فصلنامه توسعه ی آموزش جندی شاپور
سال دوازدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 39، تابستان 1400)

Academic procrastination is one of the most common problems at different academic levels. In recent years, procrastination has been defined as a lack of self-discipline. The aim of this study was to provide a causal-structural model for academic procrastination in nursing and midwifery students. The research method is correlational using structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the study included all nursing and midwifery students of Lorestan University of Medical Sciences in the academic year of 2019-2020, of whom 260 were selected by stepwise cluster sampling. The research instruments were: academic procrastination questionnaire, academic procrastination scale, motivational strategies for learning questionnaire, and measuring goal orientations, all of which had acceptable validity and reliability. AMOS-24 software was used to analyze the data. The results showed that all the indicators of the research model are in the desired range. In general, the fit indices were in acceptable ranges. The results showed that there is a positive significant relationship between the direction of goal orientation and academic procrastination (r = 0.41), between academic procrastination and academic burnout (r = 0.57), and between self-regulation and academic procrastination (r = 0.59). Academic self-regulation also mediates between goal orientation and academic procrastination, but academic self-regulation does not mediate between academic procrastination and academic burnout. Therefore, according to the findings, officials of medical universities should pay serious attention to the issue of student procrastination and try to reduce it by taking into account goal setting and self-regulation.

Despite the importance of basic sciences as the basis for medical education, most students have a negative attitude toward the applicability of this phase of medical curriculum in clinical phases. This study was designed to investigate the viewpoints of medical students of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences about clinical applicability of their Physiology course as one of the major courses in basic sciences. The data collection tool was a questionnaire consisting of 16 questions. In this study, 273 medical students were included. There were 117, 53, and 103 students in preclinical, clinical and residency levels, respectively. Data were collected between 2015-2018. According to the viewpoint of 71.1% of the participants in our study, the courses taught in basic sciences are applicable in clinical years. Also, 58.2% of the respondents were unaware of the clinical significance of the Physiology course. According to 78.8% of the students, indicating clinical points in basic science courses can have a profound impact on Physiology learning and its retrieval in clinical courses. The application of Physiology at the current level was moderate according to the viewpoints of 40.7% of the students while it was much and very much based on the viewpoints of 48% of the participants. The Physiology course has many clinical applications from the medical student’s perspective. Residents who have spent more time in clinical practice, as opposed to students at clinical and preclinical levels, put more emphasis on the clinical applicability of Physiology. Therefore, the greater the involvement of medical students in the clinical field, the higher their awareness about clinical applicability of Physiology.

The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral training versus acceptance-and commitment training in academic self-efficacy and social anxiety syndrome of medical students. The statistical population included the students of Lorestan University of Medical Sciences. The participants of this study were 60 students suffering from social anxiety who volunteered to participate in the training sessions. They were selected by random sampling method from among 1500 students based on their social anxiety scores and structured clinical interview. They were randomly divided into three groups of cognitive-behavioral training, acceptance and commitment training, and the control group. The subjects in the experimental group were trained in 10 sessions. The instruments included Watson and Friend’s social anxiety questionnaire (1969), and the academic self-efficacy proposed by Migli et al. (2000), which were answered by the subjects in pre-test, post-test, and (2-month) follow-up sessions. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software version 24 and repeated measure analysis of covariance. The results showed that there was no difference between the experimental groups in the post-test phase. Moreover, cognitive-behavioral training and acceptance and commitment training were effective in increasing academic self-efficacy and reducing students' social anxiety syndrome (p<0/0001). However, in the follow-up phase, there was a significant difference between cognitive-behavioral training and acceptance and commitment training as opposed to the control group in terms of the components of social anxiety and academic self-efficacy. That is, training based on acceptance and commitment significantly reduced students' anxiety and increased their self-efficiency (p<0/0001

The aim of the current study was to determine the cognitive-behavioral factors affecting education in the Faculty of Pharmacy at Iran University of Medical Sciences. This was a descriptive-analytical study with a cross-sectional design, implemented in the late 2019 and early 2020, using census sampling method. The data collection tool was a questionnaire prepared based on the previous phases of the study including a systematic review, a qualitative phase, and a Delphi study. The SPSS software was used to analyze the data. Since the dependent variable had a normal distribution, independent sample t-test was used. According to the results, Iranian professors and students believed that innovation, anxiety and psychological stress, and concentration are the most important cognitive-behavioral factors affecting education. On the other hand, foreign professors and students believed that the most important factors affecting education were attempt to search information, intrapersonal intelligence, cognitive competence, and awareness. The cognitive-behavioral factors selected by Iranian students were different from those selected by foreign students. Therefore, policymakers, planners, managers, and experts must take into account the results of this study, particularly as far as Pharm.D. programs are concerned.

