مجله دراسات حدیثه فی نهج البلاغه
سال سوم شماره 2 (پیاپی 6، بهار و تابستان 1399)

Formalistic school has so many methods to elucidate the language and meaning of a text for the readers. The school by utilising a literal way in both prose and verse ,analyses efficient elements and factors which demonstrates the difference between a literal and a non-literal text. The writers of this research by using a descriptive-analytic method ,and formalism elements not only analysing the 18th sermon of Nahj-al-balagh but also study the deepest layers of writer's mind.Accordingly, the narrative text of the sermon has been studied in accordance with two principles of deviation and the extra regulatory to manifest literary beauty used therein is expressed. From the findings of the research, it turns out that the aforementioned text is at its highest in terms of aesthetic elements, and the coherence and continuity between expressions and sentences, and also the steadiness and consistency of the appearance and the inner meaning of the text are clearly visible.

In every society family is taken to be one of the most important foundations. Due to its key role in society and its effects on individual and social exaltation, family has been overemphasized in our ideological doctrine. Family exaltation, in my view, is in fact two-fold: this-worldly and afterlife. Families, however, are subject to various threats that can endanger and weaken the family foundation and undermine its exaltation process; therefore, it is of paramount importance to maintain this social foundation and protect it against all potential harms. This descriptive-analytical study traced family as an influential force for an individual’s life style and exaltation in Nahj-ul-Balagha.  Moreover, this study explored the threats to family foundation from economic, cultural, and social perspectives. Based on the findings, certain strategies are recommended to be deployed to encounter such threats in light of the religious teachings in Nahj-ul-Balagha. It can also be concluded that confronting these threats calls for divestment and commitment approaches. Adopting the former would make the family untainted with these threats and employing the latter would contribute to the family exaltation in all the above-mentioned aspects.

Sémiotique is one of the new topics in literary criticism that is widely used in the analysis of various texts and understanding how to produce and receive meaning. Today, semiotics encompasses areas beyond classical and structuralist sign of semiotics. In this new knowledge, sémiotique proof and freezing of signs give way to fluid, plural and dynamic signs. The text of Nahj-ul-Balaghah is the highest literary choice of Imam Ali's (as) discourse that has been formed on different levels and with different linguistic structures. Despite its short volume, but due to its linguistic and literary elements, as well as its conceptual layers and special position, this sermon has the ability to be examined with a sémiotique   approach and in the sensory-perceptual dimension of discourse. In this research, using descriptive-analytical method, how to formulate the discourse system in the sermon of judgment based on the senses with the help of sensory-perceptual dimension, was examined and shown how the senses become the main basis for the formation of discourse. Jafari and Dashti were assessed to determine the accuracy and flaw of the translation of the -sign-sensory meanings in the corridor of the mentioned translation in order to reach the sémiotique corridor. The prevailing discourse in this sermon is of the type of common discourses, the level of awareness and action of the people and the groups that agree and disagree with the political system, which is called critical discourse. Some of the sémiotique of this sermon are considered as the central sign and the main bottleneck of the discourse, and the other signs are as floating signs around these signs.

To present some new readings of religious texts, in the present study we sought to extract the principles of Imam Ali's political positions in letter 6 of Nahj-ul-Balagha addressed to Muʿāwiya. To do so, Fairclough's critical discourse analysis model at three levels, i.e., descriptive, interpretive, and explanatory was employed. Findings indicated that at the descriptive level, Imam Ali had political inclinations in affirming his legitimacy and political legitimacy as the caliph. In the interpretation stage, examining the situation and intertextuality, the factors involved in the formation of the text of the letter, namely temporal, spatial conditions, and the impact of the political, and social environment of the society have been displayed. In the explanation stage, examining ideology and hegemony in his expressions, the power and authority of the Imam to express political goals have been illustrated. In the last stage, the political and social ideas of the Imam derived from these three stages including the criterion for selecting the caliph and confirming his own election based on those criteria have been illuminated.

