ابوالفضل توسلی

This study was conducted to investigate the ability of carbon sequestration in barley and to determine the global warming potential of this product in the cropping year 2020-2021 in rural areas Shirvan city. For this purpose, systematic random sampling was performed in 30 farms from 0-30 cm soil depth and consumption inputs were obtained through face-to-face questionnaire. The results showed that the soil carbon sequestration capacity in barley farms was equal to 1.74 ton/ha-1. Comparison of conversion coefficient of plant organs showed that spike had a higher conversion coefficient of 22.4% than root. The carbon sequestration capacity of spike, stem and barley root was determined as 1297.20, 620.62 and 114.00 kg.ha-1, respectively. Among the inputs, diesel fuel with an average of 552.70 kg.ha-1 had the highest role and electricity with an average of 6.85 kg.ha-1 had the least role in greenhouse gas emissions. Among greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide with 1135.79 kg.ha-1 had the highest share. The total global warming potential of one hectare of barley in Shirvan city was 1147.31 kg equivalent of carbon dioxide. The amount of carbon footprint obtained for the total plant biomass was equal to 0.28 kg equivalent to carbon dioxide per kg of barley biomass. In general, the obtained results showed that the barley product has an acceptable carbon sequestration capacity and is a suitable crop to be included in the model program of rural areas. Based on the results of this research, part of the gross production of rural areas of Shirvan city will be achieved through the cultivation of barley in marginal lands with low production capacity, which will play an important role in the development of these areas.

 Safflower has a special place among oilseeds compatible with the climatic conditions of Iran as a plant tolerant of drought and salinity stress and having different growth types. On the other hand, due to the fact that Iran is one of the arid and semi-arid regions with an average of one-third of global rainfall, in such areas some important stages of plant growth, including safflower, are affected by reduced soil water potential. In order to adapt the plant to stressful climatic conditions, morphological and physiological changes and the accumulation of new metabolites, along with structural changes, increase efficiency under stressful conditions. Therefore, a better understanding of the relationship between environment and genotype and the study of physiological, biochemical, and morphological traits of plants in adverse environmental conditions, especially drought stress, will lead to a better understanding of plant adaptation and events involved in drought tolerance mechanisms. Canonical correlation analysis, like other multivariate statistical methods, is a way to estimate or reduce the number of data points. This method is a generalized multiple regression mode that is used to determine the relationship between two sets of variables. In this regard, this research was conducted to better understand the relationships among different traits under drought stress and use these relationships to select more desirable cultivars.

This experiment was performed on a farm located at 5 km of Zahedan-Bam road in the Lakhshk area. This research was conducted as a split plot based on a randomized complete block design with four replications. An Experiment with three stress levels, including severe drought stress (irrigation after 250 mm of evaporation from the Class A evaporation pan surface), mild drought stress (irrigation after 175 mm of evaporation from the Class A evaporation pan surface), and normal (irrigation after 100 mm of evaporation from the Class A evaporation pan surface), was performed as the main factor, and 10 safflower cultivars were used as the sub-main factor. Drought stress started at the stem elongation stage. To measure the studied morphological and physiological traits in the experiment, sampling was performed at the grain formation stage. Before data analysis, a data normality test was performed, and after ensuring normal data distribution, analysis of variance and mean comparison by the Duncan method were performed. Due to the insignificance of the interaction of stress and cultivar in the analysis of variance of the data, canonical correlation analysis was performed for the mean of all stress levels using Statistica software.

According to the analysis of variance, the studied traits were affected by irrigation treatment, and there was a significant difference between the cultivars in terms of all studied traits under stress. This indicates the existence of high genetic diversity in terms of the mentioned traits and the possibility of selection for these traits among the studied cultivars. Also, the interaction of cultivar and stress was not significant for all traits. On the other hand, in order to investigate the relationships between traits related to drought stress tolerance in this study, canonical correlation analysis between two groups of physiological traits, including total leaf water potential, leaf relative water content, leaf osmotic potential, chlorophyll fluorescence, proline concentration, and glycine betaine concentration, and morphological traits, including plant height, plant dry weight, plant fresh weight, and number of sub-branches, was determined. The Wilkes -Lambda statistic was significant at the 1% probability level, so there was a significant correlation between physiological traits and morphological traits. In explaining the canonical function related to physiological traits, all variables except proline concentration, leaf relative water content, and leaf osmotic potential had positive coefficients. Total leaf water potential (X1) with a coefficient of 0.299 played the greatest role in justifying the first canonical variable. For canonical functions related to morphological traits, plant height had a negative coefficient, and other traits had a positive coefficient. Plant fresh weight with a coefficient of 0.987 had the greatest effect in explaining this canonical variable. On the other hand, the relative water content of the leaves, with a coefficient of -0.376, played the least role in explaining the first canonical function of physiological traits. It seems that cultivars that have higher total leaf water potential under stress conditions have higher plant fresh weight and other morphological traits (except plant height).

