آرش ثقفی اصل

Introduction :

Education is one of the areas of interest in smart cities, and in this context, smart education is a term that refers to the education provided by smart cities. Smart education, made possible thanks to the Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI), is a huge step forward in the ever-changing field of education. It will completely change the way citizens learn in this digital age. Smart education is a piece of technology that can change the way we learn, a completely new way of teaching. Considering the importance of making smart cities today and the role of educational components in the realisation of this type of city, the aim of the research is to measure the formation of the smart city of Ardabil based on the educational city in Ardabil city. Ardabil city is the largest city of Ardabil province, which, according to the census data of the Iranian Statistics Center in 1400, had a population of 590,286 people, and during the 60-year period (1400-1340), it witnessed an 8-fold increase in its population. Considering its role in the hierarchy of cities, this city needs planning in different dimensions, especially the smartening of the city, in order to improve the quality of life, achieve sustainable development, and prevent the problems of people’s lives from becoming more complicated, as well as prevent the migration of residents of small and medium cities. On the other hand, it is necessary to develop the knowledge capacity and acceptance of smart city indicators by the citizens by emphasizing the educational and social learning indicators in the city environment from the managers and officials. The main question of the research is, which factor had a greater impact on the adoption of the smart educational city of Ardabil than the other factors?

The present research uses a quantitative research approach that is descriptive and analytical. The sampling method is a snowball, targeted and systematic. Data collection was done in document form and by questioning 35 experts in the field of urban planning and architecture. It was done in a systematic way. It should be noted that in expert-oriented research, there is no limit to the selection of the sample size, and basically between 8-50 people are selected; the questions were measured based on a five-point Likert scale, which was compiled according to the contents of the theoretical foundations. Data analysis was done using the structural equation-partial least square method using SPSS and SMARTPLS software because the use of structural-partial least square is the best method for research with variables less than 50 items and in this research as an index. If the number is less than 50, this method of structural equations was used. Therefore, this study used descriptive-analytical and inferential analyses to analyse the research data.

Based on the results of the research, among the variables affecting the smart city of Ardabil, the factor of educational facilities with factor load (0.812) had the most effect. After that, the factor of citizen education with a factor of (0.803), the factor of urban environment with a factor of (0.795), the factor of smart life in a smart city with a factor of (0.786), intelligent environment with a factor of ( 0.779), smart mobility with factor (0.718), smart government with factor (0.681), smart people with factor (0.617), smart economy with factor (0.573) were effective. The results of Table (3) and Figure (3) show the effects of independent variables on dependent variables using a two-sample t-test with a significance level of 5% (0.05). As can be seen, all t-values are higher than 1.96. In addition, the results from Table 5 also show the R2 values, which are the ranking of the path coefficients of the different independent research variables, in which the educational facilities in the smart city of Ardabil have the strongest effect of 0.709 (0.595). And after that, the education of citizens in the educational city of Ardabil with 0.701 (0.512), then the urban environment of the educational city of Ardabil with 0.682 (0.499), intelligent people in relation with smart city with 0.659 (0.433), smart mobility in Ardabil smart city 0.439 (193), smart life in Ardabil 0.346 (0.119), that is, smart government in Ardabil city with 0.273 ( 0.075), smart environment in Ardabil with 0.240 (0.058), and finally smart economy with 0.189 (0.036). Therefore, the assumed path relationship (Hypothesis 1 - Hypothesis 9) is statistically significant. Because the R2 value is greater than 0.1 and the p-value is less than 0.05. This study identifies the dimensions of the smart city of education and develops the model of acceptance of the smart city of education to evaluate the smart city plan of the city of education of Ardabil.

According to the investigations, it can be said that in terms of smartness, Ardabil city is not in a favourable situation, and in this regard, in order to realise the smart city of Ardabil, priority should be given to planning in the dimensions of smart management, smart environment, smart citizen, smart economy, smart mobility and smart life. It is necessary. Also, in order to realise the indicators of the smart city of Ardabil, the education (teaching city) approach can play a central role.

