فهرست مطالب اسماعیل حدیدی ماسوله

In order to investigate the effect of foliar application of micro-elements on some biochemical traits and wheat yield under water stress conditions, an experiment was carried out in the form of split plots based on a randomized complete block design in three replications in Varamin during the two crop years 2016–2017 and 2017–2018.  The main factors of irrigation regimes at three levels (I1: normal irrigation, I2: cut-off irrigation at the beginning of stem growth, and I3: cut-off irrigation at the beginning of stem growth and seed filling) and sub-factors including foliar spraying of micro-elements at eight levels (M1: control (without foliar spraying), M2: boron foliar application, M3: zinc, M4: iron, M5: zinc+boron, M6: iron+boron, M7: zinc+iron and M8: zinc+boron+iron) were considered. The irrigation was done twice in the autumn and four times in the spring under normal irrigation conditions. The foliar spraying of each of the micronutrients from the sources of iron sulfate, boron sulfate and zinc sulfate with a concentration of 5/1000 was carried out in two stages: stemming and spike emergence. The results showed the effect of irrigation regimes, foliar application of micro-elements and their interaction on the content of chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll, the concentration of chlorophyllase enzyme, malondialdehyde and abscisic acid. Also, the simple effect of irrigation and foliar spraying was significant on total sugar concentration and grain yield. The results showed that the interruption of irrigation led to a decrease in total chlorophyll. Foliar spraying of zinc + boron + iron (M8) in all three levels of irrigation regimes led to a significant increase in total chlorophyll. The highest amount of total chlorophyll was obtained under normal irrigation conditions, along with zinc+boron+iron (I1M8) foliar spraying at a rate of 6.03 mg.g-1 of fresh leaves. Also, foliar spraying of zinc+boron+iron in irrigation treatments (I2) and (I3) (respectively, with averages of 5.2 and 4.55 mg.g-1 of fresh leaves) led to an increase in total chlorophyll compared to control. In general, the use of foliar applications of iron, zinc, and boron can improve the physiological characteristics of wheat under stressful conditions while increasing grain yield.

The effect of biochar and cultivation pattern on essential oil yield and nutrient content of thyme under different local irrigation methods were the most important objectives of this study.

This experiment was performed as a factorial split based on a randomized complete block design with three replications during the two crop years of 1397-1396 and 1398-1397 in the farm of Karaj Branch of Azad University. Irrigation at three levels (irrigation of all furrows, irrigation of furrows as one-intermediate and one intermittent variable), as the main factor and biochar at two levels (no use and application of biochar), and planting pattern (one-row and two-row cultivation on the ridge) as Sub-factors were considered.

The percentage of essential oil and its yield increased significantly under water stress conditions. The highest essential oil yield with 22.14 kg.ha-1 was obtained in the treatment of furrow irrigation as a constant intermediate + application of biochar + cultivation of two rows of thyme. Furrow irrigation treatments, both fixed and variable, increased the yield of essential oil by significantly increasing the percentage of essential oil. Biochar also had a significant effect on all studied traits. Water stress reduced the levels of calcium, magnesium, and iron,

Due to the positive effects of biochar in improving organic matter, physical and chemical properties as well as the availability of soil nutrients, less irrigation through constant one-intermediate furrows irrigation and application of 8 tons per hectare of biochar.

The purpose of this field was to study the effect of biochar application and different planting patterns in different irrigation regimes on the growth and yield of thyme essential oil. The studied treatments include irrigation (irrigation of all furrows, irrigation of furrows as one in constant and one in variable (biochar (non-application of biochar and application of biochar at 8 tons per hectare) and planting pattern (single row cultivation) Thyme and cultivation of two rows of thyme) on the growth and yield of the thyme plant. This experiment was carried out in two cropping years of 1397 and 1398 in the form of split plots based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results showed that the highest yield of flowering branches was obtained in the treatment of irrigation of all furrows + application of biochar with mean of 1701 kg. ha-1. In this study, the highest yield of essential oil with 24.7 kg. ha-1 was obtained in the treatment of furrow irrigation as a constant interval + application of biochar + cultivation of two rows of thyme. Based on the results of this study, the application of biochar and two-row cultivation caused a significant increase in the yield of thyme essential oil. In general, despite the decrease in growth and yield of thyme dry matter, furrow irrigation treatments as one-to-one variables increased essential oil yield by significantly increasing the percentage of essential oil and reducing water consumption. Biochar treatment also had a positive effect on all vegetative and functional traits of thyme.

The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effect of zeolite on biochemical and physiological properties of coriander under drought stress in factorial form in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications during the two cropping years of 2017-2018 and 2018-2019. Drought stress at 3 levels (including: 100% water requirement (no stress), 75% water requirement (mild stress) and 50% water requirement (severe stress)) and zeolite consumption at 5 levels (no use, 2, 4, 6 and 8 t. ha-1 of zeolite) were applied. The results showed that the water deficit stress decreased plant height drought, fresh and dry weight of shoots significantly; However, with the application of zeolite, the effects of stress were somewhat reduced. The highest and lowest shoot dry weight was obtained, in normal irrigation (without stress) with the use of six tons of zeolite per hectare (2.99 g. plant-1) and in drought conditions (50% water requirement) without the use of zeolite (1.22 g. plant-1), respectively. Reduction of irrigation also increased proline, while application of zeolite reduced drought effects slightly. Normal irrigation and consumption of six tons per hectare of zeolite showed the lowest amount of proline and severe stress (irrigation 50% of water requirement) and non-consumption of zeolite showed the highest amount of proline. In general, it was gained an acceptable economic yield in the coriander plants by applying mild stress (75% of water requirement) and using six tons per hectare of zeolite, as well as reduces the effects of stress.