According to the results of the mean comparison, the Parnian cultivar was the most tolerant, and the Padideh and Zarghan cultivars were the most sensitive cultivars under drought stress. Also, based on the results obtained from canonical correlation analysis, it was found that there is a significant correlation between the pair of canonical variables resulting from physiological traits and morphological traits. There was a high correlation between total leaf water potential and the relevant canonical variable, as well as between plant fresh weight and the number of sub-branches with the relevant canonical variable; therefore, genotypes that have a higher plant fresh weight and a larger number of sub-branches have more total leaf water potential. In general, according to these results, it can be stated that more favorable morphological traits of the plant are associated with drought tolerance.

Canola oil is a vegetable oil derived from a variety of rapeseed with lower erucic acid contents. To investigate the mechanism of response to salinity induced by sodium chloride in canola, Fornax cultivar was evaluated in greenhouse conditions. Results showed that salinity stress affected morphological and physiological traits so that leaf relative water content and photosynthesis-related traits decreased while proline and glycine betaine concentrations were higher than in control plants. In addition, under stress conditions, imbalances in ionic concentrations were caused by an increase in sodium ion concentration and a decrease in intracellular potassium ion, as well as a decrease in the potassium / sodium ratio in leaf cells. Proteomic analysis results also detected 7 protein spots with expression difference and significant induction factor (IF) between control plants and severe salinity stress. Each protein, identified by mass spectrometry, was related to antioxidant defense, involved in photosynthetic light reaction, Calvin cycle, and nitrogen assimilation, respectively.

Today, agriculture faced various challenges, such as the inadequate of agricultural products for growing human needs, in the other words, step down of food security, reduction of productivity, economic justification, the competitiveness of agriculture, etc. On the other hand, the excessive use of agricultural inputs, especially water, fertilizers and pesticides, excessive pressure on natural resources along with the consequences of climate change has affected the sustainability and stability of agroecosystems. Intercropping as the agricultural practice of growing two or more species in the same farm at the same time has been emphasized by many researchers around the world as one of the ecological approaches for crop production as an effective technique for achieving sustainable agricultural goals. Therefore, the objective of this research was to agronomic and economic evaluation of intercropping patterns of three different crops.

To comparing sole cropping and intercropping systems of barley, fenugreek and garlic, a field experiment was conducted in 2016-17 at the Research Farm of Gonabad University based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimental treatments consisted of sole cropping of barley, fenugreek and garlic; and 4 replacement intercropping series as barley + fenugreek, barley + garlic, fenugreek + garlic, and barley + fenugreek + garlic. Studied traits included of dry forage yield, plant height, 1000-seed weight, biological yield, seed yield, and harvest index in barley, dry forage yield, plant height, pod number per plant, seed number per pod, 1000-seed weight, and seed yield in fenugreek, plant height, leaf number per plant, clove length, clove diameter, clove number per plant, and bulb yield of garlic. In this research, intercropping advantage indexes included land equivalent ratio (LER), actual yield loss (AYL), system productivity index (SPI), intercropping advantage (IA) and relative value total (RVT) were calculated. Analyses of variance were carried out at P≤0.05, using SAS 9.1 software. The means were compared using the Duncan's multiple range test.

