نشریه پژوهش های نقد ادبی و سبک شناسی
پیاپی 53 (پاییز 1402)

Adherence is one of the literary techniques that, according to critics, can create beauty as well as cause extreme fabrication. The obligation in this research is the repetition of one or two words in each verse or stanza that the poet obliges him to mention from the beginning to the end of the sonnet, ode or fragment. The previous researchers have written "Shotor- Hojreh", the name of an ode by a Katebi Torshizi who has used two possible words "Hojreh" and "Shotor" in each verse, and many poets have imitated and followed him, but the reality It is that before Katebi, this type of poetic test, with two words that are incompatible with each other, such as "Shotor" and "Hojreh", had a history, and many poets up to the era of Qajar and Pahlavi put their taste under the torture of difficult commitments like this. have given In the current research, which was conducted in a library format, this researcher faced the question of which poets followed these difficult commitments and what other words were added to it until the era of Qajar and Pahlavi?

Following the emergence of modernism and the serious damages of the 20th and 21st century to nature as the habitat of humans and the danger of its destruction, researchers in the field of ecological criticism literature introduced it as a new science. An approach that deals with the relationship between literature, art and nature and their mutual influence, so that maybe by focusing on this issue, considerations regarding the preservation and protection of the habitat by the human society can be considered. Although human action and behavior changes with the transformation of the social structure system and under the influence of the philosophy of looking at life, but what causes a friendly or competitive relationship with nature, becoming unique or superior to it, has roots in the human psyche that are more primitive and more fundamental than superstructures. In this article, which has been done in a descriptive-analytical way, an attempt has been made to investigate the root of damage to nature, which has caused the formation of ecological criticism. Components such as fear of nature, animism of nature, the existence and presence of the maternal descent system, and finally modernity, each of which has determined the limits, limits, why and how of the relationship and behavior at a specific time, and of course the role and relations of power in this influence and impression can also be is attention.

One of the communication approaches between literature and psychology is the archetypal criticism of literary works, which can be used to explore the layers of meaning hidden in the content of the works. From the literary works, folk tales, due to having mythological elements and educational moral content, are very important in revealing unconscious contents in this article, with the aim of examining the stylistics of archetypal elements and its influence in the process. Individuality, twenty folk tales from the collection "Culture of Legends of Iranian People" by Darvishian and Khandan Mehabadi in stylistic repetitions of various elements of archetypes, types of archetypes and how the process of individuality is analyzed descriptively and analytically. The basic archetype of stories is the archetype of shadow. In the process of individuation, the characters reach full individuality in confronting the shadow with the help of other archetypes, the most important of which is the old man, and in cases where they do not have a helpful archetype and the compatibility of the archetypes is not balanced, the hero fails. has eaten.

The advice of governments in all periods is usually simplistic; but in the second half of the Qajar period, since both the kings themselves were writers and were directly involved in correspondence, they became a model of simplification in practice. The spread of journalism and telegraph, and memoirs and sermons and travelogues and critical essays and the spread of translation and fiction were important phenomena that made simplification a common pattern in the second half of the Qajar period. The coexistence and accompaniment of a large number of intellectuals, educated people, religious scholars and groups of bazaars and urban masses in the field of political, cultural and literary struggle, brought the thoughts and language of these groups closer to each other and formed a simple and clear language and expression. It became Analytical- Interpretive, reasoned, and devoid of the literary and complex aspects of prose. Undoubtedly, the connection with Europe and the expansion of worldview and the transformation of intellectual sensitivities and the influence of their books and newspapers and acceptance of change in all phenomena and its spread, change in literature and writing can be factors influencing the simplicity of prose and poetry in this period. On the other hand, a number of internal factors were involved in this simplicity, some of which are: facing an illiterate and illiterate audience and the development of various sciences, and accelerating political developments.

Throughout the Constitutional era, a great deal of French words and expressions were entered into Persian language and literary works and many examples of such items could be found in poems composed by great poets such as Adibolmamalek Farahani and Hassan Vahid Dastgerdi much more that other poets’ works during the first constitutional period. These words and expressions were changed linguistically as the awakening period was over and we entered the outstanding historical periods of First and Second Pahlavi dynasty era. The major question in the present research done using documentation and a library study method is that how French words and expressions have changed in poems composed by Shahryar? The results of the present study showed that many of French words and expressions were fixed and accepted and then utilized in Persian language and culture from the very start of its entrance into the language, some faded away and were marginalized, some were extinct and no more were in use, still others encountered phonological changed. There were also some others changed in tone due to the necessities felt in poetry weights and finally some were appropriated to certain specific fields of study. There were a few words which were used in the same written and conceptual formats both in Persian and French. Some words and expressions were delimited and developed regarding novel conceptual uses and some of words and expressions were trivially changed in Persian language and were made to sound better and more understandable in poems composed by Shahryar.

Gérard Genet puts the links between literary texts under the general term of transtextuality. One of these links is hypertext link. In the hypertext link, the second text is derived from the first text, so that if the first text is not there, the second text will not be formed. The current research is based on the hypothesis that the link between "Rostamnameh" and Shahnameh is a more textual link. However, according to Genet's writing, even when the connection of two works is more textual, the creator of the second work attempts to expand, generalize and transform the first work. The results of the current research, which is a descriptive-analytical research, show that Bahar has made this transformation in "Rostamnameh" and has avoided pure imitation. As a result, Rostamnameh Bahar is an original work in which the political and cultural concerns of the poet's time are reflected.