To study the effect of temperature and moisture regimes on agronomical and physiological traits of canola cultivars, an experiment was conducted for two years (2015-17) in Iran (Karaj). In this experiment, the sowing dates were in two levels including timely cultivation (September 27) and delayed cultivation (October 27), and irrigation was in two levels including normal irrigation (control) and irrigation interruption from the podding stage as the main factors, and canola cultivars and hybrids included Kodiak, Traviata, Compass, Diffusion, Mehr2, Elvise and Tassilo were included as the subfactors. The interaction effect of sowing date × irrigation × cultivar on the seed yield, seed oil yield, biological yield, 1000 seed weight and seed number per pod were significant. In delayed sowing date and in the both normal irrigation and late season drought stress conditions, the Tassilo hybrid with a high seed yield, seed oil yield, biological yield, proline and chlorophyll content can be effective in the cultivation of canola in temperate cold regions with dry and semi-arid climates and is recommended for the delayed cultivation conditions together with late season drought stress.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of foliar application of Cycocel and micronutrients of iron and zinc on wheat yield and physiological traits under drought stress during the crop years of 2017-18 and 2018-19. The experiment was performed as a split factorial in a randomized complete block design in three replications. In this experiment, irrigation at two levels (I1: regular irrigation and I2: cut off irrigation at the beginning of the reproductive stage) was considered the main factor. Also, Cycocell at two levels (C1: non-consumption and C2: Cycocell consumption of 0.5 l.ha-1) and foliar application of micronutrients at four levels (F1: pure water, F2: foliar application of iron, F3: foliar application of zinc, and F4: foliar application of iron + zinc (each in a ratio of 3 per thousand)) were considered sub-factors in factorial. The results showed that under normal irrigation conditions, both in terms of application of Cycocell and non-application, the application of iron + zinc had the lowest amount of ascorbate peroxidase and catalase. Under water stress conditions and non-application of Cycocel, the concentration of ascorbate peroxidase and catalase decreased significantly with the consumption of micronutrients, but their concentration increased with the consumption of micronutrients and Cycocel. In general, foliar application of Cycocel and iron + zinc under stress reduced the concentration of antioxidant enzymes.

Tillage methods are among the most successful factors in agriculture that have a significant impact on the quality and quantity of agronomic plants. To evaluate different tillage methods and urea fertilizer with nitrapyrin on total chlorophyll content, grain protein, yield, and yield components of two barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars, an experiment was conducted as split factorial in the randomized complete blocks with three replications in the Research farm Nuclear Science and Technology in 2017-2018. Experimental treatments included conventional and minimum tillage, fertilizer treatments at three levels of 0, 150 kg urea ha-1 and 150 kg urea ha-1 + nitrapyrin nitrification inhibitor and wheat cultivars (Valfajr and Roddasht). The highest biological yield (14334 kg ha-1) and leached nitrate were obtained in minimum and conventional tillage. The highest plant height, leaf dry weight as well as nitrogen harvest index were observed in conventional tillage and Valfajr cultivar (90.7 cm), minimum tillage and 150 kg urea ha-1 + nitropyrin (287.07 g m-2) and conventional tillage and 150 kg urea ha-1 + nitropyrin (41.63 kg kg-1), respectively. The highest leaf area index (3.79) and leaf dry weight (309.4) were observed in Ruddashr cultivar and 150 kg urea ha-1 + nitropyrin. The highest grain protein (13.4%) and nitrogen harvest index (41.55 kg kg-1) were observed in Ruddasht cultivar and 150 kg urea ha-1 + nitropyrin. The interaction effect of tillage system, fertilizer and cultivar showed that the highest total chlorophyll content was obtained in the minimum tillage, treatment of 150 kg urea ha-1+ nitropyrin and Ruddasht cultivar. Minimum tillage, 150 kg urea ha-1 + nitropyrin and Ruddasht cultivar obtained the highest grain yield (6563 kg ha-1) and harvest index (41.9%). According to the results obtained from grain yield, grain protein, and biological yield, in minimal tillage, Ruddasht cultivar and simultaneous application of urea + nitropyrin are recommended.

To evaluate the effect of biofertilizers and nitrogen levels on agronomic traits and nitrogen efficiency indices of corn

This experiment was performed during 2016 and 2017 in the Animal Science Research Farm of Alborz Province as a split plot and in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimental factors include nitrogen fertilizer at four levels (0, 50, 100, 200 kg.ha-1) as the main plots and biofertilizer at eight levels (no inoculation, Aztobacter, Mycorrhiza, Azospirillum, Aztobacter + Mycorrhiza, Aztobacter + Azospirillum, Mycorrhiza + Azospirillum, Mycorrhiza + Azotobacter + Azospirillum) as sub-plots were considered.

