example: Dugin 2021؛ Abbas 2022؛ Amin 2006؛ Clegg 2009؛ Deitz et al 2009؛ Plagemann 2015؛ Dee 2015؛ Mitchell et al 2013؛ Stahl 2018؛ Woodley 2015؛ Hiro 2010؛ The Saker 2015؛ Singh 2020؛ Ohanyan & Broeers 2020؛ Hussain 2016؛ Diesen 2012؛ Engel & Ramos 2013؛ Cimbala 2017؛ Lesage et al 2016؛ Silvius 2016؛ Mori 2020). Under the polarization theoretical framework, the concept of “distressed communication” instead of “rational communication” could be better explained.

Young people, especially students, are a major part of human capital in any society and it costs a lot to maintain and improve their health. Despite the known harms of smoking for health, tobacco smoking is popular among the youth and students. This research aims to explore the role of leisure in smoking among students on the basis of understanding this socially significant action. The study is a qualitative research and grounded theory has been used to achieve the study objective. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews. 50 male students, in the dormitory of YazdUniversity, were non-randomly selected to participate in the study. By analyzing the data in terms of open, axial and selective coding, five main concepts, including lack of family supervision, limited sports facilities, coffee house leisure, passive leisure and tobacco consumption, as the main categories, and a core theoretical variable, i.e. leisure as the context for tobacco consumption, were extracted. Eventually, a paradigmatic model was derived from data.

The present paper aims to explore the views of two great continental and analytic philosophers, Paul Ricoeur and John Searle concerning the nature of text and propositions. Ricoeur first aimed to examine the nature of text and semantics in his hermeneutic study. To do this, he expanded the meaning of the text, which included writing, speaking, human acts, and even human sciences. By expanding the meaning of the text, in addition to a compromise between explanation and understanding, he tries to make a compromise between humanities and natural sciences. John Searle too as an analytic philosopher expanded the meaning of the propositions by proposing his theory of speech-act propositions. In this way, he parted himself from classic analytic philosophy and approached continental philosophy. Searle sees the fundamental role of language as the function of performing various actions. According to him, propositions and sentences have a practical aspect as well as a theoretical aspect and they have meaning with illocutionary acts. Ricoeur is trying to decode the hidden meaning in the text, as in Searle’s theory, it is the illocutionary act in the speech that includes the indirect meaning of the speech. Ricoeur points out that during the formation of speech, a conversation is first established between the person and himself and acts show the intention of the speaker, as Searle values the speaker’s intention in his speech. Ricoeur’s reliance like Searle’s reliance is on the illocutionary act. The present paper is an attempt to highlight the common points of these two philosophers: 'The concept of understanding and interpretation’, ‘semantics’, ‘linguistic communication’, and act.

In this essay, I'll try to deal with the philosophical analysis of the status and role of 'rules' in the framework of social life, and show what the foundations of a rule-based social science are. Thus, first, I'll reconstruct Winch's classical discussion about 'meaningful actions', and show how Winch, through the analysis of 'the rule-governed social life', builds up a certain type of 'interpretive sociology'. Then, I'll turn to three basic criticisms of the appeal to rules as some source of sociological explanations, which seems Winch's philosophical apparatus can't handle them. In the last section, this claim will be put forward that these criticisms are mainly due to the lack of some 'agency theory' in Winch's 'Wittgensteinian structuralist theory', and so, one can, by devising an adequate theory of agency, resolve the problems involved. For this purpose, Davidoson's ideas will be presented as a worthwhile, well-grounded source to obtain a clear, distinct understanding of the relationship between the social rules and agents.

The purpose of this study was to designing communication model in emotional labor of coaches in Tehran University sport teams. The statistical method used in this study was descriptive correlation. The population and sample were coaches in Tehran University sport teams that were 289 persons. To collect the required data for the study demographic characteristics questionnaire, surface acting questionnaire, deep acting questionnaire, automatic regulation questionnaire, positive affectivity and negative affectivity questionnaire, emotional exhaustion questionnaire, emotional intelligence questionnaire, and job satisfaction questionnaire were used. It was confirmed that the model was correlated. Positive affectivity had significant negative effect on surface acting and had significant positive effect on deep acting. Negative affectivity had significant positive effect on surface acting and had significant negative effect on deep acting. Emotional intelligence had effect on emotional labor (surface acting, deep acting, and automatic regulation). Also, emotional labor had effect on emotional exhaustion. So, coaches in different situations emotional, can apply appropriate strategies emotional labor, and they created less emotional exhaustion, and will feel more job satisfaction

his study aimed to investigate the mediating role of Emotion Inhibition in the relationship between Emotional awareness levels and life events with executive functions. The research method was descriptive and correlational. The sample consisted of 400 clients) 117 men and 283 women) of counseling centers in Dorud, Khorramabad and Boroujerd were selected by convenience sampling method and completed the Emotion Inhibition Scale (Kellner,1986), Emotional Awareness Levels Scale (Lane & Schwartz ,1987), Checklist Life Events (Weathers, et al. 2013), Deficits in Executive Functioning Scale (Barkley, 2011). Structural equation modeling analysis showed that emotion inhibition can mediate the relationship between emotional awareness levels and life events with deficits in executive functioning. The direct effects of emotion inhibition and executive functions were positive and significant. The indirect effects of life events and executive functions were positive and significant. The indirect effect of emotional awareness levels and executive functions were negative and significant, findings can be said that emotional inhibition mediates the relationship between emotional awareness levels and executive functions negatively and the relationship between life events and executive functions is positive and significant.

This study aimed to investigate the mediating role of self-esteem in the relationship between family functioning and eating disorder. The research design was descriptive-correlational. From the female adolescents’ population of Nourabad in the academic year of 1398-1399, a total of 260 high school students were selected via multistage cluster sampling method and were tested by Family Assessment Device (Epstein, Baldwin & Bishop, 1983), Eating Attitudes Test (Garner, Olmsted, Bohr & Garfinkel, 1982) and Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (1961). To analyze the data structural equation modeling was conducted. The results showed that the direct effect of family functioning on self-esteem, the direct effect of self-esteem on eating disorder were significantly negative and the direct effect of family functioning on eating disorder was significantly positive. Also, results showed that the mediating role of self-esteem in the relationship between family functioning and eating disorder was significant. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that family functioning and self-esteem are two important factors affecting adolescents’ eating disorder.