The objective followed in this descriptive-survey research was to investigate factors influencing farmers’ attitudes toward participation in Water Users’ Associations. The statistical population of the study consisted of 1435 farmers of Markazi District of Zanjan County out of whom 329 were selected as sample using Cochran formula. Random sampling technique was used for the study. A questionnaire was developed to collect the data. The reliability of the main scales of the questionnaire was examined thuough Cronbach alpha Coefficients ranging from 0.87 to 0.91 the validity of the questionnaire was approved by a group of the faculty members of the University of Tehran and as well by a number of experts. The data were analyzed through SPSS software. The findings revealed the existence of positive significant relationships between farmers’ attitudes toward participation in Water Users’ Associations and formal participation, non formal participation, farmers’ willingness to participate in water users’ associations, educational level, irrigated land size as well as period of membership in rural production cooperatives (at one and five percent levels of significance). In addition there were negative significant relationships observed between farmers’ attitudes towards participation in Water Users’ Associations and farmers’ age, job experience as well as annual income at one percent level. Step-wise Regression Analysis indicated the five variables of: non formal participation, farmers’ age, formal participation, job experience and irrigated land size explaining 77.8 percent of variations in the extent of farmers’ attitudes toward participation in water users’ associations.

Social participation has two dimensions: the formal and informal participation. According to this division, this study attempts to find out the extent of formal and informal participation of women in Tehran. In addition, it compares the situation of twenty-two regions of Tehran city together and searches effective factors on formal and informal participation of women. The research uses the survey method and the questionnaire technique for data collection. The statistical population of research includes married women (married, divorced and deceased spouse) who are residents of Tehran. Random sampling method helped to select 406 subjects. Results showed that the level of social participation (formal, informal and social participation generally) is low and informal social participation of women is greater than formal participation. There is a significant direct relation between formal and informal participation. Social participation of women with income and without income have significant differences. Social participation of women in different regions of Tehran is different. There was no significant relationship between age, education of women and their participation.

Participation, one of the strategies sustainable developments, has faced to challenges in process of operation. These challenges have cultural - intellectual roots or have linked to the strategies attraction of participation. This article searches weak roots of informal and formal participation of villagers within the intellectual methodcultural.The research methodology is based on descriptive and analytical and the tool of data collection is questionnaires and documents methods. Research findings indicate that about 80 percent of community participation does not participate or is less in formal institutions. But about 60 percent of people have non-formal public participation that the major reason relates it to traditions and social customs and is not related to personal motivation and intellectual. According to The statistical analysis, factors of none participation in the official activities has significant relationship with the rate of individualism, none responsible, poor trust people on each other and the lack of futurism. As regards civil institutions can create culture of participation in community so strength and structure of civil institutions and NGOs can overcome barriers of participation.

social development emphasis on the relationship between participation and welfare in the society. When people participate in the society, they feel worthy and then increase quality of life, satisfaction and welfare. In the other words, when there are trust and participation values in the homogeneous society, people have better health and education situation. The criminal issues decrease and the job opportunity and welfare increase while participation imply on democracy and social justice. In this article we study the relationship between participation norms and welfare. The method was survey by using questionnaire. 300 Tehran citizens were selected by cluster sampling. The findings indicated that 3/19 percent of respondents have low obligation to participation norms, 5/64 percent have middle and 2/16 percent have high. according to findings, there is a significant relationship between participation norms and its components (social trust, individual trust, generalized trust, institutional trust, formal participation and informal participation social support, reciprocity and relationships) with welfare. Multiple regression coefficients show that, individual trust, social support, reciprocity, formal participation, informal participation and relationships variables are the best predicators for the participation norms.

Increasing population of cities, urban waste management, and different mechanisms of engaging the citizens to participate in the process of urban waste management, is one of the most important challenges of urban management, especially in metropolitans. Citizens’ participation and any success in waste management inevitably have many environmental and economic positive outcomes. This research is in pursuit of dealing with the effect of citizens’ social capital on increasing their participation in municipal waste management in Tehran. This research methodically uses three methods survey, documentary study, and scenario building. The statistical society of the study is citizens of Tehran. 950 cases were selected as statistical sample from 22 districts of Tehran by multi-stage cluster sampling. The results show that the variables of awareness of affairs with β = 0.544, charitable participation with β = 0.338, formal participation with β = 0.306, religious participation with β = 0.239, social trust with β = 0.138, level of education with β = 0.132, age with β = 0.125, and finally satisfaction with the municipality with β = 0.124, respectively have the highest statistical relationship with the variable participation in waste segregation. The values of the regression model shows that the variable satisfaction with the municipality explains +0.125 of the changes in participation in waste segregation from source, age -0.125, education +0.132, social trust +0.138, religious participation +0.239, formal participation +0.306, charitable participation +0.338, and awareness +0.544. Finally, using regression model data, five possible scenarios are presented. In just the fifth scenario, if the efficiency of the effective variables is at the highest level (very high), the municipal revenue of the waste segregation from the source per year is more than one thousand billion Rials.