The results of analysis of variance showed that the interaction effect of nitrogen fertilizers on forage yield was significant. The results showed that increasing nitrogen application to 200 kg.ha-1 increased forage yield. The use of biofertilizers, either alone or in combination in all nitrogen fertilizer applications, increased forage yield. But the combined effect of biofertilizers had the greatest effect. However, the increase in yield was higher at lower levels of nitrogen fertilizer, especially in the control treatment (no nitrogen application). The highest nitrogen agronomical efficiency was observed in the treatment of 50 kg.ha-1 and in this case, the difference between the biofertilizer treatments was more obvious, so that the combined use of biofertilizers had the highest nitrogen agronomical efficiency.

Combined application of biofertilizers with less nitrogen fertilizer (100 kg.ha-1) can improve the nitrogen use efficiency in corn production while achieving acceptable grain and forage yield.

In order to evaluate different tillage methods and urea fertilizer with nitrapyrin on total chlorophyll content, grain protein, yield and yield components of two wheat cultivars, an experiment was conducted in form of split factorial in randomized complete blocks with three replications in the Research farm Nuclear Science and Technology in 2017-2018. Experimental treatments included conventional and minimum tillage, fertilizer treatment at three levels of 0, 150 kg urea ha-1 and 150 kg urea ha-1 + nitrapyrin and wheat cultivars (Arg and Omidbakhsh). Tillage systems were effective on the studied traits and that the highest amount of chlorophyll (5.18 mg.g-1 FW) and leaf area index (3.78) were obtained in minimum and conventional tillage, respectively. The highest grain protein content (170.7%), grain yield (668.3 kg.ha-1) and harvest index (42.51%) were obtained in minimum tillage and 150 kg urea ha-1 fertilizer + nitrapyrin. Application of urea + nitrapyrin increased grain protein, 1000-grain weight and harvest index. Both Arg and Omidbakhsh cultivars obtained the highest plant height (102.16 and 104.66 cm, respectively) and leaf area index (3.88 and 3.98, respectively) in 150 kg urea ha-1 treatment. The three-way interactions of tillage, fertilizer and cultivar also had a significant effect on leaf dry weight, grain yield and biological yield. In minimal tillage, Omidbakhsh cultivar in 150 kg urea ha-1 + nitrapyrin fertilizer treatment showed better grain yield and biological yield than other treatments. According to the obtained results, in minimal plowing conditions, Omidbakhsh cultivar and application of urea + nitrapyrin is recommended.

The current study tries to evaluate the effect of auxin foliar application in two safflower cultivars under drought stress condition, using a factorial split plot experiment with randomized complete block design in two years (2017-2018 and 2018-2019). It has been conducted at research field of Seed and Plant Improvement Research Institute in Karaj and evaluates irrigation at two levels including normal irrigation (control) and interruption of irrigation from the beginning of grain filling stage (drought) in the main plots and cultivars of Padideh and Goldasht and auxin foliar application in two levels of non-foliar application of distilled water (control) and foliar application of auxin (indole acetic acid) in one step (mid-flowering) at a concentration of 3000 mg.l-1 (30 ppm) in sub-plots as a factorial. In the auxin foliar application and non-foliar application (control) in both normal irrigation and drought stress treatments, the highest total number of heads per plant in Goldasht cultivar have been 26.3 and 24.3 respectively, and the highest grain number per plant observed in Goldasht cultivar have been at 708 and 592, respectively. Auxin foliar application and irrigation has had no significant effect on the grain oil percentage. Goldasht cultivar demonstrates a higher grain yield compared to Padideh cultivar due to lower head temperature, higher soluble carbohydrate concentration, number of heads, and 1000-grain weight. Generally, results show that the effect of the studied treatments is affected by the year and despite the positive effect of auxin foliar application on some yield components at both irrigation levels, foliar application of auxin at middle of flowering stage has no significant effect on grain yield.

To investigate the effect of superabsorbent polymer (SAP) and planting depth on total and marketability tuder yield of three potato cultivars, an experiment was conducted during 2016 and 2017 at Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Hamadan, Iran. The experiment was conducted as split split plot based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The main plot included a planting depth at four levels (10, 15, 20 and 25 cm), subplot was consisted of a potato cultivar at three levels (Sante, Fontine and Agria) and sub-subplot comprised a SAP application at two levels (application and non-application of SAP). The results of this research showed that there is a significant interaction effect of cultivar and sowing depth with SAP on the number and weight of small tubers, deformed tubers and total yield (p<0.01) and on the number and weight of medium tubers (p<0.05). In this regard, the highest number and weight of medium tubers obtained at depth of 20 cm along with SAP usage in all cultivars. In general, the results revealed that SAP usage in all of the cultivars led to an increase in marketable tubers and total yield.