The social and cultural effects of urban excellence as a strategic initiative for cities that helps them grow more and has affected the cohesion of the urban community. Therefore, improving community cohesion in Rasht city requires finding indicators and influential factors and establishing communication between them. The research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. The statistical population of this research includes all the citizens living in Rasht city, whose number is equal to 679,995 people based on the census of 2016, and the required sample size of 384 people was determined using Cochran's formula. In order to analyze the issue, a framework of 6 indicators of urban excellence in the form of 37 items and 3 indicators of community cohesion in the form of 13 items was compiled and selected based on the studies of other researchers. After completing the questionnaires and collected data, it was analyzed using SPSS and EXCEL software, one-sample T-tests and multivariate regression. In such a way that out of 6 excellence indicators, only 1 quality of life indicator with an average of 3.01 has a favorable situation and the rest of the indicators are in an unfavorable situation. The results of multivariate regression showed that there is a significant relationship between the effects of excellence and community cohesion according to the meaning level (0.001); The effects of excellence on the community cohesion of Rasht city have been significant. Among them, the quality of life index with a beta value of 0.534 had the greatest impact and the environmental sustainability index with a beta coefficient of 0.102 had the least impact on the community cohesion of Rasht city.

The social function of space is one of the most important functions of urban spaces, which creates the possibility of engaging in meaningful interactions with society, socialization, the formation of a sense of place and the opportunity to gather and enjoy the experience with others in citizens. Unfortunately, in different cities of Iran, over the past years, these social functions of spaces have undergone many changes under the influence of political economy and development plans. For this purpose, the present study was written with the aim of Identifying the influencing factors of political economy and development plans on changing social functions of new urban spaces (region 3) and old (region 12) of Tehran metropolis and to provide solutions to develop positive social functions of urban spaces. Therefore, the research method in the present study is applied in terms of purpose and analytical and exploratory in nature. Also, the analysis of the studied urban spaces has been done using the Delphi method (opinion of 16 elites and managers) and the application of cross-impact analysis technique in MICMAC software. Findings indicate that the most effective in changing the social functions of urban spaces in Tehran (new and old) are related to the components of lack of proper formation of the relationship between economy, society and government, incoherence and proper relationship between economic, social, environmental and functional dimensions and body elements in the design of urban spaces and the lack of benefit from people with different tastes and preferences is at the forefront. The results also show that the gradual changes of old urban spaces in recent years and their modernization along with the effects of modernism, have caused these spaces to be unable to meet the daily needs of residents and their social role is reduced.

Growth, vitality and mental vitality of man has always been the focus of researchers and scholars due to the significant effect it has on all aspects of human personality and how different behaviors appear in him. Today's citizens of the cities of the world do not feel happy despite having urban amenities and facilities, and the aggravation of social anomalies is the product of adverse environmental conditions, spatial disorder and psychological pressures caused by the improper design of urban spaces. In order to achieve a favorable, healthy and happy atmosphere in cities, we need to observe certain principles and standards in the design of cities to achieve a happy city. This research is based on a quantitative method and aims to explain the concept of social happiness in urban public spaces. In order to meet this goal, it was emphasized in the theoretical foundations section that in general, happiness and urban public spaces affect each other. The research findings indicate that, based on the results obtained from statistical studies, all the conceptual variables of the research, including the dimensions of the quality of urban public spaces, physical-ecological dimensions, perceptualsemantic dimensions, cultural-economic dimensions, social dimensions, and mental dimensions, political-management dimensions, individual-personality dimensions have a significant relationship with the concept of social happiness and vitality. From the point of view of the citizens, the quality of the urban space is the most important dimension, which has a more important role in promoting the happiness and social vitality of the citizens and plays the most impact on the happiness of the citizens, and should be prioritized in planning related to urban space.

The question of resource constraints is an issue for all industrialized, developed and developing countries. Therefore, saving on fossil energy consumption and sustainable development have become very important and common issues internationally. So as to conserve energy resources, prevent contamination of the land and the environment, reduce fossil energy use and co-exist with natural and state-of-the-art environments, one of the most important measures in architecture and urban planning, and the architects and urban planners have to adhere to the principles and rules. Special in the field of construction. Over the years, various guidelines, standards, and standards have been developed to optimize energy consumption in buildings, including the most noteworthy metrics today (LEED). The purpose of the present study is to identify the causal pattern of environmental sustainability principles based on the Leid's Code. The present study is of applied purpose and of descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population of this study consisted of Qom architects and experts. The sample size was 25 individuals. In order to achieve the purpose of the study, fuzzy DEMATEL model was used. The results of this study showed that amongst the biodiversity sustainability criteria based on the Leading Model of the Sustainable Site Criterion was identified as the most influential criterion and the Regional Priority and Innovation Criteria in the design as the most influential criterion. Energy, climate and water efficiency and indoor air quality of materials and materials were also identified as intermediate criteria.