Having spent a hard time upon returning from Safin battle, Imam Ali (AS) penned the letter 31 for his son Imam Hasan (AS) in a place named as Hazerin. This letter, which is the result of his experience abounding with so many ups and downs in his religious and socio-political life, is one of priceless treasures of Alavi. An excerpt from this invaluable letter expresses his attitude towards the world and also benefiting from the blessings and sustenance of God. This depicts his monotheistic view towards life and real asceticism in the form of some expressions and phrases containing utmost rhetoric and eloquence. In his perspective, the relationship between man and the world is based on staying away from worldliness which leads man to achieve dignity through shunning sensual desires. Such a belief is aroused from the depth of Imam Ali’s attitude towards Qur’anic teachings in which the concept of God as the sole supplier of sustenance and provision, man's attempts to gain sustenance and most importantly his attainment of God’s blessings and grace receives a high status. In this regard, to present Imam Ali’s outlook and to illustrate the strong influence of Qur’anic teachings on this view, some evidence from verses of Qur’an, the narrations of the Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) and the infallible Imams have been used throughout the discussion.

One of the major issues in the field of economics is the issue of government involvement in regulating and monitoring the market, which is subject to two major permissions and prohibitions. The view of public interest, in the state of monopoly and market failure, justifies this interference and obliges the government to intervene. The jurisprudential texts refer to the topics of "hoarding" and "solving" the issue of government intervention in the market, and the jurisprudents, in the sense of the narratives in this regard and despite having different opinions about the government's license in pricing, in general, consider the government's license to intervene are. This paper tries to examine the subject of the subject from the perspective of Nahj-ul-balaghah as an authoritative validation source with an interdisciplinary approach between the two areas of economics and jurisprudence, and show that, in the event of the monopoly and market failure, Imam Ali (pbuh), in order to realize the public interest in the context of justice Equilibrium requires the government to regulate and monitor the market

Imamate is among the most outstanding Quranic issues, and knowledge of Imam is one of the most significant prophetic teachings. The way of recognizing knowledge of Imam is of great influence in Imamology. Although there is unanimous agreement among Muslim scholars in certain fields of knowledge of Imam such as authority in religious affairs, they are divided in such issues as the quality of knowledge of imam, awareness towards the inner souls of people, and the quality of Imam's knowledge to contemporary issues and problems. Taking a descriptive analytical method, the present article seeks to answer the following questions: 1. What are the different types of Imam's knowledge, and what are its sources according to Nahj-ul-Balaghah 2. What is the cause behind the principal difference among Shiite scholars when analyzing the issue of knowledge of Imam 3. What is the domain of knowledge of Imam and its dimensions based on the teachings of Nahj-ul-Balaghah Precise analysis of Imam Ali's remarks in Nahj-ul-Balaghah indicates that the holy Quran, speaking of God, and the Messenger of Allah are the intuitive sources of knowledge particularly devoted to Imam, while insight is a source of acquired knowledge common between Imam and other people. Imam relies on the latter in analyzing the conditions and seditions of his time. Therefore Imam's knowledge is both intuitive and acquired. The principal cause behind difference of Muslim scholars on Imam's knowledge is the very negligence towards the difference in the sources of Imam's knowledge in various fields. The domain of Imam's knowledge consists of affairs relevant to religion ( doctrines, practical regulations, and interpretation of the Quran), inner souls of individuals, conditions of societies, physics and the system of creation, events of the past and the future, and the socio-political situations of the time.

Norm-breaking means going beyond the language of standard and norm, one of the basic concepts in the field of stylistics. The use of this feature in the words of Imam Ali (as) has given a special distinction to his words. The present article, with the aim of showing this distinction, has studied the norm-breaking in the words of the Prophet in a descriptive-analytical manner. The main question is how to get out of the language of standard and norm in the words of the Prophet?  According to a study conducted in Nahj ul-Balaghah, Imam Ali (as) has given a special prominence to his words by using the various capacities of the Arabic language and in this way, he has transmitted the transcendental knowledge to the reader. Changes in the meaning and role of linguistic elements, construction of new words, construction of new images of different elements in various formats, including symbols, etc., are the Prophet's ways of leaving the normative language and creating a meta-normative text. The presence of these features slows down the process of reading Nahj ul-Balaghah and makes the reader think and delay and creates a purposeful and effective reaction in him.