To evaluate the effect of different nitrogen splitting on yield and some eco-physiological traits of two maize cultivars (SC 704 and maxima) under normal irrigation and stress conditions an experiment was performed as a factorial split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factors include irrigation at two levels: Normal irrigation (irrigation after 60 mm evaporation from Class A pan) and stress (irrigation after 120 mm evaporation) and nitrogen split at four levels (50% after emergence + 50% after 8 leaves, 33% after emergence + 33% after 8 leaves + 33% after appearance of tassel, 25% after emergence + 50% after 8 leaves + 25% after appearance of tassel and 25% after emergence + 25% after 8 leaves + 50% after the appearance of tassel) and cultivar as sub-factor at two levels (single cross cultivar 704 and Maxima cultivar) were considered.Normal irrigation with an average of 10351 kg.ha-1 had the highest grain yield, which was 26% higher than stress conditions. N3 treatment with an average of 9541 kg.ha-1 had the highest grain yield compared to other treatments. Due to the improvement of physiological traits and yield, the use of single cross 704 with N3 treatment under water restriction condition in summer is recommended.

In order to evaluate of grain yield of groundnut under intercropping with corn under the application of phosphorus chemical and bio-fertilizers, this experiment is performed as factorial arrangement based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Rasht, Iran in 2017 and 2018 cropping seasons. Five level of phosphorus fertilizer (PF) as triple super phosphate (TSP) including 1. Zero (as control), 2. 50 kg/ha TSP, 3. 100 kg/ha TSP, 4. 50 kg/ha TSP + 200 g/ha Barvar2 phosphate bio-fertilizer (BPB), and 5. 100 kg/ha TSP + 200 g/ha BPB, and five intercropping pattern (IP) including 1. maize sole cropping, 2. groundnut sole cropping, 3. intercropped groundnut-maize with the ratio of 1:1, 2:1, and 1:2 rows, comprise the experimental treatments. According to the results from this experiment, the interaction effect between phosphorus fertilizer × intercropping system has been significant for all measured characteristics. Maximum grain yield of maize and groundnut are observed in the application of 100 kg/ha phosphorus fertilizer plus 200 g Barvar2 phosphat bio-fertilizer under sole crop. The combined usage of chemical and biological phosphorus fertilizer increase grain yield of maize and groundnut under sole crop. The highest land equivalent ratio (LER) equal 1.88 can be seen under control treatment and maize-groundnut intercropped system with the ratio of 1:1 rows. Intercropping system improve yield attributes of groundnut such as pod numbers per plant and grain number per pod, pod length, and diameter. Based on the results of this experiment, maize-groundnut intercropped system are advantageous for crop production per unit area. In addition, the concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus content in groundnut grain rise in response to the integrated application of chemical phosphorus and Barvar2 phosphat bio-fertilizer under maize-groundnut intercropped system. Maize-groundnut intercropped system with the ratio of 1:1 rows and the application of 100 kg/ha phosphorus fertilizer plus 200 g Barvar2 phosphat bio-fertilizer are superior to other treatments. Hence, Barvar2 phosphat bio-fertilizer superiority could be recommendable to enhance profitability and crop production at maize-groundnut intercropping system under region climatic condition.

This study was conducted to evaluate some qualitative traits (fatty acids, canopy temperature and stomatal resistance) of new rapeseed genotypes in response to irrigation cut-off and zinc application in Karaj. 

This experiment was performed as a factorial split-plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications for two cropping years (2014-2015 and 2015-2016) in Karaj. In this study, irrigation at three levels including normal or controlled irrigation, cessation of irrigation from flowering stage onwards and cessation of irrigation from pod stage onwards, zinc in two levels including normal water (no zinc application), and foliar application with zinc 30 g.L-1 zinc and rapeseed cultivars including Danob, HW113, KR2, L155, HL2012 were placed in sub-plots. 

The results of analysis of variance showed that the interaction effect of irrigation × genotype on 1000-seed weight, seed yield, seed oil percentage, stomata resistance, linoleic acid, linoleic acid, erotic acid was significant at the level of one percent. Also, the interaction effect of irrigation × on × genotype on grain yield, oleic acid, and linoleic acid at 1% level and canopy temperature, palmitic acid, and linoleic acid at 5% level were significant. Zinc reduced the adverse effects of dehydration stress on the tested genotypes so that under normal zinc application and irrigation conditions, L155 genotype with 6310 kg/ha grain yield and the highest percentage of oleic acid (67.3%). Besides, in terms of zinc application and irrigation interruption from the plowing stage onwards, HL2012 and L155 genotypes with grain yield of 5032 and 4826 kg.ha-1, respectively, and the highest percentage of oleic acid (65.8% and 65.7%, respectively) produced. Also, in case of cessation of irrigation from flowering stage onwards, HL2012 and L155 genotypes with 3679 and 3606 kg.ha-1 grain yield, respectively, had the highest percentage of oleic acid (64.3% and 64.2%, respectively). 

In general, the positive effect of zinc application on traits such as seed oil percentage (0.9 %) increased with increasing drought stress intensity and L155 genotype for all water conditions and HL2012 genotype for end-of-season drought stress conditions are recommended for planting in cold temperate regions with a semi-arid climate.

Intercropping is a possible pathway for sustainable increases in crop yields (10). Researchers have reported that intercropping system with legumes led to maximum maize gain (24) and biological yield (4). Ghasemi et al. (2011) reported that grain yield in maize was the highest when the combination of chemical and bio-fertilizers were used (8).

