The main aim of this study was to investigate the causes and consequences of domestic violence among the perpetrators of domestic violence in the cities of Tazeh Abad and Javanroud in Kermanshah province, after the 2018 earthquake. The paper also attempted to examine the understanding of the perpetrators of violence from the causes, intervening conditions and contexts of domestic violence, and its consequences. The research method is grounded theory, the required data of which was obtained through semi-structured interviews with 11 perpetrators of domestic violence. Since our methodology is qualitative, we used a purposeful sampling method to select the respondents. By analyzing the gathered data, we extracted 298 concepts, 39 subcategories, and 14 main categories. The findings revealed that authoritarian violence leads to cold relationships in the family, and concealment of disability leads to remorse and personality damage.

General recommendation no. 19 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) acknowledged and incorporated violence against women into the system of eliminating discrimination against women as a gender-based discrimination, which previously was not explicitly included. Governments are obligated to fight violence against women, a gender-based discrimination in international human rights law. The European Convention on Human Rights has adopted rules to combat domestic violence against women. In addition to requiring governments to protect victims and punish perpetrators of violence, these commitments also eliminate the root causes of violence. The question concerns the representation of these provisions in the judicial precedent of the European Court of Human Rights. Therefore, this theoretical and descriptive-analytical study sought to explain the judicial precedent of the European Court of Human Rights in tackling domestic violence against women. Analysis of domestic violence against women within the framework of international human rights law in the judicial precedent of the European Court of Human Rights shows that these verdicts also consider this form of violence incompatible with European human rights laws and acknowledge that member states have practical commitments in this regard.

Workplace Violence (WPV) is one of the most complex and dangerous occupational hazards faced by pre-hospital emergency medical technicians (EMTs)..
This study aimed to assess the extent, nature and contributing factors of WPV against EMTs in Urmia, Iran..
A cross-sectional study was conducted on 120 EMTs from April to October 2014. A questionnaire was used for collecting the data. Descriptive statistics were applied to the data..
Most of the participants (79%) experienced WPV during the past six months. Accident scene was the most important place of violence and the patients’ companions were the main perpetrators of violence. Overall, 76% of violence victims reported “lack of awareness of the EMTs’ duties” as the most important contributing factor for WPV..
This study highlighted the high frequency of WPV against EMTs. Evidently, the health care systems’ officials would benefit from taking proper actions in this area, particularly by “staff and public education”..

Verbal abuse is the most common type of violence that can adversely effect on staff professional practice in clinical environments. The aim of this study was assessing frequency and causes of verbal abuse against the clinical staff in hospitals in Iranshahr city. A cross-sectional analytic descriptive design was used. All of the nurses, midwives, operation room and anesthesiologist technicians, and nurse-aids who employed in hospitals in Iranshahr took part in this study (n=145). A two parts questionnaire about demographic data and verbal abuse (include frequency, causes of violence, perpetrator of violence, reactions to verbal abuse and the source of violence reported) and also, Job Violence Questioner that developed by WHO were used. Internal consistency reliability (Cronbach‘s alpha) was (α=0.86). Data were analyzed by χ2 and SPSS 15. Verbal abuse was experienced by 84.4% of the samples during the last year. The most reported reasons fort verbal abuse were: prevention of Patient visit out of settled time for haunt, delay in providing patient care, insufficient facilities and personnel shortage. Women experienced violence more than men, and the risk of being abused was higher in younger staff with less job experience. Also participants who worked in emergency department, operation room, and women surgery wards were experienced more verbal abuse than the other wards. Patient, patients’ companions and physicians were the more reported perpetrators. 77.2% of verbal abuse cases were reported to managers such as supervisors, head nurses and nurse service administrators. The findings showed high frequency of verbal violence against hospital staff which can cause adverse mental or physical effects on abused staff. As most cases reported to nurse managers, they should prepare proper plans to prevent such events.

Workplace violence is a serious and problematic phenomenon in health care settings. Research shows that health care workers are at the highest risk of such violence. The aim of this study was to address the frequency of physical violence against Iranian health personnel, their response to such violence, as well as the contributing factors to physical violence.
A cross‑sectional study was conducted in 2011, in which 6500 out of 57,000 health personnel working in some teaching hospitals were selected using multi‑stage random sampling. Data were collected using the questionnaire of “Workplace Violence in the Health Sector” developed by the International Labor Organization, the International Council of Nurses, the World Health Organization, and the Public Services International.
The findings revealed that 23.5% of the participants were exposed to physical violence in the 12 months prior to the study. Nurses were the main victims of physical violence (78%) and patients’ families were the main perpetrators of violence (56%). The most common reaction of victims to physical violence was asking the aggressor to stop violence (45%). Lack of people’s knowledge of employees’ tasks was the most common contributing factor to physical violence (49.2%).
Based on the results, legislating appropriate laws in order to prevent and control violence in the workplace is necessary. Moreover, developing educational programs to manage the incidence of physical violence should be on health centers’ agenda.

