The aim of the research was to investigate addiction to virtual social networks with the mediating role of harmful eating behaviors and negative body image in athletes. The method of this research is a correlational design based on the analysis of structural relationships. The statistical sample in this research was 309 athletes from Tehran in 1402. Research data were collected using the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (2016), Littleton's Body Image Fear Inventory (2005), Exercise Dependence Scale (2002), and Nutrition Attitude Test (1982). Questionnaires were also completed online. The findings showed that addiction to virtual social networks with the mediating role of harmful eating behaviors can predict sports addiction, but addiction to virtual social networks could not predict sports addiction with the mediating role of negative body image. According to the above results, we can understand the importance of harmful eating behaviors in the path of addiction to virtual networks and addiction to sports, and by targeting these components, we can help to improve addiction to sports.

Nowadays different communities are increasingly using the virtual social networks and a large number of users are active in various networks. Housewives are also among the major users of this medium and excessive and inappropriate use of virtual social networks may lead to addiction. This study aimed to identify factors affecting housewives’ addiction to virtual social networks and its possible consequences. Structured interviews were used to conduct this qualitative research. Ten housewives addicted to virtual social networks were interviewed and the results were obtained through analyzing data, codes and concepts. The results showed that feeling lonely, lack of social support and depression were among the main causes of addiction to virtual social networks. Inappropriate use of these networks also resulted in the depression and isolation of users.

This research aimed to study on the moderating role of virtual social networks addiction in relationship between communication skills and marital satisfaction. The research method was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of the study consisted of married employees of Tehran municipality in the years 2018-19 that based on the admission criteria, the total number of eligible participants in this study was estimated to be 720 and from this sample, 250 people (135 males and 115 females) were selected by multistage cluster sampling method. The data collection tools consisted of the Communication Skills Inventory (Jerabek 2004), Enrich marital satisfaction scale’s brief form (1993) and addiction to social networks based on mobile questionnaire (Khajeahmadi & et al., 2016). Relationships between variables were tested by Spearman correlation test and The research model was tested using Structural Equation Modeling. Structural equation modeling results showed that addiction to virtual social networks has no moderating role in the relationship between communication skills and marital satisfaction. Spearman correlation test also showed that Positive and significant (0.44) relationship between communication skills and marital satisfaction (p < 0.05). There was a significant negative relationship between marital satisfaction and communication skills with addiction to virtual social networks (respectively -0.40 & -0.38) (p < 0.05). That is, as social network addiction growth, marital satisfaction and communication skills decrease. Since communication skills and marital satisfaction are related to addiction to virtual social networks, it is necessary for health professionals to inform about the phenomenon of social networking addiction and its effects on couples' relationships.

The aim of present research was presenting the model of addiction to virtual social network based on psychological distress with the mediating role of perceived parenting style in adolescent girls.

This study was a cross-sectional from type of correlation. The study population was senior female students of Babol city in the 2019-20academic years. The sample size according to Cochran's formula was estimated to be 200 people who were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method. The research instruments were included the addiction to virtual social network questionnaire (Khajeahmadi et al, 2017), depression anxiety stress scale (Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995) and perceived parenting style scale (Grolnick et al, 1997). Data were analyzed with using Pearson correlation coefficients and structural equation modeling in SPSS-23 and AMOS-24 software.

The findings showed that the model of addiction to virtual social network based on psychological distress with the mediating role of perceived parenting style in adolescent girls had a good fit. Other findings showed that psychological distress had a direct and negative effect on perceived parenting style and a direct and a direct and positive effect on addiction to virtual social networks and perceived parenting style had a direct and negative effect on addiction to virtual social networks. Also, other findings showed that psychological distress with the mediating role of perceived parenting style had an indirect and positive effect on addiction to virtual social networks (P<0.05).

The results indicated the mediating role of perceived parenting style in the model of addiction to virtual social network based on psychological distress in adolescent girls. Therefore, to reduce the addiction to virtual social networks, planning is essential to reduce psychological distress and improve perceived parenting style.