With the advancement of man in the experimental sciences, environmental damage has also taken an upward course, sometimes referred to as the “Environmental Crisis”. These harms have not only put modern countries in danger, but also developing and backward countries. Lane White, a theorist in the field of environmental crises, is a professor of medieval history at Princeton, Stanford, and California universities. He emphasized the Christian and Jewish teachings as the cause of these ills. His reason which is the view of religions about “Human dignity and honor in creation” includes other monotheistic religions in addition to Christianity. This article critiques this view from a descriptive-analytical method and with reference to library sources from the perspective of Nahj-ul-Balagha's doctrinal-theological foundations. The findings of this article indicate that the existence of doctrinal-theological foundations in Nahj-ul-Balagha is a reason for the balance in human beliefs and behaviors and no harm to the environment and their maintenance. Some of the most important principles are: theistic view, the world as a divine sign, human responsibility and duty, belief in life after death and the existence of commands to protect the environment.

Tourism, which in Quranic terms has been used with terms such as (Sirah) travel and (Siyahat) excursion, is an admired action if it is used in a purposeful and within the framework of human perfection. Imam Ali (a.s.) as the commentator of the holy Quran has had valuable statements on the spread and development of tourism and this pen (author) is intending to collect them. Imam Ali (a.s.) not only had noticed to travel and excursion and has called others to do exploration and have a purposeful and learning travel, but also this behavior in his own life reached to a level which the prophet of Islam (p.b.u.h.) introduced him as the visitant (traveler) of the Islamic Ummah. The philosophy and the reason for tourism based on Imam's (a.s.) statement is the same acquisition of vision and increase of knowledge which has been pointed out through various words by him. To learn an admonitory lesson, being alerted, finding a proximity to God, remove of sadness, gaining a greater knowledge. Expanding the religious culture of awareness and also the unity and solidarity, health and joy of economic thriving state are among the achievements, which are all seen in the awakening and society-building book of the noble Nahj al-Balaqa with lofty, fluid and deep phrases and concepts. In this precise paper, relying upon the illuminating views of the Emir al-mu'minin (a.s.), we intend to elaborate different dimensions of religious tourism

Nahj-ul-Balagha is one of the Shi’a hadith books, which has drawn the attention of the Muslim scholars ever since it was compiled. However, due to some certain allegations made by the opponents, along with some isnad-oriented and textual deficiencies, some have questioned the attribution. The present study attempts to examine the attribution of Nahj-ul-Balagha to Imam Ali, the Commander of the Faithful, by explaining the validation methods based on the three axes of isnad, source, and text. To do so, having applied a critical method, this article studies the past methods and having evaluated them, presents novel approaches. The results achieved from this study show that the retrieval of the isnads of the sayings contained in Nahj-ul-Balagha, as well as the recognition of its source, compiler, stylistics, and the exaltedness of its content constitute the five methods that altogether would prove the validity of Nahj-ul-Balagha and authenticate the legitimacy of its attribution to Imam Ali, the Commander of the Faithful. In the meantime, the two methods of retrieval of the isnads of [the sayings contained in] Nahj-ul-Balagha and the Nahj-ul-Balagha’s stylistics are more dependable from the validity recognition perspective and have less limitations as to ascertaining the Nahj-ul-Balagha’s validity.

Cohesion is one of the main topics in discourse analysis and linguistics. There is no precise definition for cohesion, but generally speaking it means interconnectedness in the level of structure of the text which is achieved through syntactical and lexical elements. Considering the importance of Nahj-ul-Balaghah as a unique text in style and way of writing, the present study investigates cohesion and its important features in one of Imam Ali’s letters in response to Mu'awiyah which al-Sharif al-Razi has praised as one of Imam Ali’s best letters. This goal is achieved through the analytical and statistical approach within the framework of the theory presented by Halliday and Hassan (1976), and also by extracting the most important cohesion elements at the linguistic level in the letter. Results of this study revealed that consistency between lexical and syntactical elements gives the text a kind of cohesion that is the result of different kinds of syntactical items such as referring pronouns especially the present pronouns (first and second person), and conjunctions. On the other hand, the lexical cohesion of the letter is generally based on contrast, parallelism, repetition, and etymological   repetition.