Urban tourism has a complex interaction with the city body, which sometimes cannot be separated. This relationship is two-way and mutual, on the one hand, the city helps tourism with its capacities, services and elements, and on the other hand, tourism increases the economic, social and cultural prosperity of the city. A form of sustainable tourism is urban creativity. The formation of a creative city and creative tourism is one of the latest successful urban management practices in order to attract material and non-material capital. Based on this, the aim of this research is to identify the physical drivers effective on tourism in the creative city of Tabriz with a future research approach. The research method is descriptive-analytical and practical in terms of purpose. The data collection method is library and field. Also, out of 563,660 households in Tabriz city, 400 heads of households among ten regions were randomly selected through Cochran's formula, and 15 urban experts were selected for questioning, and finally SPSS and MICMAC software were used for data analysis. The results of the research showed that the indicators related to the dimensions of urban infrastructure and equipment, natural and environmental, technology, building body and service-welfare, respectively, with a weighted average of 0.835, 0.794, 0.745, 0.595 and 0.492. "Had the greatest impact on the creative tourism of Tabriz city. Also, based on the path analysis model, the factors influencing the creative tourism of Tabriz city were determined directly and indirectly. And finally, all the physical factors affecting the creative tourism of Tabriz city were leveled in an exploratory way (intersectional effects).

Due to its special natural and geographical conditions, the city of Tonekabon is susceptible to many shocks, including earthquakes and floods, which brings the need to pay attention to urban resilience. The present study was conducted to analyze the state of urban neighborhoods from the perspective of urban resilience components. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical method. The research's statistical population was comprised of citizens living in Tonekabon city. Using Cochran's formula, the statistical sample size was estimated to be 384 people. The data collection tool was a questionnaire, the validity of which was verified in the form of face and face validity, as well as divergent validity and reliability of the questionnaire using Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability. Analysis of data and information was done using SPSS and PLS software programs. The findings of this research showed that the overall resilience of Tonekabon city is in an unfavorable situation. In such a way, the average experimental value obtained for the overall resilience of the city and its dimensions was lower than the average value of 3. Among the localities of the studied area, Karim Abad neighborhood, in which the overall average obtained was equal to 2.78, was in a better condition than other localities, and Tonekabon neighborhood, according to the average (2.39), was in an unfavorable condition among the studied localities. Among the other research findings, among the components of urban resilience, the physical factor with a path coefficient of 0.490 has the most significant impact and was ranked first, followed by the economic factor with a path coefficient of 0.348. In third place is the administrative, institutional factor with a path coefficient of 0.327 and in fourth place is the social dimension with a path coefficient of 0.264.

Objectives and contexts:

 A successful urban space has a wide range of subjective and objective components, and paying attention to physical indicators plays a decisive role in creating a "successful" place, one of the strategies of which is paying attention to social relations. Weakness of social relations in neighborhoods can cause problems such as fading sense of belonging to a place and collective spirit. The purpose of this article is to identify the components of the place-making approach and examine its impact and role in the social relations of urban spaces.

The method of this research was quantitative and the appropriate answer was obtained through descriptive-analytical method. In order to evaluate the components formulated in the conceptual model, survey research methods and descriptive analytical methods have been used. In order to achieve a comprehensive analysis of the role of placemaking in the restoration of social relations, it has been considered.
Qualitative, documentary and library data collection tools were obtained through content analysis of theoretical literature, and quantitative data was obtained through the completion of 384 questionnaires. In the data analysis section, Ferdous neighborhood of Tabriz was evaluated based on regression, Spearman, Friedman and ANOVA statistical tests.

Based on the findings of statistical studies, the physical, social, management-policy, perceptual-semantic and economic dimensions are the extracted components of placemaking that have a significant impact on the restoration of social relations from the citizens' point of view.

Based on the contribution and position of this research, it should be mentioned that the establishment of any attitude, the drawing of vision and feasibility and the promotion of social relations with an emphasis on the approach of place-making in urban spaces, due to the simultaneous attention to the five components mentioned, it will be possible.

Nowadays, proper design and management of urban public spaces due to their effective role in various dimensions of economic, social, mental-physical health, vitality and generally improving the quality of life has become a basic necessity in urban development planning. GoalThe purpose of this study is to identify the effective criteria for planning and design on the development of public spaces Tabriz city and to prepare a standard framework.

The research method in the present study is applied-development and the method of collecting survey information and questioning managers, officials and experts on urban issues as well as academic elites. It is noteworthy that due to the uncertainty of the size of the statistical population, using the targeted Delphi sampling method, 100 people have been determined as the sample size, which is based on the snowball method. Also has been used to analyze the research information of structural equation modeling in Amos software.

Public urban spaces of Tabriz in different species and its 10 regions are the geographical area of the present study.