The rapid advances in technology has greatly influenced the clinical education of medical students. Using distance learning methods including e-learning, simulated learning environment, mobile learning, etc., has introduced a new educational method known as "Blended Learning". It benefits from both face-to-face and e-learning conditions. The purpose of this study is to review studies which have assessed virtual teaching in clinical education of rehabilitation fields. This narrative review was conducted, using the keywords related to virtual teaching in clinical education of rehabilitation fields. Studies published in English journals were searched in scientific databases of Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, from 2000 to 2020. The articles not consistent with the purpose of study and publications in form of case report, pilot study, or letter to editor were excluded. Out of the 227 searched articles, 25 were selected which addressed distance learning in clinical education of rehabilitation students. In this study, 25 interventional, review and descriptive studies were reviewed. The result of the articles showed the use of e-learning, mobile learning, online learning, simulated learning environment, and blended learning have positive results in improving the clinical competency of rehabilitation students. Virtual teaching as a complementary to face-to-face learning strategy can play a role in the development of clinical education. Although it is not recommended to replace traditional education with virtual learning, it seems that blended learning with a fundamental overhaul of the structure and method of learning is an effective way to improve the clinical education of rehabilitation students.

This research was conducted after presenting a critical thinking model in accounting faculty members with the aim of promoting education. Critical thinking is an analytical thinking that can guarantee the progress of any field of study, including accounting. In this research, a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods was used, which in terms of data type; Descriptive and data collection method; It was a Delphi / survey. The number of experts in the Delphi stage was 22 faculty members with professional experience and in the survey stage were 384 graduates and students in the field who expressed their views on the dimensions and components of critical thinking. In this study, after reviewing the critical thinking literature and using the opinions of experts, the initial model was extracted and the final model was approved in three steps using the Delphi method to achieve the convergence of opinions. The validity and reliability of the model were confirmed using confirmatory factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha. Based on the obtained results, the critical thinking model consists of 12 main dimensions including truth seeking, analysis, analysis, mental openness, curiosity, regularity, self-confidence, perfection, interpretation, evaluation, explanation and self-regulation and 45 sub-components.

The values medical students expect from education and their love of learning will lead to the enhancement of their knowledge and skills and assuming a dynamic attitude towards improving and enhancing the services offered in the health system. Utilizing higher order thinking skills contributes to facilitating and accelerating this process. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between academic values, love of learning, higher order thinking skills, and academic achievement of medical students of Jahrom University of Medical Sciences. The present study was a descriptive correlational study the statistical population of which consisted of all medical students of Jahrom University of Medical Sciences in the academic year 2019-2020 (n = 306). Using Cochran's formula and random sampling method, 160 students were selected as the participants (65 males and 95 females). Research tools included questionnaires of love for learning, academic values, higher order thinking skills, and students' academic achievement. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and simple regression. The results showed that academic values and love of learning were positive and significant predictors of academic achievement and students' higher order thinking skills. Also, higher order thinking skills were positive and significant predictors of students 'academic achievement and played a mediating role in the relationship of academic values and love of learning with students' academic achievement.

Relying on its global access and flexible design, e-learning offers important opportunities for continuing medical education. The aim of this study was to develop an e-learning model for medical universities in Khuzestan province. The method of this research in terms of the data collected was a mixed method exploratory study (i.e., qualitative and quantitative). To implement the qualitative phase of this research, data were obtained from studies on related topics and interviews with faculty members and experts in the field of information technology and virtual education at universities of medical sciences in Khuzestan province using snowball method. Because the sampling method was homogeneous, the study reached data saturation with 15 experts. In the quantitative phase, Delphi method was used to design the questionnaire according to the agreement of the experts (reliability of 0.7). Then, 250 questionnaires were randomly completed according to the principles of sample size determination in multivariate regression analysis in structural equation modeling. SPSS, AMOS, and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test were used to analyze the statistical data. The structural equation method was used to test the statistical assumption and confirm factor analysis. The statistical method used to test the questions in this study is structural equations modeling using AMOS software. The results showed that e-learning is affected by the following factors: the individual characteristics of learners, educational content and materials, management, expert staff, application of hardware and software, acceptance, the position of education, external (environmental) factors, and assessment.