The results indicated that the highest values of dry forage yield (8523 kg.ha-1), seed yield (3494 kg.ha-1) and biological yield (14111 kg.ha-1) of barley were achieved from the sole cropping system. Among intercropping treatments, the highest dry forage yield (6109 kg.ha-1) achieved from barley + fenugreek. While, the highest seed yield (2709 kg.ha-1) and biological yield (11081 kg.ha-1) obtained from barley + garlic intercropping. There was no significant difference between sole cropping and intercropping systems about yield components as the plant height, 1000-seed weight, and harvest index of barley. The plant height, number of pod per plant and number of seed per pod showed the highest value in sole cropping system, although there was no significant difference between sole cropping with fenugreek + garlic intercropping. The seed yield (1145 kg.ha-1) and dry forage yield (5100 kg.ha-1) of fenugreek in sole cropping were significantly higher than intercropping patterns. The garlic +fenugreek intercropping treatment with 4090 kg.ha-1 dry forage yield, and 569 kg.ha-1 seed yield had the highest values among intercropping patterns. Yield components of garlic included the plant height, number of leaf per plant, clove length and diameter, and number of clove in plant had the highest value in sole cropping however, there was no significant difference between sole cropping and fenugreek + garlic intercropping. The highest value of bulb yield (7194 kg.ha-1) was obtained from sole cropping and garlic + fenugreek intercropping with the value of 3381 kg.ha-1 ranked in second place. Among intercropping advantage indexes, the highest value of land equivalent ratio (1.16), actual yield increase (0.30), and system productivity (8414) achieved from barley + garlic intercropping system. The highest value of intercropping advantage (0.02) and relative value total (1.27) obtained from fenugreek + garlic and barley + fenugreek, respectively.

According to our findings, intercropping systems of barley + fenugreek and fenugreek + garlic can be selected as an appropriate approach for planting these crops to producing more forage than sole cropping. The results also indicate the better utilization of barley from intercropping advantages than other species and its competitive superiority in the use of environmental resources and economic yield enhancement. Based on the findings of this research, intercropping of barley with garlic and fenugreek is an appropriate approach for increase of land use efficiency and economic profitability that in overall, among cropping systems, barley-garlic intercropping system had more advantage. 

Investigating of energy flow and greenhouse gas emissions is one of the methods to compare energy efficiency, production efficiency and environmental hazards of agroecosystems. This study investigates the patterns of energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions and global warming potential of dryland chickpea production in rural areas of Qoshkhaneh region of Shirvan city. Data for this experiment were collected through a face-to-face questionnaire. Farms were selected by random sampling. In this study, energy inputs included: labor, machinery, diesel, chemical fertilizers, chemical pesticides and seeds, and the study output was grain yield and shoot yield (straw). The results showed that the average labor used per hectare of dryland chickpea farms in rural areas of North Khorasan was 21 people, nitrogen fertilizer 50 and phosphorus and potassium fertilizers 70 kg/ha, as well as diesel fuel consumption of 35 liters and the use of machinery 8 h/ha. Evaluation of energy consumption showed that among the inputs, nitrogen fertilizer with 3307 MJ/ha accounted for 40.06% of the total energy input and diesel fuel with 1970.85 MJ/ha, Consumed 23.23% of the total input energy. labor and seeds also had the lowest share of energy inputs with 0.49 and 1.87 percent, respectively. Total energy consumption efficiency (chickpea + straw) was 1.91, energy productivity was 0.08 kg/MJ and specific energy was 12.32 MJ/kg. In terms of greenhouse gas emissions was 399.20 kg/ha, the share of CO2 was 398.60, the share of N2O and CH4 was 0.02 and 0.57 kg/ha respectively. Global warming production potential per hectare of dryland chickpeas in North Khorasan Province was 419.13 kg CO2 equivalence. In general, the results showed that dryland chickpea fields have low energy consumption due to dependence on rainwater and lack of electricity consumption, as well as low consumption of chemical fertilizers. The most important strategies to reduce energy consumption in the production of dryland chickpeas is the use of appropriate crop rotation to reduce the use of herbicides and chemical fertilizers and also to observe the rules of farm traffic to reduce the movement of agricultural implements on farms.