This experiment was performed as factorial arrangement based on randomized complete block design in 2017 and 2018 cropping deasons with three replications in Rasht, Iran. Five rate of phosphorus fertilizer (zero, 50, 100 kg/ha as super phosphate triple, 50 kg/ha as super phosphate triple + 200 g phosphate barvar2 and 100 kg/ha as super phosphate triple + 200 g of phosphate barvar2) and corn and groundnut sol cropping, and mixed cultivation of one row of corn + one row of peanuts (1: 1), two rows of corn + one row of peanut (1: 2), one row of corn + two rows of peanut (2: 1) comprised experimental treatments.

In this experiment, phosphorus fertilizer × intercropping system effect on all measured characteristics was significant at 5 % probability level. The greatest grain yield (2360 kg/ha), oil yield (1182 kg/ha), grain protein percentage (27.70 %), protein yield (591 kg/ha) and palmitic acid (10.58 %) were obtained in response to the application of 100 kg/ha super phosphate triple along with 200 g phosphate barvar2 bio-fertilizer under groundnut sol cropping system. The greatest grain oil percentage (53.45 %) and oleic acid (66.63 %) as the most important unsaturated fatty acid in groundnut oil were obtained in response to the application of 100 kg/ha phosphorus fertilizer as super phosphate triple, under groundnut-corn intercropping system with the ratio of 1:2 planting rows. But, the highest rate of linoleic acid (32.17 %) was observed in groundnut-corn intercropping system with the ratio of 1:1 planting rows as affected by the application of 100 kg/ha phosphorus fertilizer as super phosphate triple plus 200 g phosphate barvar2 bio-fertilizer.

Results showed that the combined application of chemical phosphorus and bio-fertilizers enhanced groundnut grain yield that could causes by the improvement of yield components, enhancement of plant growth and nutrients absorption and increment of photosynthesis in groundnut plants. Apart application of chemical phosphorus fertilizer increased oleic acid synthesis and quality of groundnut oil. The application of chemical phosphorus fertilizer and groundnut-corn intercropping system with the ratio of 1:2 improved groundnut oil quality. But, integrated application of chemical phosphorus (super phosphate triple) plus phosphate barvar2 bio-fertilizer enhanced quantitative yield of groundnut. In this experiment, groundnut-corn intercropping system with the ratio of 1:2 and integrated application of chemical phosphorus plus phosphate barvar2 bio-fertilizer could be recommendable to enhance grain yield of groundnut per unit area.

Medicinal plants are of the most valuable reserves of natural resources in Iran, and if there is correct recognition of them, these plants can play an important role in the health of the community, employment, and non-oil exports. Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare L.) is a perennial herb that is one of the most important and is widely used as medicinal plants that is mainly cultivated for the purpose of using essential oils in various industries of pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic and sanitary. Therefore, this research was carried out with the aim of investigating the effects of different concentrations of salicylic acid on the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of fennel under drought stress conditions at phonological stages.

The experiment was conducted as a split-plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factor included five levels of irrigation regimes: full irrigation, irrigation at stemming stage, irrigation at a budding stage, irrigation at flowering stage, and irrigation at seed filling stage. The subfactor included four different concentrations of salicylic acid: zero, 3, 6, and 8 mM. In the treatment of irrigation regimes, irrigation proceeded until the end of the growth period after irrigation was discontinued at the growth stage. At the end of the growing season, in order to evaluate the yield components, ten plants per plot were selected randomly, and the yield components were measured. In the southern half of each plot, seed yield was measured after collecting plants and seed separation. The essence of the seeds was extracted by the water distillation method, and the essential oil content was calculated.

 The results showed that two treatments for non-application of salicylic acid in irrigation in the grain filling stage and application of six mM of salicylic acid at irrigation at flowering stage obtained the highest number of sub-branches per plant with 21.3 and 20.3 sub-branches in the plant, respectively. Treatment of application of 8 mM salicylic acid in irrigation at seed filling stage revealed the largest number of umbrellas per plant and weight of 1000 seeds. The largest number of umbellet per umbrellas belonged to six and eight mM salicylic acid applications in the treatment of irrigation at the seed filling stage. The lowest amount of seeds in the umbellet was observed at different levels of salicylic acid in irrigation at the flowering stage. Treatments of application of 8 mM salicylic acid in irrigation at budding stage and application of zero and three mM salicylic acid incomplete irrigation conditions obtained the highest seed yield by producing more than 790 kg per hectare. Application of zero and three mM salicylic acid at irrigation in seed filling stage showed the highest amount of essential oil by 3.83 and 3.73% essential oils, respectively, and after those, two treatments of application of 8 mM salicylic acid at irrigation in the flowering stage and at the time of seed filling were placed at the next rank.

In general, it seems that the occurrence of drought stress at the flowering stage compared to stress in other stages of development, had the greatest effect on reducing the yield components and grain yield of fennel. Also, the application of salicylic acid in conditions of irrigation removal in the budding stage improved seed yield, as well as at stemming and flowering stage, increased the amount of essential oil of fennel seed. However, its effectiveness did not follow a particular process. In addition, the highest amounts of essential oil were observed at the time of drought stress in the grain filling stage. The results showed that application of zero and three milliliters of salicylic acid produced the highest amount of essential oil at irrigation interruptions in the grain filling stage.