Knowledge sharing and reflective thinking are two key issues in any educational system. The present study examined the willingness of instructors of English for the students of allied medical sciences to share knowledge and think reflectively and investigated their reluctance to form knowledge sharing groups. To this aim, in the quantitative phase of the study, two questionnaires were completed by 148 instructors, while in the quantitative phase, 12 instructors participated in semi-structured interviews. Based on the results, the participants considered knowledge sharing effective and had a positive view about it. In addition, there was a significant relationship between knowledge sharing and reflective thinking, and knowledge sharing can be used to predict reflective thinking. The findings of the interview also indicated that three categories of factors play a role in the studied instructors' reluctance to share knowledge, which included individual, organizational and cultural barriers. Due to the importance of knowledge sharing, some suggestions were made to promote this practice among English for specific purposes (ESP) instructors.

Given the inevitable role of pharmacists in pharmaceutical industries, it is necessary to learn the methods of controlling and analyzing compounds that are used as an active ingredient and even packaging in pharmaceutical formulations. In practice, students learn different sampling and analytical methods, and in the exam, they are evaluated in terms of their acquisition of practical skills in problem-solving. The final exam should assess students in terms of practical skills similar to those needed in their future job. In a problem-solving exam session, each student is tested individually by presenting a problem, and s/he needs to choose his / her question randomly from the numbers representing the question and the desk number. This program could make the students familiar with a new method of assessment in practical education before the exam. The design and implementation of this exam was a successful experience in increasing practical skills for trainees who would be employed in industry or by research centers.

The aim of this study was to synthesize the literature related to international academic collaboration in order to identify the components of this collaboration in higher education. This research is applied in purpose and was conducted using a qualitative meta-synthesis method. The statistical population included all studies conducted in the period 2010-2019. To this aim, 146 studies on the mentioned topic were initially evaluated, and finally 57 articles were purposefully selected. After analyzing the content and synthesizing the relevant literature, a total of 115 codes, 19 concepts, and 8 key categories were identified and analyzed in the search process and systematic synthesis of texts. The validity was confirmed by Cohen Kappa test. According to the results of the analysis, the most important key components identified include: educational collaborations, research collaborations, participation of faculty members in international activities, cultural factors, reforming the structure of the university, paving the way for the use of ICT in the university, government programs and policies, and globalization. This research is one of the first studies that has comprehensively and extensively studied and analyzed the components of international academic collaboration in higher education through the synthesis of studies and has provided new, comprehensive, accurate and valuable insights into this field with a deep understanding of its nature. Results of this study can be effective in expanding international academic collaboration in higher education.

The aim of this study was to identify the research challenges of postgraduate students before and after the outbreak of Covid-19. This research was applied in purpose, using a mixed method qualitative research approach aimed at understanding the research challenges of postgraduate students.  Based on a meta-synthesis, findings of global studies, and phenomenology, the lived experiences of postgraduate students of an Iranian university were explored. The meta-synthesis design was performed using Sandlowski and Barroso’s six-step method. The sources of data collection were five databases from which international studies were extracted as well as two databases of Persian language studies. After data collection, data were analyzed using thematic analysis method. The phenomenological design was performed using Colaizzi's seven-step method. The data collection tool used in this phase of the study were semi-structured interviews conducted on 23 postgraduate students of Shiraz University in the academic year 2020-2021. Participants were selected using criterion purposive sampling, snowball technique, and theoretical saturation. Data analysis of this phase was performed using thematic analysis method. Based on the results of two phases, the research challenges of postgraduate students included 10 themes related to before the outbreak, and after the outbreak, two main themes of threats and opportunities were extracted, each containing 7 sub-themes. The findings of this study can be utilized in policy-making aimed to promote the development of research settings in universities and higher education institutions.

