فصلنامه کومش
سال ششم شماره 2 (پیاپی 16، زمستان 1383)

Domestic violence is the most common form of violence against women that has negative effects on other health priority such as mother’s heath, family planning, prevention of disease and mental health. This research has been done to determine prevalence of various kinds of domestic violence in women referred to the health care centers in Semnan. This study is a descriptive and cross- sectional research. Sample were 600 women and data were collected trough a self - reporting questioner. Reliability of questioner was detected by test- re-test. Data were analyzed by spss and also mean, standard deviation, absolute & relative frequency were detected. For this study chi–square, kendall’s Tau-c, pearson and spearman correlation coefficient were used. The physical violence was experienced with higher percent (18.6%) in women of Semnan & Shahmirzad, emotional violence with 63.7%, verbal violence with 43.3% in women of Semnan & economic abuse with 72% were observed in women of Sorkhe. The most injuries from physical abuse were bruising of head and face. After violence, 15.8% of samples was describe that they referred to neurologist. In related to decided after violence, 3.3% of samples were used leave of absence without pay. A Significant and opposite relationship was observed between physical abuse with educational level of women (P=0.000), her husbands education (P=0.037) and age of marriage (P=0.000). A Significant and opposite relationship was observed between economic abuse with educational level of women (P=0.003), her husbands education (P=0.000) and age of marriage (P=0.003). Low educational level and unemployment can resulted to higher physical, verbal and economic abuse. Many factor such as far away from family, social isolation and lack of relationship with family and friends and therefore lower usage of support can be some risk factores for domestic violence. Increased range of physical and economic abuse in women who married in lower age can be resulted from partner’s inexperience and lack of knowledge about partner’s right. Also higher prevalence of economic abuse in women who have 7 children and up can be resulted from economic distress of family. Control of poverty and unemployment, teaching to young people about partner’s right, especially women’s right previous of marriage can decrease domestic violence

Increasing the body building sport in young people, using various drugs to enhance the body efficiency is beeing increased. However, they play the temporary roles in body-building, but they cause the irreparable poisionings and bad effects on them. 337 body-building athletes from among 70 clubs in Semnan province were chosen randomly and they were given a questionnaire, containing the demographic questions, in which the rate of using drugs and their knowledge about the side-effects of these drugs had been considered, was filled out via interview. To analyse the data, chi-square and ratio tests were used. 27.3% of samples used the doping drugs (95% CI: 22.5%- 32.1%). The most common drugs were food supplements (20.8%), anabolic steroide (14.2%) and vitamins (7.1%). The people who used doping drugs were at the ages of 20 (35.4%), 20-25 (26.1%) and higher than 20 (21.1%). 31.7% of cases were with under highschool diploma.Using these drugs were more than those who had diploma degree or higher (23.3%); and showing a significant relationship (P=0.0418). Also, the percentage of using the doping drugs among the cases under 20 (35.4%) was significantly (P=0.0294) higher than cases with more than 20 year-old (24.7%). Among the athletes, only 4.7% of them had knowledge about the side-effects of doping drugs, and there was a significant relationship between the knowledge of bad effects and level of educations (P<0.004). Increasing the consumption of doping drugs, using in lower ages and having less knowledge about the side-effects among users, showing that the physical education instructors and the athletes are trained and regarding to kinds of drugs and variation among them, educational structure is changed to prevent the next problems.

Cardiac syndrome X includes chest pain and positive exercise and/or radionuclide test and normal coronary angiography. There is no obvious etiology for this syndrome. Some mechanisms such as endothelial dysfunction and estrogen deficiency have been explained. In this study, we studied correlation between helicobacter pylori infection and cardiac syndrome X. 23 patients (17 female and 6 male) with cardiac syndrome X between 30-65 years old (mean 424) matched with control group (16 female and 7 male) between 31-64 years old (mean 414). Helicobacter pylori infection detected by urease breathe test (UBT). Patients with dyspepsia and coronary spasm were excluded. UBT showed that 91% of cases in patient group and 48% in control group were positive for helicobacter pylori infection, and this difference was significant (P<0.001). Due to high prevalence of infection with helicobacter pylori in cardiac syndrome X patients (91%) in comparison with it's prevalence in control group (48%), possibility of relationship between infection with helicobacter pylori and cardiac syndrome X is suggested.

Acute diffuse otitis externa is one of the most common type of the otitis externa, also known as “Swimmers ear”. In most cases bacterial agents are pathogens associated with this infection. P. aeruginosa and S. aureus are most common bacterial agents. In creasing antimicrobial resistance to many antibiotics, adds to the challeng of optimizing empric treatment for complicated otitis externa. The subject of this study is to determine the bacteriology of acute otitis externa and the susceptibility profiles of isolated bacteria to selected antibiotics. External ear canal discharg swabs, collected from 70 acute otitis externa were inculated (at 35ºC for 14 hrs) in thiologycolat broth, sheep blood and mac conkyagar. All isolates recovered were identified to species level by grams staning and biochemical media. Antibiotic susceptibility test has been done using Kirby-bauer method. Resultes: 89.2% of patients were women. 73 bacterial agents were isolated from 70 samples. P. aeruginosa and S. aureus were the most common recovered organism. 94.5% of isolated bacterial agents were susceptible to Ciprofloxacin and 89% to Gentamycin. The least antibiotic susceptibility was to Amoxicillin (5.5%), Cloxacillin (10.9%) and Ampicillin (15.7%). Our study showed that prevalence of acute diffuse otitis externa is higher in female sex (89.2%) and was seen in ages of 20-29 years. About 90% of isolated bactrial agents were susceptible to both Amoxicilin and Gentamycin. Findings (sex and age of infection) of this study were different from those of similar study. The underling causes of observed contraversy were discussed.