Results and discussion:

 Findings indicate that the greatest impact on the development of public spaces in Tabriz city is related to the components of attention to content of plans and programs in planning and proper functional design of public spaces with a value of 0.92 and 0.78, respectively. Also between sub-variables, thematics and detailed study of variables affecting the promotion of public spaces; Appropriate coherence and relationship between the components and elements of public space planning in different social, physical, environmental and functional dimensions; Universality and design based on age and gender groups; And the ability of personalization (sense of spatial belonging) with the values of 0.91, 0.87, 0.84 and 0.83, respectively, have the greatest impact on the development of public spaces in the city.

Unfortunately, in Tabriz and other cities of Iran, paying attention to improving the quality of public spaces has an inappropriate planning approach and the content of plans and programs, the planning process and the implementation of plans and programs should be fundamentally reviewed.

The architecture of traditional schools is often symmetrically formed around one or two perpendicular axes. The main elements of the school building are located on both sides of the axis, and the design of the courtyard is such that it strengthens the centrality of the courtyard and the overall structure. In the architecture of traditional schools, the design and construction of the space is done according to the perceptive capabilities and material and spiritual needs of humans. The main purpose of the research is to know the spatial organization, to examine and compare the elements, and the structural patterns of schools in Tabriz and Urmia in the Qajar and Pahlavi period. In this article, first of all, qualitatively, it examines the structural patterns and spatial organization and the quality of schools, and then by comparing and evaluating the research findings, for the purpose of statistical analysis, processing quantitative data using indicators and tests. Statistics have been done. This research deals with choosing two consecutive historical periods (Qajar and Pahlavi) as a starting point in the change and evolution of the structure of schools. The research with applied approach and descriptive and analytical research method, using field and library information collection, examines the patterns of schools in these periods. The technique of collecting information by means of a questionnaire depending on the answers of the researchers and analyzing the data collected with SPSS descriptive statistics method of skewness and kurtosis and histogram chart to compare the schools of Qajar and Pahlavi period, using statistical analysis and correlation and The test of received indicators was done, and finally the results were extracted. The numerical value of Cronbach's alpha coefficient is equal to 0.707 considering the 9 questions of the questionnaire, which shows that the reliability of the questionnaire is average. For the comparative study of schools, Tabriz Dar al-Funun School, Rushdieh Tabriz, Ferdowsi Tabriz, Anoushirvan Tabriz, Chamran Urmia, Teb Urmia, Tawheed Tabriz (Parvin Etisami) were selected from Qajar and Pahlavi schools. Then, the desired indicators were determined and checked for comparison. Based on this, the most important result of this research is benefiting from suitable design patterns such as centrality, layering, overlapping courtyards, reflection and diversity in school architecture and stretching of plans and entrance in the center, the importance of setting environmental conditions, stretching east and west. And being sunny is important on the one hand, and on the other hand, the era was the neoclassical era, buildings were mostly symmetrical in Europe, and influence from the West was important both in school education and in the shape and body of schools. As a result, the educational spaces from the school mosque with a central courtyard pattern later changed to schools with an elongated plan pattern, and the educational evolution in the Qajar period followed the concept of physical-shape continuity of the traditional Iranian architectural format and items such as the central courtyard, module and frame The arrangement of views and symmetry, introversion and appropriate geometry, etc. can be seen.

The urban landscape is the surface of contact between a man and the phenomenon of the city, and therefore a significant part of the knowledge and environmental emotions of the citizens is formed under its influence. One of the things that has a significant impact on the sustainability of the urban landscape is culture. In addition to the components of the public arena and the cultural body, urban culture emphasizes the component of performance (social and cultural interactions and the relationship between the individual and the space) and the component of meaning (the prevailing atmosphere in the sense of the dominant values and concepts hidden in the cultural space of the city). Therefore, this research aims to measure the relationship and influence of cultural indicators on the urban landscape of Urmia. The current research is of applied type and its research method is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population cited in this research includes experts who were selected with the guidance of professors and the scope of the research topic and includes more than 35 people, all of them available in the field of research. The statistical population of citizens based on the population and housing census of 1395 of Urmia city, which is equivalent to 750,805 people, which is calculated by Cochran's method, is 384 people, which is distributed according to the population of all 5 regions. Then the resulting data were analyzed through SPSS software. The results showed that cultural indicators have different effects on Urmia's urban landscape. Using the multivariate regression method and according to the weighted average of each of the cultural hands; In general, it can be said that regions 4, 1, 5, 2 and 3 have the most significant impact on the urban landscape of Urmia with the numerical values of "2.86 - 2.73 - 2.47 - 2.32 and 2.29". Have had. In general, it can be acknowledged that cultural, historical, economic and religious indicators have had the most significant impact on the urban landscape of Urmia

This study aimed to use theory and innovative functions presented in recent studies to provide effective components for the design of the biophilic city.