The purpose of this study was to present a model of the effect of integrated teaching on the quality of students' learning-memorization as mediated by motivation in Mazandaran province. This research was applied in purpose using field data collection method, and it was a descriptive survey in terms of its implementation method. The statistical population included all the 201 visiting and employed faculty members of Islamic Azad University of Mazandaran province, of whom 132 were selected using Krejcie and Morgan table and relative stratified random sampling method (by gender). Data collection tools were researcher-made questionnaires of integrated teaching, learning-memorization quality, and learning motivation. The validity of these questionnaires was confirmed by experts, and the reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient (integrated teaching: 0.90, quality of learning-memorization: 0.89, and learning-motivation: 0.81%). To analyze the data, descriptive and inferential statistics were employed using SPSS, and PLS was used to test exploratory factor analysis. The results showed that a relationship between integrated teaching and the quality of students' learning-memorization. The goodness of fit index was 0.58, showing a desirable goodness of fit.

Pursuing their education in residency specialties is one of the options that medical graduates have in their academic trajectory. The choice of these specialties determines the future of physicians’ career and even their life, and this is one of the most challenging decisions for physicians to make in their life. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between medical students’ personality traits and their favorite residency specialty. This cross-sectional study was performed on medical students studying at their externship and internship programs at Islamic Azad University of Mashhad in the second semester of the academic year 2019-2020. Data collection tools were Persian Questionnaire of Personality Traits FFI -NEO (Neuroticism-Extraversion-Openness Five Facto Inventor), socio-economic status questionnaire, and demographic information checklist including age, gender, marital status, educational level and preferred medical specialty. Data were analyzed in SPSS v.20 software using analysis of variance, chi-square, and regression tests. In this study, 151 medical students were studied. The most common fields of interest were dermatology/cardiology (15.9%), ophthalmology (11.9%) and radiology (10.6%). No relationship was found between personality traits and students' choice of specialty. In the regression analysis, only gender had a statistically significant relationship with the favorite medical specialty. That is, 51.3% of the men chose the fields of surgery and 65.2% of women chose the fields of specialized group. (P = 0.013) According to the results of this study, different personality traits are not very effective in choosing the medical specialty of medical students.

In recent years, extensive roles have been recognized and valued for pharmacists as health care providers. The main question of this cross-sectional study was: How much effective do Pharm.D. students and graduates see the contents of their syllabi in providing optimal services in the pharmacy? For this purpose, the syllabi of courses of Theoretical Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy, Theoretical and Practical Pharmaceutics, and Community Pharmacist Clerkship were selected as samples. A researcher-made questionnaire with Cronbach validation coefficient of 0.768 for Pharmacology, 0.855 for Pharmacotherapy, 0.838 for Pharmaceutics and 0.903 for Clerkship was prepared. The target population included: senior PharmD students of the year 2017 and graduates with a maximum of 2 years passing after their service commitment. Census method was used for sampling, and the questionnaire was distributed among all students, and as much as possible, to graduates who were entrants of the years 2007 to 2012 from the State and Autonomous Iranian pharmacy schools via sending the electronic questionnaire link, from 22/01/2018 to 20/02/218. Data analysis was done by SPSS ver. 22, and the significance level was P-value >0.05. The results of this survey indicated that many of the content provided in these courses did not have the necessary efficiency to train a skilled pharmacist for pharmaceutical care service in pharmacies. Hence, in order to prepare qualified pharmacists capable of providing pharmaceutical care, it is imperative to modify, with assistance of experts, the way these courses are taught in the Iranian Pharm.D. educational system.

Cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of death worldwide. Given the inevitable occurrence of respiratory cardiac arrest in hospitals and the vital role of nurses in pulmonary resuscitation, continuous training on pulmonary resuscitation is essential for nurses. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of simulation-based pulmonary resuscitation training on knowledge and clinical skills of nurses working in Baharlou Hospital. This is a quasi-experimental single-group pre-test/post-test study involving 169 employed nurses who were randomly selected. A pre-test was initially administered to the nurses which was followed by simulation-based training offered in the Clinical Skills Center, and finally a post test was conducted. The data collection tool was a multiple choice test and a checklist of cardiopulmonary resuscitation skills. SPSS version 20 was used to analyze the data. According to the results of this study, there was a significant difference in the mean scores of nurses' knowledge in the pre-test stage (10.84±4.13) and post-test (18.17± 1.60) and in their mean scores of cardiopulmonary resuscitation skills in the pre-test (15.02±5.51) and in the post-test (32.4± 2.04) (P = 0.001). The results showed that simulation-based pulmonary cardiopulmonary resuscitation training had a positive effect on nurses' knowledge and clinical skills of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. This type of training is therefore recommended as an effective method in retraining of nursing staff.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the components of social responsibility of Islamic Azad University of Mazandaran. The research methodology was based on quantitative studies and survey design. The members of the faculty of the Islamic Azad University of Mazandaran in the second half of the academic year 2017-2018 were 1671 people. The sample size was 340 people, which was estimated based on the Cochran online sampling method. Data collection tool was a questionnaire using Academic Social Responsibility Questionnaire, Habibi, Vazifeh Doost and Jafari (2017). Physical validity and its structure are determined by experts and tests performed by researchers and indicate the validity of the questionnaire; to determine the reliability of the research, the method of logical coordination between the questions (Cronbach 1964), and the composite reliability coefficient and the mean coefficient of variance were used. Data analysis method was exploratory factor analysis, confirmation, and t-test. Findings show that the view of research subjects, the current situation of the academic responsibility variable, has been moderate. The results showed that among the components of academic responsibility, the variables of university interaction with society, environment for sustainable development, social justice, attention to economic interests of society, health and financial transparency, attention to economic development, accountability and economic knowledge with appropriate status (More than average), other variables have been inappropriate (less than average) or moderate, and in general, the current situation of the academic responsibility variable has been moderate.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the professional learning community and organizational innovation in order to present a model in Islamic Azad universities in Tehran. This was a correlational study using structural equations. The statistical population of this study included 1961 faculty members of Tehran Azad University, of whom 320 were selected as study sample based on Cochran's formula and using stratified random sampling method according to their academic rank. A researcher-made professional learning community questionnaire including 87 items and the organizational innovation questionnaire of Ismail et al. (2002) including 33 items were used to collect the data. The face and content validities of the instruments were confirmed by experts, and their combined reliability and Cronbach's alpha were calculated to be above 0.7, confirming the reliability. Structural equation test was used to analyze the data. The results of data analysis showed there is a positive and significant relationship between professional learning community and organizational innovation in Islamic Azad universities of Tehran with a standard coefficient of 0.710, and the proposed model has a suitable fit. Therefore, based on the research findings, it is suggested that in order for organizational innovation to take place in university, the professional learning community in the university should be promoted.

The purpose of this study is the effect of new investment methods in the field of health and treatment on social trust from the perspective of economics and social science students. The research method is applied in terms of purpose, and the statistical population of this research is economics students who are taking an investment education course, Budget. The research sample was estimated based on Cochran's formula and by stratified sampling method, 240 people. Used to collect information about variable communication skills and social empowerment. Central tendency index and dispersion index were used to analyze the data descriptions. The results show that teaching through small groups increases the strength of students and also improves the level of communication skills and social trust of students. The results of this study showed that teaching in a new style increases grades and the rate of student acceptance increases capable students in other specialized fields, which is in line with your previous findings.