Recent studies have shown the role of serotonergic system in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Terazodone and nefazodone (5HT2 receptor antagonists) ameliorated PTSD nightmares but the reports are mixed. This study prompted an open trial of cyproheptadine for Iran versus Iraq combat PTSD patient nightmares. 25 patients studied in an eight-week, before-after trial of cyproheptadine. The participants were male and chronic PTSD patients with combat related nightmare. The exclusion criteria included current substance abuse or dependence, psychotic disorders and any medical condition that contraindicated the use of cyproheptadine. Five patients were excluded from the study because of side effects including dizziness and somnolence. Twenty patients completed the study. Average of nightmare severity decreased from 6.85 to 5.05, which was statistically significant (P<0.01) The data suggest that cyproheptadine, as a 5HT2 antagonist, may be effective in treament of PTSD nightmare.

One exposes with diagnosis problems when she or he does an experiment or modeling to predict and allocate objects or persons to certain groups. For example in medicine in order to discriminate diabetes or cancers (level 2 of prevention), different criterions or indices can used. The simplest status is allocating objects to two possible categories, therefore one can measure a test variable in ordinal or continuous scale and regarding an appropriate cut-off in range of test variable and sensitivity, specificity and value of loss function, he or she can determine objects for each category. A suitable and single value index to evaluate test variable is A, area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Since probably there are several test variables that measured on a unique sample, so there are natural correlations between As. When one wants to compare and select the best test(s) among them, ignoring of these correlations can lead to confused results. We have detailed a method to compute A's and their variance-covariance matrix and introduced an adequate statistical test to compare them also using a set of simulated data have showed effectiveness of correlations on statistical results. For applied purposes we have prepared a software package using Delphi5. Based on simulated data for two indices we found:, ,, . By ignoring correlations between we computed Z =2.1, it leads to reject equality of As in a level, otherwise by regarding correlation, Z =1.92 and equality will accept. Ignoring correlation between As can lead to incorrect results.

During the early postnatal age environmental signals underlie development of sensory systems. The visual system is considered as an appropriate system for evaluation of the role of sensory experience in postnatal development of sensory systems. Light (LR-control) and dark reared (DR) 40 days old rats were used for adjacent arms tasks. The animals were subjected to two trials each day on a radial arm maze. The experiments were performed in 3 stages. In the first stage, the rats had to search the maze with while all arms were baited. During the second and third stages, only 4 adjacent arms were baited, however, in the third stage the place of the adjacent arms was changed between the daily trials. The findings were considered for 1- the number of correct entries and 2- selection of the adjacent arms. Our results indicated that both the LR and DR animals equally entered correct arms. In the adjacent arms task, however, the control group significantly outperformed the DR animals. Concerning sex dependency of the tasks while, at least partly, the LR males and females differently searched the maze the DR group represented no sex differences in their performances. These findings suggest that the lack of visual experience is likely to influence the strategy selection and sex differences as well. Also the difference between performances of the LR and DR animals is probably due to the males rather than females behavior.

More than 70% of serotonergic neurons have concentrated in raphe nuclei. Raphe nuclei have rested in a rostrocaudal arrangment. They are a neuronal assembling that have joined to gether in midline and appears raphe.To cosideration of important role of serotonin in vital activity, it is necessary that become clear; how is forming the raphe nuclei. Because of resembling between the rat's raphe nuclei and these nuclei in human, the manner of raphe nuclei birth was examined. The 5 embryo of albino rat in 14, 16, 18 and 19 days gestation after sending out of uterus were fixed with boins solution and stained with Kluver&Barrera method. The samples were cutted and evaluated with light microscope. Histological findings showed that in 14th day of gestation, two cell groups formed symmetrically; superior (rostral) and inferior (caudal) groups. Rostral cells produce dorsal, median, pontis and magnus raphe nuclei. Caudal cells are the origin of pallidus, obscurus, and magnus raphe nuclei.

The importance of the patient satisfaction (PS) has an effective role in the health management programing. In order to evaluate PS in the physiotherapy clinics of the Semnan Medical Sciences University, the present study has been designed. The satisfaction level of 400 referral patients (69% female and 31% male) to the physiotherapy clinics of the Rehabilitation Faculty was evaluated by the standard questionnaire during the year 1380 (second half). The Chi-Square test was used to evaluate the PS level according to the different field of the satisfaction and patient’s characteristics. Descriptive analysis was also used to express the PS level according to the patient’s characteristics. The total PS was %17 for absolute satisfaction, %69.2 for relative satisfaction and %13.8 for non-satisfaction. Highest absolute satisfaction level (%51.5) was in the considering privacy aspect, while the lowest of absolute PS level (%24.1) was found in the programming and timming of treatment field (P<0.05). The level of non-satisfaction increased significantly in lower age groups of patients (P<0.05). The unemployed patients and the patients with the previous experience showed highest level of non-satisfaction level (P<0.05). According to our data, the PS level may change, according to the different aspects of satisfaction. By considering these results in the strategic planning may take an important step towards the optimal use of services, while the re-evaluation is necessary to find the effects of the new plans on the improving of the PS level.