Today, workplace violence (WPV) is one of the most complex issues of healthcare systems. The nurses, due to their central role in the health care team and consisting a very large population of hospital personals, are repeatedly exposed to violence, especially in Emergency Departments (EDs). Therefore, we decided to conduct a study to determine the extent and nature of violence perpetrated against nurses in EDs of Urmia university hospitals. This cross sectional study was conducted on 120 nurses in EDs of Urmia university hospitals (Imam Khomeini, Ayatollah Taleghani, Motahari and Seyed Al-Shohada). Data collecting instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire with 35 items in 2 parts: Demographic characteristics and WPV. After entering the collected data to the SPSS (19) software, data analysis was performed by using descriptive and analytical statistics (Chi square and Fisher's exact test). The highest rates of violence against nurses include verbal violence (92/5%), physical violence (34/2%) and verbal threats (31/7%). The main perpetrators of violence against nurses associated with patient’s companions (relatives or friends) (73/8%). 66/4% of nurses did not report exposure to violence to hospital authorities. Also, none of the nurses had received training or instruction on how to deal with violence. Due to the frequent exposure of nurses to WPV in EDs, effective steps should be taken to reduce this neglected problem of healthcare systems, such as: training and instructing the nurses about how to deal with violence, using written papers to report violence, improvement of laws and regulations, paying more attention by authorities to this issue, and using mass media for public education and promoting the culture of communication with hospital staff.

It is very important to build the capacity of members of the legislature or parliament to carefully review proposed laws, interact with civil society, and monitor the executive branch. One of the tasks of local and international non-governmental companies in the legislative process can be to help draft a law to deal with violence against women and girls. By maintaining contact with regional and country offices, NGOs may be able to insert themselves into the lawmaking process and thereby ensure the promotion of victims' rights and needs. Non-governmental organizations can also ask for help from experts in the field of preparing the law on violence against women.Abused women need a variety of services: emergency shelter, medical care, protection, financial assistance, and counseling services. Phenomena such as violence against women still remains and does not allow them to freely enjoy their rights without fear, at home and outside. A woman's life is insecure in every way. He is subject to continuous violation of human rights. Very few women in the society react against injustice and violence. Sufficient legal punishment to prevent perpetrators of violence has not been proven. Among the various forms of violence, domestic violence is the most widespread and at the same time recognized as a violation of human rights. In this article, while presenting information about the right of the victim in determining the punishment and how to implement it, the role of non-governmental organizations in supporting the victimized women in Iran and Canada is discussed.

Background &

The Covid-19 pandemic has forced many countries to implement national quarantines as a measure to protect against the spread of the virus. Although home confinement due to the COVID-19 pandemic was a necessary measure to protect against the spread of the virus, it had social, psychological, and economic consequences (2). One of them was the increase in cases of domestic violence. Domestic violence (or domestic abuse) includes a variety of acts of violence (physical, sexual, and emotional) and although it usually refers to intimate partner violence, which is mostly between a male and female partner, it can also involve children, the elderly, or individuals. . Especially for children, domestic abuse can include not only direct violence against them, but also witness violence against other members of their family (for example, their mother or siblings) and can lead to violent sexual partner relationships in adulthood. In many countries, since the implementation of quarantine measures, reported cases and service needs of family violence have increased dramatically (2). Considering the complexity of the consequences of domestic violence, after the outbreak of the Covid-19 disease, quarantine and long-term confinement at home, domestic violence seems to be one of the most serious concerns in the psychological field. For this reason, there have been many studies related to domestic violence during the pandemic in different countries. On the other hand, during periods of crisis, increased rates of sexual partner violence, abuse of children and the elderly have been reported in relation to economic instability and stressful environments (6). Because most of the unemployed during viral crises like Corona are working in informal jobs that are not covered by the unemployment insurance law. As a result, the pressure on this group is much higher. Because in addition to being in the lower class of society, they do not have official support. Economic pressure in normal conditions seriously threatens mental health, and this pressure is experienced more in the stressful conditions of the pandemic. In the case of the Covid-19 pandemic, the risk of domestic violence can be greater due to home confinement, limited access to social services and victim support organizations. In general, research shows that domestic violence increases in critical situations, including during an epidemic. The long-term presence of spouses at home following the outbreak of the Covid-19 disease causes the escalation of old disputes, the opening of unresolved issues, and the increase of sensitivity to deficiencies and minor defects in marital relations. Since the behavior of the virus is unpredictable, other periods of home quarantine may be applied. The conducted researches can open the way for health planners to increase the general health of the society. Considering that the previous researches were mostly quantitative and the conducted qualitative researches were mostly related to the experience of the victims of violence. Therefore, this study seeks to find out how the perpetrators of violence (men) have understood and experienced violence.