In the present research in order to investigate the effect of foliar application of zinc (Zn) on some physiological and agronomic traits of safflower cultivars under drought tension, an experiment was conducted as a split plot factorial based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications for two years (2016-2018) at the experimental field of Seed and Plant Improvement Research Institute in Karaj. In this experiment, irrigation factor in two levels including complete irrigation and drought tension in the form of irrigation-cut from seed filling stage in the main plots, sub-factors including foliar application of zinc from zinc chelate source at three levels of non-foliar application (control) and foliar application at the rate of 0.6 and 1.2 kilogram per hectare and cultivars including 5 safflower cultivars(Sofeh, Golmehr, Goldasht, Padideh and Parnian) were devided into subplots as the factorial arrangement. The results showed that the interaction of irrigation × cultivar on head temperature, chlorophyll index (spad) and grain yield components, interaction of cultivar ×foliar application of zinc on grain yield components and interaction of irrigation × cultivar × foliar application on grian oil percentage was significant at one percent level.  Foliar application of zinc due to a significant increase in the number of heads per plant and the number of seeds per head increased grain yield by 16.5 percent compared to conditions without the use of zinc in safflower. Also, foliar application of zinc at the rate of 1.2 kilogram per hectare in the grain filling stage had the most positive effect on increasing the grain yield components of safflower cultivars, especially Parnian cultivar. In this investigation, Parnian cultivar due to lower head temperature (28.4 degree centigrade) and higher chlorophyll index (69.1) in terms of number of heads per plant (28.4), number of seeds per head (89.8) and one-thousand grain weight (40.46 gram) had a significant superiority over other studied safflower cultivars under drought tension conditions. According to the obtained results, although the drought tension is causing damage to safflower, but foliar application of zink partially compensated the damage caused by drought tension.

Khuzestan province is one of the important regions for sugarcane production with more than 100,000 hectares under sugarcane cultivation. Sugarcane monoculture is common all over the world and continuing this system gradually reduces the yield and soil fertility. Monoculture systems, by creating unfavorable biological and physicochemical conditions in the soil, reduce the amount of organic carbon and nutrients in the soil. However, in an agricultural system, suitable agronomic selection, proper management of agronomic operation specially plowing, proper use of chemical and organic fertilizers, preservation of vegetation and proper management of plant residue have a decisive role in the amount and dynamics of mineral and organic elements. Various studies showed that rotation, particularly with green fertilizers, have led to breaking the pathogenic cycle and improving the physical and chemical properties of soil, including soil organic matter.

In order to evaluate the changes in the amount of carbon and organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium residue in soil under different crop rotation conditions, this study was performed in a randomized complete block design with three replications during 2014-2016 for three consecutive years in the field of Amirkabir sugarcane Agro-Industry. The experiment treatments consisted of ten alternatives: 1) wheat-clover-sugarcane; 2) rapeseed-clover-sugarcane; 3) barley-clover-sugarcane; 4) sorghum-clover-sugarcane; 5) clover-vetch-sugarcane; 6) clover- clover- sugarcane, 7) clover- clover (third aftermath)- sugarcane, 8) clover- soybean- sugarcane, 9) clover- corn - sugarcane, and 10) fallow- fallow- sugarcane. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the changes in phosphorus in three years of experiment at both soil depths, but the amount of potassium and organic carbon was decreased during the third year of experiment. Analysis of variance showed that the amount of P, N and organic carbon content were significantly different in both soil depths under crop rotations. Also, under crop rotation, potassium and C/N ratio were different in 0-30 cm and 30-60 cm soil depths, respectively. The highest amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon to nitrogen ratio were observed in clover-clover- sugarcane, fallow-fallow-sugarcane and sorghum-clover-sugarcane.

The results showed that the changes in the phosphorus content during three years of implementation of the project based on variance analysis even at 0-30 C depth, or at a depth of 60 to 30 cm, did not have a significant difference and the amount of phosphorus was remained almost constant.NitrogenThe results showed that the process of nitrogen changes during three years of experiment was based on analysis of variance at 0-30 and 30-60 cm of soil depths has significant difference and the amount of nitrogen has changed.Organic matter, Organic carbon and C:NOrganic matters of the soil is as the most effective factor in the sustainability of pasture and forest ecosystems, soil protection layer against erosion, temperature regulator, habitat and food supply for soil organisms and the main place of mineral nutrition.Potassium Potassium plays an important role in soil fertility. The statistical analysis of soil potassium showed that the amount of potassium had significant differences in two studied soil layers during three years of project implementation.Sugarcane yieldThe results showed that the highest yields were related to the crop rotation of clover-mung bean-sugarcane and clover- clover (third aftermath)-sugarcane rotations with 124 and 121 t.ha-1, respectively. Also, the lowest yield was related to the varieties of fallow-fallow-sugarcane and clover-corn-Sugarcane, with 95 and 98 t.ha-1, respectively.