This comparative analytical research was done in 2023-2024. The statistic population was 309 studies, published in ISI, WoS, ESI, IWSC, Scopus databases, and Persian studies in SID, Mogiran, Civilica, etc. databases in 2001-2016. 54 studies were selected using the inclusion criteria including the keywords "biophilic" and "green city design" through purposive sampling. In addition, an interview with a panel of experts was also used to identify effective elements. These experts were selected using snowball sampling. Then, variables affecting the biophilic city design were extracted. The reliability of the components was evaluated using a questionnaire and experts' opinions. Data were analyzed using structural equations through Micmac software.

Based on the findings, 54 effective components of biophilic city design were identified. The highest influence and lowest affectability were observed in adjusting the laws, biophilic programs, and the existence of budgets for biophilic and biomimicry activities. And the components of improving physical and mental health, performance and health, and human compatibility with nature have the most affectability and the least influence. The important effective, impressionable, independent, and bimodal components included 22, 14, 7, and 11 components, respectively.

Urban planners can use effective components based on structural equations and their impact on each other to design a biophilic city and increase human-nature interaction.

Upgrading and transforming cities into smart cities is a very important issue and a new challenge that can improve the quality of life and services for citizens, increase resource efficiency, and benefit from advanced technologies and communications. This research aims to evaluate the results of smart city projects in different countries and extract the best patterns to improve future projects.

The research will be conducted in both qualitative and quantitative sections. In the first section, the challenges and opportunities of smart city projects in Iran will be examined by 30 experts in the field of smart cities. In the second section, by completing a questionnaire by employees of various urban municipalities, factor analysis and the relationship between variables will be analyzed using Amos16 software. Using these criteria, top and successful patterns were also identified using the pls factor analysis software.

The results showed that the number of repeated themes for environmental protection had the highest value with 183 themes. Efficiency and operation were also among the top themes with 181, followed by the quality of the urban environment with 145 themes. Finally, the number of repeated themes for safety and security had the lowest value with 97 themes. Creating a collaborative space between countries to share experiences and knowledge related to smart city projects is very important and can facilitate the improvement of future projects in different countries.

With the emergence of the creative tourism paradigm, the knowledge-raising tourism system invites tourists to visit and interact with societies' living and unique cultures instead of just visiting tangible assets in museums and ancient works. In this paradigm, tourists engage all their five senses in creating their unique experience and upgrade their relationship with the local people from the level of buyer and seller to the relationship of student and teacher. In this research, the role of cultural components in the development of creative tourism of the city in the historical texture of the city and, among this, the historical bazaar of Tabriz city should be investigated. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The statistical population of this research included tourists entering Tabriz city in 2021, and the sample size was estimated to be 384 people using Cochran's formula. The validity of the research tool was calculated using the confirmatory factor analysis model, and its reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha. Data analysis was done using SPSS and AMOS software with descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling. The findings showed that cultural components, i.e., distance from low power, development of handicrafts and cultural relations, collectivism, and avoidance of uncertainty, have a positive and significant effect on the development of urban creative tourism. Among the identified components, the uncertainty avoidance component, with a path coefficient of 0.52, had the greatest impact on the development of urban creative tourism.

In recent decades, with the development and evolution of technology, new approaches to urban issues have been proposed. One of the important issues that Iranian cities, including the city of Tabriz, face is the social relations of contemporary neighborhoods. Since the weakness of social relations in neighborhoods can cause problems such as diminished sense of place, collective spirit, etc., in order to improve these conditions, create a suitable context and place for neighborhood people to meet and establish social interactions and Their participation in neighborhood-related programs is essential.

In this study we have tried to study the concept of place-making in reviving social relations of urban neighborhoods, Abbasi, Mansour, Mandana, Parvaz And Ferdows should be selected as the study sample. In this article and in the data analysis section, selected urban areas were evaluated based on regression, Spearman, Friedman and ANOVA statistical tests.

Findings indicate that based on the results of statistical studies, physical dimensions, social dimensions, managerial-policy dimensions, perceptual-semantic dimensions and economic dimensions have a significant relationship with explaining the concept of place-making in the revival of social relations from the perspective They are citizens and the physical and social dimension has the greatest impact on explaining the concept of place-making in the revival of social relations in selected urban spaces.