In this study, by using the phenomenological method, an attempt was made to obtain a deep understanding of the lived experiences of violent men. The participants of this research are 10 men who had first-hand experience of the studied phenomenon.

During the interviews, it was determined that the important factor that intensified the violence experienced during this period was unemployment due to quarantine, non-attendance education of children, disagreement between couples on how to wash food, obsessive behavior of one of the parties, how to restrict And came with relatives and friends. Quarantine and removal of recreational activities to relieve violence have continued. Sensitivity and differences of opinion in complying with health protocols have been another factor that aggravates violence. The difference of opinion in observing the protocols related to the limits of social communication, the intensification of anxiety and obsessive problems, the justification of accepting control behaviors under the excuse of the corona virus has been all the participants had quotes from conflicts related to confinement and home isolation, which are also in other studies. found (9). Verbal violence has increased in this study, like other studies during the pandemic (14). Verbal violence is the most common type of violence, all interviewees have experienced this type of violence more during the pandemic. Also, 80% of the participants have committed physical violence, which is in line with the results of other studies (12). Also, 30% of male participants expressed conflicts due to not having sex and their wives' indifference towards sex. This finding clarifies the understanding of the concept of exchange. The concept of exchange has a special place in the internal relations of the family. For example, the husband interprets the wife's disobedience as disturbing the balance of the relationship between cost (that is, family investment) and profit (obedience) and considers his violence to be justified because it ends the conflict and dissatisfaction and forces the woman to continue to obey (3).

The data has shown that non-attendance education and its challenges have been one of the factors that aggravate violence. The restrictions caused by house arrest have led to the intensification of controlling behaviors and obsessive strictness and disagreements, which have undoubtedly had an impact on the increase of conflict between family members. Loss of job and financial insecurity imposes a lot of stress and psychological pressure on the family, which provides the basis for the occurrence of domestic violence. This finding is consistent with some experimental evidence such as In general, it can be said that among the factors that aggravate violence during the pandemic, unemployment and income reduction have led to more intense violence. Among the acts of violence experienced, it seems that men have chosen physical violence as a way to escape from the blame and verbal violence of their wives, in order to end conflicts with masculine power and authority. The short-term ending of conflicts leads to cognitive errors and the strengthening of aggressive behaviors and the repetition of dysfunctional patterns of the family of origin. During quarantine and Covid-19 in particular and during crises in general, domestic violence can have irreparable consequences for both victims and perpetrators of violence. Considering that the consequences of domestic violence not only involve the victims of violence, but also the perpetrators of violence and leave negative and repeated cycles in family interactions, it is necessary to carry out the necessary programs and training widely through communication media. Cultivation should be done in order to teach and present correct behavior patterns without violence.

Nowadays, due to the increase in violence against emergency medical technicians and the adverse effects of these behaviors on physical and mental health, as well as employee productivity, it seems necessary to investigate occupational violence and try to reduce it. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the level of violence in the workplace against emergency medical technicians of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences and related factors.

Methods and Materials:

 This was a cross-sectional study performed on 204 emergency medical technicians of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. The sampling method was census. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and statistical tests including chi-square, t-test and analysis of variance using Stata software.

The response rate was 19.2%. Findings showed that 78.92% of the subjects in the past year have experienced at least one type of violence. The most common type of violence was verbal violence. 70.10% of the violence occurred at the scene of accident and the patient's family was the main group of perpetrators of violence (59.31%). There was a significant relationship between the rate of physical violence with the rate of verbal and cultural violence (P-value≤0.05).

Emergency medical technicians are always exposed to different types of occupational violence, so training in violence management and communication skills, as well as follow-up of violence by the relevant authorities, is recommended to reduce the violence.KEYWORDS: occupational violence; emergency medical staff; paramedics

Workplace violence has always been a serious chal-lenge in health care systems. It reduces employees’ satisfaction and productivity, and increases the potential for adverse medical events. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and predictors of workplace violence among hospital clinical staff.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 140 hospital care staff including nurses and paramedics in 2022. The standard questionnaire of WHO on workplace violence in health sector was used to collect data. To describe the quantitative variables, the mean and standard deviations were utilized, and for analyzing the data, multiple logistic regression model was used. The analysis was performed using SPSS 26. 

The results showed that 47.9% of the participants ex-perienced verbal violence at least once in the past year, and 19.3% experienced sexual violence. Regarding the perpetrators of violence, except for physical violence, colleagues accounted for the highest. Most physical violence cases against the clinical staff were perpetrated by one of the patient’s family members. Gender, marital status, and years of work experience were determined as predictors of workplace violence. Married male employees with limited work experience were disproportionately at risk of workplace violence.

Hospital clinical staff were exposed to all kinds of violence, especially verbal violence. Training personnel on the management of workplace violence and enhancing their communication skills and determining the scope, and predictors of workplace violence can help healthcare managers reduce the violence and its complications.