فهرست مطالب طاهره عظیم زاده طهرانی

One of the books in the field of astronomy and mathematics written in the 11th AH/17th AD century, during the Safavid era, is Tohfˉa Abbasiyya by Mirza Qazi b. Kashifuddin Mohammad Yazdi Ardakani. This book is still in manuscript form, and no research has been done about it. The purpose of this research is to introduce the manuscripts and study the book's scientific position in astronomy and the history of astronomy in the Safavid era.

Research Method /Approach: 

The research method is descriptive-analytics that gathers the manuscripts of Tohfˉa Abbasiyya book by referring to the libraries and lists written in the field of manuscripts and studies the content, and compares the copies.

Qazi Yazdi wrote the book Tohfˉa Abbasiyya in the introduction of an instrument, Maqalid al-Samawat va al-‘Arz (The reins of the heavens and the earth), which he made instead of Zaat al-Sha‘baatin (With two branches). The results revealed that there are five manuscripts of the book in Iran's libraries, which are very similar and almost complete, and only some pages of the Parliament copy are missing. All copies have nineteen illustrations that were precisely drawn with ruler, compass and geometrical tools; especially the Astan Quds Razavi library copy which has illustrated the astronomical positions with different colors. At least two copies were scripted in the author's era, although the scriber is unknown. In three chapters of the book Tohfˉa Abbasiyya, Qazi, while criticizing the Zaat al-Sha‘baatin system, which has been in use since the time of Ptolemy, has expressed the advantages of the Maqalid al-Samawat system. Then he presents and criticizes the ideas of great astronomers and mathematicians from Greece and the Islamic period to his own time, relying on their books.
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During the Timurid period (771–913 Lunar Hijri), Shiite teachings became more widely spread as a basis for the Safavids' recognition of Shiism in the next century. The Timurids' inclination towards Sufism, which is the doctrine of tolerance of their beliefs, has had a great impact on this approach, while the existence of Shiite poets has increased the growth of this phenomenon. The role of Shiite and Sunni poets in the emergence and spread of Shiite beliefs is the question of this historical research. Findings based on statistical analysis and analysis of poems of several Shiite and Sunni poets in the Timurid period identified that in this period, Shiite poets, by composing Poetical works full of Shiite beliefs, praise, and care of the Twelve Imams, observed politeness and tolerance towards Sunni beliefs and Sunni poets by composing many poems in praise of twelve imams and the minimal praise of three caliphs, having an influential role in the emergence and consolidation of Shiite beliefs and the spread of that religion. It seems that the writing of correct poetry by the Shiite elders was considered a sign of grace and lack of work in this regard, a sign of the poet's lack of skill, and it resulted in the general lack of popularity of the poems.

The garment of any ethnic group represents one of their cultural symbols, and headgear is the most distinctive one of them. The northern region of Khorasan has a special cultural diversity due to the habitat of various ethnic groups of Kurds, Turks, Tat and Turkmen. Men’s clothing in this area is among its components. The present paper seeks to study the design, color and material of Kurdish and Turkmen men’s clothing residing in this area. The study uses a descriptive-analytical method and library compilation and if necessary, conducts oral interviews with informed people and specialists in the field of clothing. The research results indicate that the headgear of these two ethnic groups has specific local names. They usually use Taqiyah with different designs and brown, milky and black colors made of wool. Some headgears are used by Turkmen men like Telpek and Sele and napkins are used by Kurdish men. In general, headgears are similar in terms of design, color and material, and differ mostly in terms of decoration and naming

Manqūl al-Riḍā, a book by Muhammad Reza Jadid al-Islam (1185-1266 AH/1771-1849 AD), is one of the refutations written against the Jews during the Qajar period. It is said that this book was originally written in Hebrew during the reign of Fatḥ ‘Alī Shāh and then translated into Persian during the reign of Nāsir al-Dīn Shāh. It was first thought that there was only a lithograph of this book, but after searching it turned out that other manuscripts were also available in libraries. In this research, the manuscripts of Malek, Melli, Majles, Ayatollah Marashi libraries and the lithographic copy of the book are introduced, examined and compared.The aim of this study is to introduce the features of different manuscripts of Manqūl al-Riḍā and to explain their differences. This article seeks to answer the questions concerning the features and differences of the manuscripts; the cause of these differences; and the way these manuscripts are introduced in the manuscripts catalog. 

Research Method/Approach:

 It is a descriptive-analytical method that, based on the library method and study of manuscripts, compares the manuscripts available in libraries and examines their differences and similarities in general.

A comparison of the existing manuscripts and lithographs of the book specified that three people introduced themselves as the translators of the book from the Hebrew text, 1. Murakkab, the text that has been obtained from him is very incomplete, so, no judgment can be made on it. 2. Muhammad Ali Kāshānī (known as Mullā Āqājānī), who in the manuscript of Malek, has called himself the translator of the book into Persian as well as the calligrapher of the Hebrew texts. He has probably translated the book after Murakkab. It seems that the translation of Melli and Majles manuscripts is also by Kāshānī. 3. ‘Ali b. Huseyn Huseynī Tehrānī, who wrote it in lithography by the name Iqāma al-Shuhūd fī Radd al-Yahūd, and has translated the book from Hebrew with the help of the author’s (Muhammad Reza Jadid al-Islam) nephew Muhammad Ja‘far. The calligrapher of the Hebrew text of lithography is Muhammad Ali Kāshānī. This book was lithographed four years after the manuscripts. There are differences between the manuscripts and lithographs of Manqūl al-Riḍā due to the manipulation of the translators and scribers who added some contents from the book of Radd al-Yahūd and the glad tidings of the Gospel about the Prophethood of Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.). Secondly, the cataloguers have not given a proper introduction to these manuscripts and have usually provided lithographic descriptions for them.