Identifying the molecular-protein mechanism of saffron against osmotic stress in Iran which is one of the arid and semi-arid countries in the world is of particular importance. For this purpose and to investigate the response to osmotic stress applied with different concentrations of PEG6000, an experiment is performed using two saffron landraces of Torbat Heydarieh and Marand by hydroponic culture at the vegetative growth stage (seedling) in the greenhouse. Two weeks after osmotic stress, sampling was performed from all experimental units. According to the results, Torbat Heydarieh landrace was in a better condition than Marand landrace in terms of protein reaction under osmotic stress. Also, the results of proteomic analysis of two landraces showed that among 17 significant protein spots between control and osmotic stress treatments, four protein spots between two common landraces and six and seven protein spots were unique to Torbat Heydarieh and Marand landraces, respectively. In interpreting the specific response, it can be stated that the more tolerant landrace of Torbat Heydarieh under stress was more active in the path of antioxidant defense and included increased activity of harpin binding protein 1 and peroxiredoxin. While the more sensitive landrace Marand had more damage in different biological pathways by reducing the activity of proteins, especially the reduction of Thylakoid lumenal protein 29.8 kDa protein involved in photosynthetic light reaction. In general, the different protein responses of the landraces and the most important protein reactions and important metabolic pathways of the studied landraces of saffron were identified.

Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is the second most important legume plant after soybean, accounting for a major share of the diet of more than 300 million people worldwide. However, bean cultivation is always faced with several limitations, among these production limited factors, drought stress is the most important factor and has a considerable effect in reducing the production of this crop. One of the harmful effects of drought stress is disturbing the nutritional balance in the plant, so that due to drought stress, the mobility of nutrients in the soil is reduced and the absorption and transfer of substances to the plant is impaired. Studies show that nano-iron chelate fertilizer has a moderating effect against changes in drought, salinity, acidity and temperature and leads to improved plant growth. Hence, the present study was conducted to investigate of the role of nano fertilizer on increasing drought resistance of bean in Jiroft region.
 
A split-plot layout based on a randomized complete block design with three replications conducted in a farm located in Tohan village of Jiroft city during 2015-2016. The main factor was the drought stress with three levels included: no stress, stress in vegetative growth stages and stress in reproductive growth stages. Sub-factor consisted of different amounts of nano-iron chelate fertilizer at three levels of 0, 5 and 10 kg.ha-1. In this study, stem height, number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, number of seed per pod, 100 seeds weight, seed yield, biological yield, seed protein content and protein yield traits were measured. The obtained data were exposed to analysis of variance (ANOVA). Means comparison was done using Duncan's multiple range test using SAS software. Correlation coefficients between traits were calculated with SAS software.
 
According to the results, no stress treatment and application of 10 kg.ha-1 of iron nano-chelate fertilizer led to the highest value of stem height, number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, 100 seeds weight, seed yield, biological yield, seed protein content and protein yield. However, for the above traits, no statistically significant difference was observed between 10 and 5 kg.ha-1 of fertilizer in no stress condition. Also, the occurrence of stress in both stages of vegetative and reproductive growth reduced the studied traits, so that the lowest value of stem height, number of branches and number of pods per plant were obtained from the occurrence of stress in vegetative growth stage, and the lowest amounts of number of seed per pod, 100 seeds weight, seed yield, biological yield and seed protein yield were obtained from the occurrence of stress in the reproductive growth stage. Among the studied traits, only the percentage of seed protein with stress treatments showed a significant increase that this increase was greater in stress in the reproductive growth stage. It should also be noted that the application of 10 and 5 kg.ha-1 of iron nano-chelate fertilizer, respectively, in comparison with the treatment without fertilizer, in the occurrence of stress in both stages of plant growth moderates the effects of stress for all traits except seed protein percentage.
 
The results of this study showed that stress occurrence at any stage of growth reduces the growth and yield of the bean plant. This reduction will be more on the seed and biological yield of the plant if occurrence of stress is in the reproductive stages of the plant. Application of nano-chelate fertilizers in each one of the conditions without stress, stress in vegetative growth stage and stress in reproductive growth stage in comparison with not using this type of fertilizer will have a positive effect on growth characteristics and plant yield. There was no statistically significant difference between the application of 10 and 5 kg.ha-1 of iron nano-chelate fertilizer for seed and biological yield of bean in each one of the no stress and stress conditions.

TWater deficit is considered as one of the limited factors in agriculture in the arid and desert regions of the country. The cultivation of drought tolerant plants such as safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) and using methanol to increase the drought resistance of these plants is an appropriate solution for agricultural development in these regions. For this purpose, an experiment was carried out in the design of split plots in a randomized complete block with three replications in the growing season of 2019-2020 in Iranshahr. Experimental treatments were consisted of three drought stress levels including no stress, moderate stress and severe stress, as the main plots, and the four methanol levels including no use, using 10, 20 and 30% volume of methanol as sub plots. The results showed that the highest values of the studied traits were obtained from no stress treatment and foliar application of 30% volume of methanol. However, for the 1000 grain weight, grain and oil yield, there were no statistically significant differences between 30 and 20% by volume of methanol.  For all the studied traits, there was no statistically significant difference between the absence of stress treatment and the absence of methanol use, with moderate stress treatment and foliar application of 30% methanol volume. The lowest values of the traits studied were achieved by severe stress treatment without foliar application.