The aim of this research is to analyze the disobedience of adolescents in the family environment based on addiction to virtual social networks among secondery school students of the 17th district of Tehran. The study method is survey and the statistical population is the lower secondery school of the 17th district of Tehran. The sample size is 347 individuals selected using simple random sampling method based on Cochran's formula. The data collection tools consist of the Addiction to Social Networks questionnaire (Yang 1998) and the Adolescents' Disobedience questionnaire (Motamedi and colleagues 2021).The results of the Pearson correlation test showed that the relationship between daily activity disorder, family-social functioning, mental health, and self-control with adolescent disobedience is equal to 21%, 31%, 25%, and 25% respectively. Furthermore, regression model analyses showed that the impact of addiction to social networks on adolescent disobedience is 33%.

The present study aimed to develop and test a model to account for the effect of family communication patterns and sensation seeking on internet addiction through the mediating role of basic psychological needs (competence, autonomy, and communication). This study adopted a multivariate correlational design through path analysis. The participants (n = 290) were selected through multi-stage cluster random sampling from among all the lower secondary school students in Khorramabad. The data were collected using the Addiction to Virtual Social Networks in Adolescents Questionnaire (Sadeghzadeh et al., 2019), the Revised Family Communication Patterns Questionnaire (Ritchie & Fitzpatrick, 1990), the Sensation Seeking Scale (Aluja et al., 2010), and the Basic Psychological Needs Scale (Sorebo et al., 2006). The proposed model was evaluated through path analysis with SPSS and AMOS-23 software. The findings confirmed a positive and significant direct relationship between communication patterns (conversation) and basic psychological needs (competence, autonomy, and communication) and also a positive and significant direct relationship between sensation seeking and internet addiction. The data also indicated a negative and significant direct relationship between conformity communication patterns and basic psychological needs (competence, autonomy, and communication), a negative and significant direct relationship between sensation seeking and basic psychological needs (competence, autonomy, and communication), and a negative and significant direct relationship between competence and internet addiction. In addition, the paths of autonomy and communication on internet addiction were not confirmed. Moreover, in the indirect paths, basic psychological needs (competence, autonomy, and communication) played a mediating role between communication patterns (conversation) and internet addiction, between the communication pattern (conformity) and internet addiction, and between sensation seeking and internet addiction. Thus, teaching communication patterns and the way to control emotions to parents, young individuals, and adolescents can contribute to meeting their basic psychological needs (autonomy, competence, and communication) and reduce their dependence on online social networks.

The purpose of this correlational study was to develop and examine the psychometric properties of a researcher-made questionnaire on addiction to virtual social networks in adolescents. The statistical population of this study included all female high school students in Tehran city during the School Year 2017-2018, among whom 514 students were selected through multi-stage cluster sampling method. The psychometric properties of the questionnaire were examined through classic and modern theories. In the results section, the face and content validity of the questionnaire were confirmed. Next, the construct validity of the tool was confirmed through classic theory (factor analysis). In general, the data analysis (through item response theory) met one-dimensionality and local independence and led to the following none of the chi-squares was significant that indicated that the model was embedded with suitable level of goodness of fit. In addition, examination of items and their slopes showed that they had suitable discrimination parameters as well as great validity because of information functions (except for items 4 and 29). In sum, The Questionnaire on Addiction to Virtual Social Networks had desirable psychometric properties in classic and item response theory and it could be used as an appropriate tool for diagnosis in adolescents.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between virtual social network addiction and executive functions (working memory, response inhibition and cognitive flexibility) with the mediating variable of interpersonal difficulties in students.

The method of this study was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlational in terms of methodology. The population of this study included students in Tehran's second education district. The sample of the present study included 300 male students who were selected by convenience sampling method. The research tools were a questionnaire on addiction to mobile social networks (Ahmadi et al. 2016); Executive Function Questionnaire (Nejati, 2013) and Barkham, Hardy and Startup Interpersonal Problems Questionnaire (1998). The collected data were analyzed by SPSS and Lisrel software using structural equation modeling method.

This study showed that there is a significant relationship between addiction to virtual social networks and executive functions (working memory, response inhibition and cognitive flexibility) with the mediating variable of interpersonal difficulties (P <0.05).