Midwifery students graduated as a midwife duty of healthcare will be undertaken in the field of health should have basic clinical skills. Self-evaluation, in particular the acquisition of skills and public speaking medical requirements for clinical expertise plays a vital role. Given the importance of clinical and communication skills teaching midwifery students during the period of this study is to assess the clinical competence of students are graduating midwifery training school for midwives in accordance with the goals efficiently through self-assessment in the course of gynecology. In this descriptional study, a researcher made questionnaire including 4parts: demographic information, clinical skills, clinical judgment, professional characteristics in Likert scale was completed by 51 senior midwifery students who were studied at nursing-midwifery school in Ahvaz Jundishapur medical sciences university in self-evaluation form. Data analysis was with software spss version 19. The results showed that 65.1% of continuous students in private gynecological desirable clinical competence, 31.6%average, and 3.3% reported undesirable, the batch of uncontinuous students, reported, 69.2%, 24.1% and 6.7%, respectively. In sum, although most students (70%) were assessed as satisfactory clinical competence but there is necessity to efforts to achieve the ideal level of training for planners and authorities of clinical teaching.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the components of the Iranian educational system and the philosophical school of idealism. The present study was deductive in terms of method and the statistical population included theories, theories, researches, books and in general all the documents that have been written and compiled in the field of research. The method of collecting research data in this research was the use of library studies and interviews with experts and specialists in the education system of Iran and the philosophical schools was idealism. In this research, using coding, first using open source theories, theories, researches and books and in general, all the documents written in the field of research were collected and then analyzed centrally and selectively. The purpose of education in the philosophical school of idealism is to adapt or prepare a person for a successful life in the environment, and in the Iranian educational system, educational goals are divided into two general categories of general and ultimate goals, including worship or servitude, piety, growth. And guidance, purity and good life and cultivating the spirit of justice and making installments, independence and dignity of the Islamic society, brotherhood and cooperation and cultivating the social spirit, friendship with other nations, cultivating and refining or cultivating moral character.

Standard competency-based education is based on the comprehensive concept of education that integrates knowledge delivery with the development of competency and quality improvement. The aim of this study was to design and validate a competency model for the development of competency-based education in an undergraduate nursing program using a sequential exploratory (qualitative-quantitative) approach. The qualitative phase was conducted using semi-structured interviews with 35 nursing experts who had been selected using purposeful sampling. Data analysis was done by thematic analysis using Attride-Stirling model. Validation in the qualitative phase was enhanced following Guba and Lincoln strategies, while reliability was evaluated using retest reliability and intercoder reliability measurements. The quantitative phase was conducted using a survey method with a questionnaire (with S-CVI=0.93) and by surveying 300 nursing experts selected by non-probability sampling method. Finally, the data were analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis using SPSS and Smart PLS software, and the final model was confirmed. The results showed that the desirable model for nursing competency consists of 9 global themes. In the meantime, leadership and management competencies with a factor load of 0.89 had the most impact on this model followed by social and cultural competency, inter-professional and globalcompetency, and educational and research competency all of which with a factor load of 0.87, interpersonal and communication competency with a factor load of 0.86, information technology and knowledge management competency with a factor load of 0.82, individual competency with a factor load of 0.81, apecialized and professional competency with a factor load of 0.79, and ethical and behavioral competency with a factor load of 0.75.

The purpose of this study is to identify and rank the factors affecting the quality of education based on brain-based learning. The approach of the present study was mixed (qualitative-quantitative). The statistical population in the qualitative section of experts has sufficient experience and expertise in the field of education and learning, which in this study is considered 10 people. The statistical population in the quantitative section of the professors of the Research Institute of Neurological Sciences affiliated to Baqiyatallah University and Allameh Tabatabai University, the statistical population was 50 people. Data collection tools are semi-structured in the qualitative part of the interview and in the quantitative part of the questionnaire. In the quantitative part of the research tool, a researcher-made questionnaire was made. Qualitative data analysis was analyzed by systematic data method and quantitative data analysis by Spss and expert choice software. The main and sub-categories related to brain-based learning statistics and causal factors affecting this phenomenon include: brain physiology factors, meaning search, perceptions, environmental factors, teacher role and physical activity, as well as two factors of educational organizations perspective and style support Brain-centered learning in educational quality was identified as underlying factors. Based on the results of the analyzes with AHP technique, the final weight of meaning search factor was obtained in the first rank, brain physiology factor in the second rank, environmental factors in the third rank, teacher role in the fourth rank, physical activity in the fifth rank and perceptions in the sixth rank.

The aim of this study was to provide a model of effective skill training to promote applied science centers in Mazandaran province. The research was applied in terms of purpose and based on the nature of the data; it was an exploratory mix (qualitative-quantitative). The statistical population in the qualitative part of the research included all experts in the field of effective skills training who were selected using the purposeful snowball sampling method, 30 experts. The second group of the statistical population of this study in the quantitative part included all the official teachers of applied science centers in Mazandaran province in the number of 3,000 people who were selected by random sampling and snowball method of 608 people as the sample size. In the qualitative part of the present study, semi-in-depth interviews were used and in the quantitative part, a researcher-made questionnaire was used. The validity and reliability of both instruments were evaluated and confirmed. The method of data analysis in the qualitative part of the theoretical coding was taken from the method of data theory of the foundation and in the quantitative part, confirmatory factor analysis was used to validate the model and determine the relationship between the identified factors. The results of the study showed that a total of 6 dimensions of career goals, instructor, environment, student, content and management, 28 components and 252 indicators of the dimensions of the skill training model are effective.