The results of this study, on the one hand, provide the necessary framework for scientific and logical study of the concept of location in urban areas, and on the other hand, provide the basis for future measures to revive social relations in urban areas. Assessing the research model in more urban neighborhoods and other cities of Iran can provide a deeper understanding of the mechanism explaining the concept of location in the revitalization of social relations in urban neighborhoods.

The transformation of traditional shopping spaces from bazaar and street to the irregular construction of shopping centers has made "Shopping mall construction" the dominant approach to urban management. Types of shopping spaces are taking over the city without a comprehensive understanding of their formation philosophy and typology. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to identify the construction patterns and types of shopping spaces in the city of Tabriz from the beginning until now. The strategy used in this research is logical argumentation, with typological technique based on a certain theoretical framework. In this regard, first documentary studies were conducted to determine typological criteria. Then, 40 selected shopping centers in the city as a study sample were analyzed in two components: morphological and functional. A diagram of the composition of the construction patterns for each type was drawn and finally a typological diagram of shopping spaces was presented. According to the results, this research identifies two patterns of "commercial pedestrian street" and "commercial street" as the main construction patterns. In the evolutionary process of shopping spaces, six other construction patterns, including "Passage", "Underground Development", "Market Bridge", "Shopping Center", "Shopping Plaza", and "Mall" in combination with the two main patterns, form nine hybrid types. In addition, the type of independent malls that are the product of the last decade make up a total of ten types of shopping space. Most types are combined with commercial street. The most common hybrids include "Commercial Street-Passage Network" and "Commercial Street-Shopping Center". Technical superiority, scale advantage, network effects, and branding in the type of independent malls have monopolized the production of shopping spaces, however, urban life is more intense in hybrid types than in these types.

Natural disasters are a major challenge in achieving urban resilience, sustainable development and crisis management. Crisis management is the process of preventing a crisis or minimizing its effects when it occurs. One of the cities in Iran that is involved in the problem of natural disasters is Bandar Abbas. The main purpose of this study is crisis management in order to reduce accidents and natural damage in the dilapidated fabric of Bandar Abbas from the perspective of urban sociology. This research was applied based on the nature of the research. The research method was documentary-library and the analysis method was descriptive. Based on the obtained results, the suitable location of this city in relation to the coastline and the ongoing studies of reconstruction projects are among the opportunities available in the city of Bandar Abbas. In marginal and dilapidated urban contexts, lack of proper facilities, non-implementation of the administrative council at the macro level, public and non-transparent implementation of projects prepared for citizens and low level of health and lack of service facilities, important threats for accidents and the natural damages of Bandar Abbas are considered

Shopping spaces in Tabriz have experienced various construction patterns over time, from the bazaar to the commercial street and in the last two decades, malls. Considering the importance of the position of citizens as consumers of commercial spaces in determining the path of development strategies of shopping spaces, the purpose of this research was to evaluate the preferences of citizens regarding the construction patterns of urban shopping spaces. The current research was conducted with field method and case study type in 1401 in the statistical population of Tabriz citizens. Sampling was done randomly and according to the diversity of demographic characteristics, including age and gender. The sample size was obtained by Cochran's formula of 385 people. First, by conducting field studies, Tabriz shopping centers were classified based on eight identified construction patterns. Then, among them, 15 prominent shopping spaces in terms of historical record, functional scale, size and attraction of local residents and tourists in ten areas of the city were selected as case studies. The collected data through the questionnaire tool were analyzed with SPSS software and Friedman's test. The findings of the research show that the five shopping spaces of Valiasr, Lale-Park, Atlas, Tarbiat and Shariati (Shahnaz) have higher priority according to the respondents. People's interest and preference is more towards shopping spaces with the construction pattern of commercial pedestrian street, mall and commercial street. The construction patterns of Shopping Plaza, Underground Development and Market Bridge have not been able to get a good rating. According to the results, it can be said that the the construction pattern of "Pedestrian Street" is highly acceptable due to its integration with the urban context and the possibility of establishing social interactions and combining shopping and recreation. On the other hand, the construction pattern of "Mal" has been accepted by the people because it has been able to fill the void of social spaces to a certain extent and provide various uses to the user in the form of a package. The construction pattern of "Commercial Street" has always been preferred by the people due to the ease of access. Based on the results of people's preferred construction patterns and with a comprehensive look at the advantages and disadvantages of emerging shopping spaces, it can be said, Using the construction pattern of mall independently and isolated from the urban context in a way that has been the focus of urban management in the last two decades; Copying of international examples is considered without any connection with the existing context. In order for today's shopping spaces to be able to properly fulfill their role as an urban space, it is necessary to maintain their connections with original shopping spaces. On the other hand, the pedestrian street and commercial street construction patterns have a high potential to be combined with the mall construction pattern. Therefore, mandating the private sector on the part of the urban management to build shopping spaces in connection with the surrounding urban context through the construction patterns of pedestrian street and commercial street, can repair the gap created in the experience of shopping in the city.