Participation as a requirement for development can be studied from different perspectives. In this survey-method research we examine how individual and social characteristics affect rate of women’s social participation. Our sample is 300 women over sixteen years of age who were selected by random sampling. The data gathering instrument is the questionnaire which measures participation in two aspects of formal and informal participation. The hypotheses have been developed from Parsons’s social action theory. For data analysis, descriptive statistic and significance testing methods were used. Findings indicate that the average rate of informal participation is higher than that of formal participation. Also characteristics such as universalism, rationality, futurism, education level, participation of family members, and the evaluation of participation benefits, all have significant relationship with rate of women social participation.

Migration is one of the main factors in regional development and social and demography policymakers pay attention to it. This phenomenon has different functions. The amount of satisfaction on dissatisfaction from migration process can be a sign of positive or negative function for migrants. The goal of this research is to survey the relation between social capital and satisfaction from migration between migrants 18 years old and over came to baharestan town. This research is going to show the mentioned relation by theory of network analysis. The research method is measurement and has been done by questionnaire tool. The society statistical which was studied is the migration 18 years old and over which came to baharestan town in Tehran province. According to the general census in 1390, 72039 migrants have entered baharestan town. The number of people who were studied on them was 325 people which were chosen systematically randomly. To measure the satisfaction of migration, a 10 question from has been used and to measure social capital, we have used 7 index public trust, institutional trust, formal participation, informal cooperative participation, informal charitable participation, informal religious participation, Knowledge and paying attention to public affairs. The results of index inter relationship shows that there is a significant relation between satisfaction of migration and public trust, institutional trust, formal participation, informal charitable participation, religious informal participation variables. The results taken out of this research show that the relation between two social capital and satisfaction of migration structure has a high level significant relation, and as much as people have more social capital in new social structure, the satisfaction of migration will be in a better position.

This study tries to find the association between “trust، social networks and Knowledge (as indicators of social capital)” and “Social Welfare” in Tehran. The questions of this study include: “What are the main Factors of social capital and social welfare in Tehran? Which of the eighteen indicators of social capital are effective on social welfare? Statistical population of this study includes people over 16 years in Tehran. 783 people from this city were selected randomly and data was collected by using questionnaire. Among the 18 indicators of social capital in factor analysis، six factors “Social Communication، Solidarity and Social Integration، Informal charity، Religious and Reciprocal Participation، Attention to public affairs، Formal participation، Network of Friends، Colleagues and Kinships، Public، Individual and Institutional Trust، looking to the future and Security are effective in determine of social capital. The results show a significant relationship between social capital indicators and social welfare in Tehran. The major factors of social capital that increases social welfare (both Subjective and Objective) are: Security، Formal participation، Individual and Institutional Trust، Attention to public affairs، Network Kinships.

The aim of the present study is an ethnographic study of employee participation in the Social Security Organization. This study is applied in terms of purpose and qualitative research in terms of methodology and has been done with an ethnographic strategy. In this study, were used in-depth and problem-oriented interviews with the employees of the organization. The statistical population of the study was the Social Security Organization of Tabriz. The experts of this research have been selected during the study and through the theoretical sampling method. Based on the research findings, the causal conditions of the research include work environment, organizational trust, work commitment, resources and facilities, punctuality, social interactions, adaptation, organizational learning, professionalism, work discipline, influence, social status, organizational justice, Responsibility, healthy competition, and job security. These conditions lead to the following types of participation: formal participation, forced participation, passive participation, utilitarian participation, informal participation, benevolent participation, engaging participation, and voluntary participation. Finally, the consequences of research lead to job satisfaction, human resource excellence, collective responsibility, and increased trust and empathy among employees.

Theoretical framework section of paper reviewed Theories of Putnam, Colman, Paxton, Portes, Iyer et al and development Indicators of Rafiee’s research used as development degree criteria in Tehran's 22 municipal districts. The paper discussed about relation of Tehran’s 22 municipal districts development and social capital of municipal districts. Sample of this survey selected by PPS method of sampling between over 16 years old with1759 Individuals. Findings & Results of research demonstrated that there are positive significance relations between social capital and its sub indicators as Generalized Trust, Attention, Formal Participations, and Reciprocal Informal Participation with Development degree of municipal districts and a negative significance relation between Informal Religious Participation and Development degree of municipal districts and there is no any relations between Institutional Trust and Charity Informal Participation with Development degree of municipal districts.