The purpose of this study was to investigate agility enablers in ten public universities in Tehran. This study used survey research method to investigate the application of agility enablers in public universities in Tehran. The statistical population included the faculty members of ten public universities in Tehran, and using stratified random sampling method, the sample size was calculated to be 354. Data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire, and statistical analysis was done using one-sample t-test. The results of one-sample t-test showed that formation of knowledge-based organization is an insignificant factor, and its mean is close to average. Therefore, the rate of application of agility enablers in the studied universities is not in a favorable condition and only for information technology enablers, a better situation compared to other factors was reported. The results showed that these universities in terms of directing dissertations towards value creation and wealth creation, commercialization of scientific ideas, leading professors from translation to creativity, using faculty members' opinions for development, processing of raw products and Value-added, the establishment of knowledge-based organizations, and the provision of government research needs by the university are near-average.

The present study was aimed to design and validate the empowerment model for faculty members of Islamic Azad University of Isfahan Province using a mixed method design. The first phase of the study was conducted under the framework of qualitative approach using grounded theory. Semi-structured interviews were conducted based on the principle of theoretical saturation on 13 managers and faculty members of the Islamic Azad University of Isfahan Province as well as experts in the field of empowerment using purposeful sampling method. The data were analyzed using Strauss and Corbin model in three stages of open, axial and selective coding. The results of the qualitative phase yielded 134 concepts, 29 sub-categories and 11 main categories. The research method was descriptive survey and the statistical population included all full-time faculty members of Islamic Azad University of Isfahan Province (n =1540), and using Cochran formula, 308 members were selected using convenience sampling method. The data collection tool in the quantitative phase of the study was a researcher-made questionnaire which was developed based on qualitative phase. It included 134 items, and its face and content validities were confirmed by a number of the participants and a number of experts, respectively. The reliability of the tool was estimated to be higher than 0.7, using Cronbach's alpha coefficient for all categories. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to validate the model and the data analysis, and according to the results, the proposed model was confirmed based on the fit indices.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of leading professors and internationalization on the development of virtual education in order to present a model in Babol University of Medical Sciences. The present study was applied in terms of purpose and quantitatively correlated in terms of implementation method. The research population was 348 faculty members of Babol University of Medical Sciences in the academic year 2016-2017. The sample size was estimated based on Cochran's formula of 183 people who were selected by stratified sampling method with scientific rank. For data collection, a researcher-made questionnaire of leading professors (80 items), a researcher-made questionnaire of internationalization (65 items) and a virtual education development questionnaire of Karimian and Farrokhi (29 items) were used. The face validity of all three instruments, according to experts, the content validity ratio (CVR) index of all items was higher than 0.60 and the mean extracted variance (AVE) of all components was higher than 0.70, and the reliability of Cronbach's alpha and combined methods for each The three instruments and their components were calculated above 0.90. Data were analyzed by structural equation modeling in SPSS-23 and PLS-2 software. The results of structural equation modeling showed that the model of the impact of leading professors and internationalization on the development of e-learning had a good fit. Also, leading professors (0.36) and internationalization (0.56) had a direct and significant effect on the development of virtual education (P <0.001). According to the results of this study, planning for the development of virtual education based on leading professors and internationalization is essential. Also, the presence of leading, capable professors with appropriate scientific and moral competencies is one of the effective fundamental factors in the quality of higher education systems. Therefore, being a leading and professional professor can play an important and effective role in the movement and development of the university.