Production of oilseed crops plays an important role in saving foreign exchange, accelerating the process of economic development, security and food independence of the country. Also, villages are always mentioned as one of the powerful and effective components in facilitating and accelerating the process of economic development of the country. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of presenting a strategic plan for the cultivation of oilseed crops in the sustainable development of rural areas of Sistan region by SWOT method. In this research, four important oilseed crops of the region including sesame, safflower, rapeseed and sunflower were studied. This research is theoretical and applied from aim aspect; and it is descriptive-analytical from content aspect. The data collection tool in this study was a questionnaire. The strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the mentioned goal were examined from the perspective of researchers, managers and experts of Jihad-e-Agriculture organization and also farmers of oilseed crops using a questionnaire and interviews. Based on the results of the research, it was observed that the main strategy of the mentioned goal is an aggressive strategy. This strategy is a combination of strengths and opportunities, which among the internal factors, strengths; and among external factors, opportunities were identified as the dominant part. Therefore, according to the research results, it was concluded that the main priorities for achieving sustainable rural development are "increasing the guaranteed price", "providing low-interest bank facilities for planting oilseeds" and "allocating subsidies to purchase machinery of planting and harvesting of oilseed crops".

The aim of this study was to investigate the intercropping of sesame and bean in order to find the best arrangement that has the highest ability to compete with weeds, maximum yield and the highest content of nutrients in plant tissue.  

This experiment was carried out as split plot in randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimental treatments were weed competition including without weeding and weeding as main plots; and planting ratios including sesame monoculture, bean monoculture, 50% sesame + 50% beans, 50% sesame + 100% beans, 100% sesame + 50% beans and 100% sesame + 100% beans as sub plots. 

The highest seed and biological yield of sesame and beans were obtained from their monoculture. The LER value for seed and biological yield was greater than one in all intercropping treatments, both with and without weeding. Among the intercropping treatments, the highest amount of LER was obtained from the intercropping of 100% sesame + 100% beans. Also, the lowest weed dry weight obtained from this treatment. Among the measured nutrients of plant tissue, only nitrogen and phosphorus were significantly affected by weed control treatment and planting ratios. 

To get the optimal yield of both species, nutrient uptake and effective weed control intercropping of 100% sesame + 100% bean is better than other planting ratios.

To study the effect of manure and treated municipal wastewater of Zabol, Iran, on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of rapeseed, an experiment was conducted under farm condition in 2016-2017. Experiment was performed as a split-plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimental treatments were included irrigation at two levels, I1: irrigation with normal water, and I2: irrigation with treated municipal wastewater as the main factors and type of manures at four levels, M1: no fertilizer application, M2: cow manure (40 tons per hectare), M3: sheep manure (30 tons per hectare) and M4: poultry manure (20 tons per hectare) as sub-factors. Results showed that irrigation with treated municipal wastewater led to 10.74% increase in plant height, 31.48% in the number of sub-branches and 9.70% in the number of capsules per plant. Among different type of manures, application of poultry manure compared to sheep and cow manure increased 12.41% and 14.00% of plant height, 21.90% and 22.20% of the number of sub-branches and 5.92% and 7.66% the number of pods per plant. On the other hand, in irrigation with treated municipal wastewater treatments, it was observed that the highest yields of fresh and dry forages and grain and oil yields were 10249, 992, 2769 and 894 kg/ha in average that were obtained in poultry manure treatment. Study of correlation coefficient indicated that rapeseed seed yield correlated positively and significantly with most of the measured factors, and the highest correlation was between seed andoil yields. Overall, the results showed that irrigation with treated municipal wastewater along with poultry manure were the best treatment for higher fodder, grain and rapeseed oil yields, but to recommend it to farmers in the region, it is recommended to perform economic justification plan and then it can be recommended to the farmers of the region as an appropriate pattern.