The results showed that phosphorus in the soil did not change significantly during the experiment, but the amount of potassium, organic carbon and soil organic matter during the first and the second years remained constant but it decreased during the third year. Also, the implementation of different crop rotation affected soil nutrient elements. The highest amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon to nitrogen ratios were observed in clover-clover- sugarcane, fallow-fallow-sugarcane and sorghum-clover-sugarcane. The impact of crop rotation on sugarcane yield also showed that cultivating legumes of clover and mung bean before sugarcane has a great influence on sugarcane yield.

The average yield of rapeseed in each country depends on climatic conditions, production methods and cultivar types. Proper planting dates provide adequate growth and development for crops and minimize the damage caused by stresses (Shirani-Rad et al., 2015). In the analysis of data collected from on-farm trials, environment can be defined as any management practices such as planting date, plant density, and fertilizer application that are recommended for crop producers (Balalić et al., 2012). Several methods have been proposed to analyze the genotype-by-environment interaction and to determine stable cultivars in different environments. However, each of these methods are based on certain statistical procedures and has their own advantages and disadvantages. In experiments, which are used to determine the interaction between genotype and environment, it is often difficult to establish the response patterns for the genotype-by-environment interaction without the aid of graphical representation of the data. The objective of this study was to use GGE Biplot graphical analysis and its efficiency to (1) determine the most suitable planting date for rapeseed 2) to determine the most stable genotype in the normal and delayed planting dates among the rapeseed cultivars and promising lines in the studied region.

The experiment was conducted over two cropping years (2014-2016) at the experimental farm of Hassan Abdali village, southwest of Zanjan, Iran (48°32'E, 36°37'N, altitude 1770 m). Each experimental plot consisted of four 6 m-long rows spaced 30 cm apart with 5 cm distance between plants on the rows. The experiment was arranged in split-plot based on a random complete block design with planting dates (D1: Oct. 7 as normal planting date, D2: Oct. 22 as semi-late planting date, D3: Nov. 6 as late planting date) in the main plots and genotypes G1 to G10 in the sub-plots with three replications. After eliminating the marginal effect, seed yield of each plot was estimated and finally seed yield/ha was determined. The outlier data detection and normality test of data were done before variance analysis using Grubbs’ test and Shapiro-Wilk test, respectively. Then the data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SAS software. GGE Biplot analysis was performed on the seed yield in order to determine the proper planting date and stable genotype among the cultivars and promising lines of rapeseed.

The results revealed that there were significant differences between genotype, planting date and their interaction (P<0.01). Seed yield of the investigated genotypes were declined from the highest yield of 4547 kg ha-1 in the first planting date (Oct. 7) to the lowest yield of 2118 kg ha-1 in the third planting date (Nov. 6). These results were similar with those of Singh et al. (2017) and Shirani-Rad et al. (2015). GGE Biplot analysis indicated that first two components explained 93 % of the total variation in seed yield in the three different planting dates. Based on which-won-where pattern, genotype G9 had the maximum seed yield (5437 kg ha-1) in the first planting date (Oct. 7) and genotype G7 had the maximum seed yield (2608 kg ha-1) in the second (Oct. 22) and the third (Nov. 6) planting dates. Based on vector view, the interaction of three different planting dates revealed that the first planting date (Oct. 7) with longer vector length and having more angle than the two subsequent planting dates had a greater effect on the genotypic distinction in terms of seed yield of the studied genotypes. On the other hand, the second and third planting dates had a smaller angle, indicating a positive and high correlation with each other.

Having an understanding of visual patterns is very important in analyzing agricultural data as compared to numerical results and numerous statistical tables. The GGE Biplot software, with a user-friendly graphical interface, can analyze various types of two-way data and provide a quick and complete understanding of the relationships between genotypes, environments, and their interactions. It can be concluded that GGE Biplot was a good method in identifying the suitable planting date and stable genotype in normal and late planting dates.