The aim of this study was to develop a model of the effect of organizational harmony in the Vice Chancellor for Education and Research on reducing organizational divisions in Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. In this study, a hybrid strategy was used. The research method was performed in two parts: quantitative and qualitative. In the qualitative part, the grounded theory method was used and in the quantitative part of the research, the structural equation method (SEM) was used. The statistical population of this research in the qualitative stage of specialists and managers of education and research includes 20 people and in the quantitative part of all professors working at Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences in 2019, which using Cochran do formula estimated 334 people as the sample size Were. In the qualitative part based on sampling containing rich information and in the quantitative part stratified sampling method was used to select the samples. The required information was analyzed using researcher-made questionnaires. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was used to analyze the data. Qualitative results of research; Causal conditions (trust, organizational spirituality and intelligence), contextual conditions (communication skills, organizational structure and imagination), intervention conditions (emotional situation, informal groups and political behaviors), strategy (development and improvement of organizational culture) Showed organizational meritocracy and empathy skills training) and results (reduction of anti-citizenship behavior, reduction of organizational hypocrisy and reduction of organizational inertia) in the form of organizational consensus model on reduction of organizational hypocrisy. There are also few findings; Organizational consensus is effective in reducing organizational hypocrisy in Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences and the research model and its indicators are acceptable and appropriate.

Trained human resources as the main factor in technology transfer, and education development as a supporting system play a major role in successful technology implementation. In order to achieve par excellence, organizations should develop proper educational capabilities as a competitive advantage, and education development in technology transfer helps these organizations to have a superior performance. The aim of the present study is to present an optimized change model resulting from education development in technology transfer of human resources in learning organizations. This study is descriptive in method and applied in purpose. In this study, system configuration for optimizing the model was done by MATLAB. After running the software program, the learning organization which trains human resources by technology transfer was analyzed by encoding and formulating the model using particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. The results showed that different scenarios were optimized by PSO algorithm in search of solution space to train human resources by technology transfer. In technology transfer, by optimizing human resource training (professional production forces, technicians, skilled workers, and regular workers), the expenses of the learning organizations can be reduced over time. Paying attention to human resource training contributes to fruitful technology transfer function.

The present study aimed to present a model to upgrade the national medical education system in Iran to an international level. This study was an applied research in terms of purpose, and was a descriptive cross-sectional survey in terms of implementation method. The population consisted of 1319 students of medicine at Guilan University of Medical Sciences, of whom 297 were selected as participants based on Cochran's formula. The sampling method was simple random sampling, and a researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect the data. The validity and reliability of the tools were confirmed. Confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses were used to determine the validity of the model, and structural equations modeling was used to test it. In this study, the factor loads of all items were higher than 0.4, indicating the effectiveness of items in the formation of the components. Furthermore, the factor loading of path coefficients between the variable of “upgrading the national medical education system to an international level” and the dimensions of "amendment and ranking of the educational system", "improving the quality of academic education" and "internationalization of education" in all directions was higher than 0.8. All the relationships were meaningful, which indicated strong fit of the model. According to the results, the current position of the Iranian medical education system can be evaluated by qualitative and quantitative measurements as well as identification of the limitations in this system. In this regard, proper planning is one step further towards improvement of the indicators of the country’s medical education system.

The purpose of this study was to design a causal-structural model of entrepreneurship education with an emphasis on the views of the scientific-academic elite. In order to identify the initial dimensions and indicators and to generate the initial model, models and theories on the effective factors in creating entrepreneurship were examined followed by exploratory interviews with experts in the field. Then a Delphi panel consisting of 20 experts was formed. Questionnaires were distributed among the participants, and their opinions were analyzed. The results showed that entrepreneurship education for micro and intermediate educational activities consists of the dimensions of: IT skills, technical skills, entrepreneurial skills, and management skills. These dimensions consist of 47 indicators. The reliability of the questionnaire was assessed using PSSS software and a Cronbach's alpha of 0.89 was obtained. To determine the priority of the dimensions and constituent indices, the pairwise comparison technique was used in X-Press Choice software. The results showed that entrepreneurial skills play the most important role in creating small and medium educational jobs. To determine the effectiveness of the model, a sample of 384 graduates was selected and the final questionnaire was distributed among them. Then the difference in scores before and after the training was considered as a dependent variable. Using SPSS software and multiple regression analysis, the positive relationship between entrepreneurship education and the above skills was confirmed. The results of modeling using Amos software also showed a significant positive relationship between these skills and entrepreneurship training.