According to the findings of the research, which is the evaluation and analysis of the underlying and perpetuating factors in Internet addiction and addiction to virtual social networks, therefore, the development and promotion of the culture of using social networks and the Internet leads to reduced identity crises and Personality axes such as social solidarity among students have been improved and the dimensions identified in this research can be considered as the framework for the development of the use of new communication technologies such as social networks.

Today, the Internet has become an essential tool for education, entertainment, information sharing, and communication, turning into an integral part of people's lives. The use of the Internet is expanding in various aspects of human life. So, it is crucial to understand how people interact with it. As disorders related to people's interactions with the Internet and social media are emerging as an important scientific research topic, various studies have examined the factors that play a role in addiction to virtual social networks. Therefore, this study aimed to model the addiction to virtual social networks based on early maladaptive schemas with the mediating role of spiritual identity in female adolescents.

Due to its nature, the present research was descriptive–analytical using structural equation modeling. The statistical population comprised all female high school students in Babol City, Iran, in the academic year of 2017–18. A total of 320 female students were selected using the available sampling method. Fifteen people are needed for each observed variable in modeling research (16). There are also 10 observed variables based on the conceptual model (Figure 1). Therefore, 150 people were needed in this study. However, because the participants may not complete all the questionnaires, 380 questionnaires were distributed among students, of which 320 were fully completed and returned. Therefore, in this study, to reduce the sampling error and prevent the dropout of the subjects, 320 people were selected using the available sampling method. To collect the data, we used the Addiction to Mobile–Based Social Network Questionnaire (Khajeh Ahmadi et al., 2016), the Young Early Maladaptive Schema Questionnaire (Young, 1990), and the Spiritual Identity Questionnaire (Rostami and Jokar, 2014). The inclusion criteria comprised female adolescents studying in high school, living with their parents, not suffering from a specific physical illness or mental disorder, and not taking special psychological treatment or medication. The exclusion criterion included a lack of cooperation in completing the questionnaires. The Pearson correlation was performed for data analysis, and the structural equation model was constructed using SPSS software version 24 and Amos version 24. The significance level of all tests was set at 0.05. In this study, ethical standards, including informed consent and confidentiality of the participants' information, were observed. The participants were also free to leave the research at any time. They provided personal data at the start of the test. They were assured that their information would remain confidential.

The study of direct path coefficients between different paths showed that the maladaptive schema had significant direct relationships with spiritual identity (p=0.011, β=0.65) and addiction to virtual networks (p<0.001, β=0.65). However, the spiritual identity was not directly related to virtual network addiction (p=0.072, β=0.16). The fit indices of the fitted conceptual model were as follows: CMIN/df=3.9, GFI=0.95, NFI=0.939, RMSEA=0.071).

Based on the findings of this study, early maladaptive schemas in female adolescents will increase addiction to virtual social networks by affecting spiritual identity.

This study aimed to conduct a sociological analysis of the needs of young girls in a qualitative manner with a Grounded theory strategy. Subjects were young girls aged 18 to 25 years living in Tehran. The data were analyzed in a semi-structured interview with 21 people and examined by Strauss and Corbin. Findings show the extraction of 662 primary open-source codes, 83 axial codes, and 19 selective codes, which during the paradigm model of causal conditions include; Need for support, security, respect and belonging, individual and social independence and freedoms, career and financial planning, leisure time, contextual conditions have; Updating macro-policies in the educational institution, the need to acquire skills and support from the Family, independence and empowerment of young people, women's participation in legislation and its review, the need for a secure society and gender equality, and intervening conditions; The economic structure of humanity has been a lack of interactive space in the Family and gender justice. Young girls also use strategies to decide to migrate, develop individual and social skills, and adopt creative strategies and management techniques to achieve goals and combat gender stereotypes in society to meet their needs. In general, young girls are not very satisfied with the process of meeting their needs, and the consequence of this problem is an increase in personal and social harms such as depression, suicidal ideation, the tendency to use tobacco and drugs, addiction to virtual social networks, reduced social interaction