The workplace is one of the most significant environments where people spend most of their time. Lack of acoustic comfort is one of the most important factors that threatens the health and well-being of employees in these workplaces every day. The purpose of this study, while identifying the symptoms caused by noise problems among employees, is to identify the main parameters and to investigate the role of architecture in the expansion of unhealthy workplaces.

The current study was conducted among the employees of three administrative buildings in Urmia city (Road and Urban Development, Construction Engineering Organization and Airport) and a sample size of 226 out of 309 employees was surveyed based on Morgan's table. The required data were collected through a questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation) and Friedman test by SPSS-25 software.

The average ranks of the symptoms showed that fatigue (4.62), hearing problems (6.05), headache (6.30), muscle pains (7.01), high stress (8.41), quick anger (8.55) and distraction and poor concentration (8.58), were among the most important symptoms caused by noise among employees. Also, disturbances caused by other people's conversations (59.22%) and overcrowding and lack of individual speech privacy (41.99%) were among the most important parameters, having frequent complaints about noise.

The results of the investigation indicated that the inefficient environment design and lack of spaces flexibility, inappropriate placement and lack of acoustic insulation of surfaces inside noisy uses, high environment density and lack of sufficient space for employees, lack of installation systems maintenance, were among the most important reasons for frequent complaints about noise.

Taking strategy of urban branding is considered the basic need of cities to survive in the global economy. For this purpose, building and managing the city image is necessary because it is through perception and image that actions are formed. The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between effective components on the image in the form of a case study including 15 shopping centers in Tabriz.

The current research was conducted with the field method and exploratory analysis type in 1401 in the statistical population of Tabriz citizens. By conducting documentary studies in the field of urban branding, the constructive components were identified and formulated in the form of a five-factor model. The relationship between variables was tested using structural equation modeling with partial least squares and data were analyzed using SmartPLS3 software.

  At a significance level of 0.01, "perceptual quality" and "awareness" have a direct effect on the "mental image" and at level of 0.05, "personal characteristics" have a direct effect on the "mental image". At level of 0.01, "mental image" has a direct effect on "loyalty". 73.8% of the total effect of "perceptual quality" variable, 43.3% of "personal characteristics", 32.1% of "awareness" on "loyalty" is explained through the mediating variable of "mental image".

"Mental image" as the center of gravity in urban branding is directly influenced by three components; "perceptual quality", "personal characteristics" and "awareness". Among these "perceptual quality" is considered the most influential component. "Loyalty" as the final goal of branding is not directly related to aforementioned components and influencing it is possible through the mediation of "mental image". Therefore, the application of design measures in order to improve "perceptual quality" causes the formation of a powerful "mental image" of shopping spaces, which in turn leads to "loyalty" and provides the grounds for branding of such spaces.

Various factors affect the employees' health and well-being in the workplace. The present study aimed to examine the outbreak of Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) and the role of factors and parameters affected by the architecture design of Urmia Roads and Urban Development building (e.g., thermal comfort, Indoor Air Quality (IAQ), noise, lighting, layout design-ergonomics, and design style (decoration)) by examining symptoms seen in employees, to achieve reduction strategies in future actions.

This descriptive-analytical research was done with a Cross-sequential study among 123 employees in the summer of 2021. Specified symptoms, factors, and parameters were examined through the questionnaire, and its reliability was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha. In the next step, the data were analyzed using different statistical methods through SPSS-25 software. 

Results indicated that some symptoms, including fatigue, headache, distraction, lack of concentration, muscle pain, hearing problems, high blood pressure, and stress, made up more complaints, and individuals complained about overcrowding, lack of workspace for each person, and noise. Moreover, the parameters caused by Layout-ergonomics and noise were identified as the most important reasons that reduced Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ (and the subsequent advent of SBS. 

The obtained findings confirmed the presence of syndrome in Roads and Urban Development Building, so that improper layout of overcrowding uses and toilets, lack of speech privacy, and inadequate space and dimensions for employees, were the most important, were the most important reasons for employees' complaints.

Undoubtfuly, people spend a significant portion of their time in workplaces. Many factors affect the health and well-being of employees. The present study aimed to identify the architectural problems of the environment by examining the symptoms of Sick Building Syndrome and ranking the parameters influenced by five physical factors (thermal comfort, noise, lighting, layout-ergonomics and decoration).