Development of new canola (Brassica napus L.) varieties need effective tools to monitor characterizes association in yield and its components. Although, determination of the response of canola cultivars to environmental variables is one of the principal of agriculture planning to achieve maximum qualitative and quantitative yield. Drought stress and planting date are the most important factor which limit yield production in arid and semiarid regions. Iran is considered as the arid and semiarid with average rainfall of 250 mm. On the other hand, 33% of agricultural land is devoted to dry cultivation. Changing plant date will change yield and product quality by affecting on vegetative and reproductive growth period and balance between them. In order to study the responses of four winter canola cultivars to late season drought stress and different planting dates on physiological, morphology characteristics and yield, a split factorial experiment was carried out in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replication in 2011-2012 in Karaj province. Planting date in two levels, normally sowing dates and delayed planting date and irrigation in two levels, normal and cutting off irrigation from pod stage to next, both in main plot and four cultivars included (Trapper, Makro, Smilla and Agamax) in sub plot. Drought stress was applied by control of irrigation during the pod lengthening stage. Thus, drought was applied by withholding water when the first pod appeared at the beginning of pod filling (April 27th). At this stage, chlorophyll and total sugar solution content was measured as index of drought stress damage. Eleven traits were measured on 10 random plant/plot at physiological maturity stage (June 24th). The traits were plant height, no. of branches/plot, number of pods /plant, pod length, number of seeds/plant,1000-seed weight, seed yield, biomass yield, oil percentage, oil yield and harvest index. The results showed all characteristics except harvest index, significantly (p≥0.05) were influenced by planting date, drought and cultivars. Interaction of sowing date in irrigated was significant in attributes of soluble carbohydrates, plant height, number of pods per plant and oil content. The triple effect was significant only in the concentration of soluble carbohydrates. Due to late planting and irrigation disruption, increasing in soluble carbohydrates and reducing the concentration of chlorophyll was occurred. The yield components of canola decreased because of delays in planting and irrigation disruption which leads to lower grain and canola oil yield. Among cultivars, two cultivars Trapper and Agamax narrowly to each other had better outperformed comparing to Smilla and Marko. Using different sowing dates can change the time of plant growth and development, helping the plant to survive better, under the stress of heat and drought. Water stress along with end of the season delayed planting, reduces yield components and increasing concentrations of soluble carbohydrates. Non-significant interaction effects of planting dates and cultivars for seed and oil yield indicated that yield reduction of the cultivars in late planting dates had similar trend. Drought not only causes dramatic loss of pigments but also leads to disorganization of thylakoid membranes. Therefore reduction in chlorophyll contents is expected. The sowing date may influence plant growth that can be attributed to the favorable climatic conditions (rain and temperature). Correlation between drought tolerance and yield in all cultivars, identify the most suitable indicators for monitoring drought tolerance cultivars. According to these results, Trapper and Agamax can be recommended for semiarid regions due to maximum seed and oil yield among the stress and non-stress condition. Delayed planting decrease seed oil percent, grain and oil yield of Smilla and Makro than the other cultivars.

This research was done during 2015-2016 as split-plot experiment as RCD with 3 replication in laboratory of Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center, Zanjan. Sowing date of mother plant as main-plot in 3 levels contained: D1: 7 Oct 2011, 2012 D2: 22 Oct 2011, 2012 D3: 6 Nov 2011, 2012 and 10 cultivars of mother plant included: Opera, Karaj3, KR4, GAo96 × Zarfam (1)(2), Okapi × GAo96 (2)(5), Orient × Modena (2)(4), Orient × Modena (5)(4), Okapi × GAo96 (2)(2), Okapi × GAo96 (5)(2) and GAo96 × Zarfam (5)(1) as sub-plots were considered that conducted in a two year experiments as split-plot as base of RCBD. The studied traits included: germination percent, time required for germination, germination rate, root length, shoot length, seedling dry weight. The result of variance analysis showed that sowing date and cultivar simple effect were significant on mentioned traits. Sowing date and cultivar interaction also was significant effect on mention characteristics. The mean comparison of sowing date and cultivar interaction on germination percent demonstrated that Opera, Okapi x GA096 (5)(2) and GA096 x Zarfam (5)(1) each with mean of 100% had the most germination percent in all sowing date. Generally, results revealed that delaying in sowing date resulted to decreased germination percent. Result showed that cultivars and lines that had the highest germination percent also had the longest root and shoot length.

In order to investigate the effects of biological fertilizers application and various amounts of urea fertilizers under the water stress conditions on yield, nitrogen use efficiency, and effective ingredients of Calendula officinalis L., an experiment was implemented during the two cultivation years of 2015-2106 and 2016-2017. The study was conducted at the research farm of Islamic Azad University, Varamin-Pishva Branch. The experiment was performed in three replications as a split-split plot in a completely randomized blocks design. The experimental treatments included two levels of water stress as (the main factor): the absence of water stress (control) and irrigation cut off at the budding stage, as well as, four levels of biological fertilizers (as sub-factor) (no use), the application of Azotobacter (Chroococum), the application of Azospirillum (Brasilense), and combined application of Azotobacter and Azospirillum. Urea fertilizer sources were also classified (sub-factor) in four levels including no use (control), recommended amount of sulfur coated urea fertilizer (175 kg/ha of recommended amount of fertilizer), 75% of recommended amount of sulfur coated urea fertilizer (131 kg/ha), and the recommended amount of urea fertilizer without coating at 175 kg/ha. The results showed that irrigation cut off at budding stage resulted in reduced flower yield, biological yield, the amount of nitrogen, nitrogen use efficiency (crop efficiency), and nitrogen uptake efficiency. However, it resulted in the increased nitrogen use efficiency, α-cadinol, and morolol. In addition, in both years of experiment, the combined use of Azotobacter and Azospirillum, along with the recommended amount of sulfur coated urea fertilizer resulted in the increased content of α-cadinol. The highest nitrogen use efficiency was achieved under non-water stress conditions and the combined use of bio-fertilizer (Azotobacter and Azospirillum) and the use of 75% of the recommended amount of sulfur coated urea fertilizer. In the second year, the lack of water stress and the combined use of bio-fertilizer (Azotobacter and Azospirillum) and the recommended amount of sulfur coated urea fertilizer also resulted in a significant reduction in nitrogen use efficiency. In the first and second years, the lack of water stress and the combined use of Azotobacter and Azospirillum and the recommended amount of sulfur coated urea fertilizer resulted in increased flower yield and biological yield.