 Malaria is an infectious disease caused by the bite of Anopheles mosquitoes. This disease was common throughout the Qajar era in the country. Malaria has been persistent in some areas and sometimes the spread of its malignant form led to mass deaths. The aim of this study is to investigate the causes of its prevalence in Iran at that time.

 This research is written in descriptive and analytical method. By referring to libraries and reviewing historical sources (especially travelogues and memoirs) data related to the spread of malaria in Qajarian Iran and common causes and treatment methods of this disease have been collected and noted and then sorted, analyzed and processed.

Ethical Considerations:

 In this research while referring to texts and sources, honesty and trustworthiness have been taken into consideration.

 The results of this study showed that malaria was widely distributed in the country and both nature and humans have played a role in its spread. Swampy areas and improper use of water were the main reasons for the spread of this disease, but people unknowingly considered factors such as bedbug bites and planting crops such as rice and dates to be effective in its emergence. They resorted to traditional methods of treatment to deal with the disease and benefited from the availability of quince.

 In the high prevalence of malaria in the country, both natural factors and human behaviors such as lifestyle and economic activities, especially agriculture has been effective. Health problems and lack of medical services had also made malaria the most common disease in Qajar Iran.

Considering the tribal life of Arabs in the ignorance era, awareness from the news of the tribes and their roles related to the social development can be helpful to better appreciate the events of that time. The main issue of the present research is the incvestigation of reasons for making contract between Khozae and Abdolmotalleb tribes and its effect on the relationship between Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) and Khozae. The findings of research, based on the libraruy primary spources, illuminate that this contract is considered as a kind of political and social convergence. Following the disqagereement between Abdolmotalleb and his uncle, Nofel Ibn e- Abd e- Manaf, on the possession of his properties and positions, he made a friendly relationship with Khozae tribe to strengthen his position in Mecca, since Khozae were considered as an important tribe beside Quraish and Kinana due to their population, facilities and social position. Thanks to the provision of the commercial benefits and restaoration of authority, and considering the respectable character of Abdolmotalleb, Bani Khozae deemed the contract to be effective and welcomed his sugession. This contract was so effective on the affectionate and respectful relationship between Khozae and Prophet mohammad and it led to their support of Prophetic invitation.

The tendency towards a variety of arts among caliphs, ministers and various classes of society has increased with the relief of Muslims from the conquests and the improvement of the power and wealth of the Islamic community. This study is a descriptive-analytic study using existing research in this field, the role of ministers of the first and second eras of Abbasid was studied in the development and evolution of music art. The results showed that one of the most important factors of progress in the art of music in the Abbasid era are the presence of Iranian ministers in the court, which, supported by their rich culture and civilization, have been struggling to protect the musicians. According to the circumstances of the Abbasid first era, such as political and economic stability, the interest and support of caliphs and ministers of music and musicians, It can be concluded that this ministers with their economic and political support of artists have played an effective role in the development and evolution of music.

Karbala tragic event is considered as one of the significant and effective events in the history of Islam about which various works have been developed from the first century (A. H) to the present time. The reporters of Karbala have taken different approaches in regard with the why and how of event, the explanation of conditions of Imam Hossein ‘s followers and the other agents as well as the dimensions of Ashura event. The study of the works in regard with Ashura developed by the writers and researchers is considered as one of the necessities of research in the present time. Among the reports on Ashura in the contemporary era, the works by Ebrahim Ayati (1343) are worth to be investigated thanks to the special attention to the deviation of Ashura event from the diverse aspects. The present article investigates the themes of Ashura in Ayati’s works in order to typologically study the distinguished discourses. In this method, the social and political conditions in which the text has been developed along with the linguistic elements and context have been investigated. The findings of research illustrate that the historical, emotive and mystic approaches are observed in the works of the author. Furthermore, putting emphasis on the documents, considering the strong elements of developing the historical events including time, location, people and the domination on the kinship led to the observation of historical discourse as a dominated discourse in Ayati’s works.

Plague is a bacterial infection that is transmitted to other animals and humans through rodents and their infected fleas and is a common disease between humans and animals. This disease has a long history in Iran. The spread of this disease is very wide and almost all parts of Iran have experienced it, however, data on how it occurs in the country is very limited. A plague occurred in Iran in 1246 and 1247 AH, which resulted in huge casualties. In this research, using library resources and documents and in a descriptive-analytical method, the cities affected by this disease and ways and the causes of its transmission have been studied. The result of the research revealed that except for a few other provinces, all Iran and even the holy shrines were involved with it. Simultaneous outbreak of other chronic diseases, outbreak of dangerous type of pulmonary plague, neglect of quarantine and escape to other areas have been the most important factors in the prevalence of this disease.

The guilds participated in the struggles of the Constitutional Revolution along with other social and political activists. Research on the perpetrators of the Constitutional Revolution has focused on the role and position of clerics, intellectuals and businessmen, and the role of the guild institution has not received much attention. Recognizing this role is necessary to analyze the causes of the emergence and victory of the Iranian Constitution . In the charter of the first elections to the National Assembly, six social strata, including the guilds, had the right to be elected, and 53% of the seats in the capital were allocated to the guilds. Did they reach a position where they alone had more seats in parliament than the other five major social classes? It is hypothesized that the guilds had a large and influential presence during the constitutional revolution and because of their organization, they had institutional cohesion and were organized and coordinated, so they played a key role in the victory of the constitution.