The present descriptive-analytical research was carried out in the summer of 2021. The statistical population included 52 employees of Urmia Engineering Organization Building which is based on Morgan's table and a sample size consisting 46 people was randomly selected. The required data were collected through a questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation) and Friedman test.

Considering the average ranks, symptoms of fatigue (4.47), muscle pain (5.47), headache (5.87), high stress (6.14) and poor concentration (7.45), along with some defined parameters for each of the factors, including overcrowding and lack of speech privacy (78.12%), the noise of people's conversation (62.93%), improper workplace temperature in winter (58.59%) and summer (49.91%), inappropriate placement of uses and allocation of inadequate space for people and equipment (49.91%) played the most significant role.

The results indicated that the inefficient design of the environment and non-observance of ergonomic principles as a result of unprincipled renovations regardless of the nature of the work and its requirements, inappropriate placement of uses, the non-standard distribution of employees in an inflexible environment, lack of speech privacy and crowding were identified as the most important causes of the symptoms.

Population growth and urbanization have reduced the quality of life of citizens and created many problems. The aim of this study was to analyze the quality of urban life based on the mental and objective theoretical models of citizens and its relationship with the social class factor. This research is of applied type and is descriptive-analytical. Data collection has been done by both documentary and field methods and in data analysis, various statistical tests have been used, including T test, one-way intragroup and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), and LSD follow-up test. The statistical population of the study is residents of districts 1, 6 and 20 of the city. The results of MANOVA multivariate analysis of variance show that there is a difference in averages between the three groups in the study. Accordingly, the significance level for mental indicators of quality of life was 0.39 and for objective indicators was 0.21 and the researcher's assumption is confirmed. The results of the LSD tracking test indicate that among the mental indicators of quality of life, citizenship rights; Among the objective indicators of quality of life, urban green spaces are significantly higher than other indicators. Other indicators are low. Finally, based on a single sample T test, it was found that there is a difference between the average objective indicators of quality of life and its average value in the first group; There was no significant difference between the second and third groups

Urban spaces have a variety of functions, one of the most important of which is social function. The social function of space is one of the most important functions of urban spaces that creates the possibility of engaging in meaningful interactions with society, forming a sense of place and the opportunity to gather and enjoy the experience with others as citizens. Therefore, considering the importance of the social function of urban spaces, the purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze the desirability of these functions in District 12 of Tehran Metropolis. The research method was applied in terms of purpose and analytical-exploratory in nature. To analyze the data, structural equation modeling method was used in AMOS Software. The statistical population of the study also included the citizens of District 12 of Tehran, and the sample size was 384 based on Cochran's formula and a simple random sampling method. Findings show that the degrees of desirability of social functions of urban spaces in District 12 of Tehran, i.e., social interaction, commitment, social belonging (integration with space) and social accountability have been obtained to be 0.62, 0.49 and 0.41, respectively based on the structural equation modeling. Also, the results of the partial index of critical and P values in the structural model show that the status of social interaction variables in District 12 was desirable at 95% confidence level with the critical value of 2.37 (i.e., above 1.96). Moreover, social response variable with a critical value of 1.52 (i.e., less than 1.96) was unfavorable and social responsiveness with a critical value of 1.99 was relatively desirable.

Workplace architecture is one of the most important factors influencing employees' health and wellbeing. Therefore, it is necessary to study the role of workplace design on the emergence of various types of health problems among employees. The present research aims to study the prevailing conditions at the case studied workplaces and to identify the role of factors influenced by interior layout (location-ergonomics, lighting, indoor air quality (IAQ), temperature, noise, design style, and cleaning) on the emergence of Sick Building Syndrome among employees.

In the present study, three administration buildings [roads and urban development office, construction engineering organization, and airport] in Urmia, Tabriz are investigated as case studies and a total of 226 employees working in these buildings are selected as samples. Then, they are asked to fill out a questionnaire to collect the required data. The reliability of the questionnaire is confirmed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The SPSS V.25 software is used to statistically analyze the data.

The findings indicate that despite the advantages of open plan layout for the organization of work environments, it provides many negative consequences such as increased noise and distraction, lack of ergonomics, congestion, reduced privacy, and the impossibility of personal control of environmental conditions. In general, it is not considered an efficient layout design for the workplace.

The results indicate that to effectively deal with the emergence of sick building syndrome and provide a healthy work environment, it is required to establish a balance between various parts in the workplace layout design including private office space, shared workplace, and/or open-plan according to the nature and type of work while considering the factors and parameters influenced by the layout design and environmental characteristics.