Corn is considered as one of the most important and strategic cereals in the world that needed a lot of nitrogen fertilizer and often this need is supplied by chemical fertilizers. In addition to the severe need to fossil fuels for chemical fertilizers production, they are also important environmental pollutants (23). Therefore, organic fertilizers such as green manures of legume species can be a good alternative to chemical fertilizers. Also, conservation tillage operations that are accompanied by proper management of crop residues, it is an appropriate solution to prevent the elimination of residues in sustainable agriculture, and plays an important role in improving the physicochemical and biological properties of soil, and can lead to increasing crop yield (22). Therefore, developing and promoting the use of green manure and conservation tillage operations is essential. Therefore, the present study investigates the effect of organic fertilizer application on corn yield under different tillage levels.

This experiment was carried out as split plot in randomized complete block design with three replications at 2018-19 in a farm located in Ghale-No village, Zahak city. Vetch (Vicia villosa) was used as a green manure in this study. The experimental treatments were included two levels of green manure, consumption and no consumption as main factors; and three levels of tillage, no tillage, minimum tillage and conventional tillage as sub plots. In this experiment agronomic traits of plant height, dry and fresh forage yield and seed yield; ecological traits of weeds biomass, photosynthetically active radiation, soil moisture percentage and soil temperature; and some soil physicochemical properties such as soil porosity, bulk density, particle density, organic carbon and nitrogen percentage were evaluated. Data analysis was performed with SAS software.

The experimental results showed that the highest amount of dry and fresh forage yield and seed yield, photosynthetically active radiation, soil porosity percentage, soil organic carbon and nitrogen percentage was obtained from green manure consumption and conventional tillage treatment and there was no statistically significant difference between the consumption of green manure under conventional and minimum tillage conditions. The lowest amounts of the above traits were obtained in the treatment without green manure and no tillage. In addition, the treatment green manure consumption and no tillage system resulted in obtaining the highest soil moisture percentage and the lowest soil temperature. For weed biomass, it was also found that the use of conventional tillage significantly reduces weed biomass, but green manure consumption hadn’t any significant effect on weed biomass.

In this experiment, it was shown that the green manure consumption by increasing the amount of soil organic matter and improving soil structure increased the amount of access to nutrients, especially nitrogen for the plant, which led to enhancing plant yield and growth. Also, increasing the soil porosity and reducing the soil bulk density under the influence of minimum tillage led to soil structure improvement, and it increases the root permeability in soil which this allows the plant to absorb more water and nutrients. Therefore, according to the results of this experiment, it can be suggested that the combination of green manure consumption with minimum tillage can create a good yield in corn cultivation in the study region.

The present study was carried out in the form of split plots in a RCBD with three replications. Experimental treatments include drought stress at three levels of irrigation at moisture of field capacity, irrigation at 80% of field capacity and irrigation at 60% of field capacity as the main factor; And application of iron nano-chelate fertilizer at four levels of 0, 3.5, 7 and 10 kg.ha-1 as a sub-factor. The results showed that irrigation at field capacity and consumption of 10 kg.ha-1 resulted in the highest amounts of plant height, number of fruits per plant, fresh and dry fruit yield, biological yield, and mucilage and okra oil yield., no statistically significant difference was observed between the 10 and 7 kg.ha-1 fertilizer for the above traits., in stress conditions (moisture 80 and 60% of field capacity), the use of nano-fertilizers in comparison with the non-use of fertilizers led to the moderation of the effects of stress on the mentioned traits. So that only for the yield of fresh fruit, in treatment of moisture 80% of soil field capacity consuming 10 kg per hectare of fertilizer caused a 20.05% increase in yield compared to not using fertilizer. And this amount was 19.29% for moisture in 60% of soil field capacity. Also in the present study it was observed that the highest percentage of fruit mucilage was obtained from moisture treatment in 60% of field capacity and the highest percentage of fruit oil was obtained from irrigation treatment in soil field capacity moisture

To investigate the effects of hydrogel on growth, yield, and some secondary metabolites of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) under drought stress conditions, an experiment was conducted in a farm located in the south of Dalgan city, Sistan and Baluchestan province in the 2017-2018 crop year. This research was carried out as a split plot experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The experimental treatments included drought stress as main plot at four levels (irrigation at FC (field capacity), 85% of FC, 70% of FC, and 55% of FC), and hydrogel consumption as sub plot at three levels (A200 hydrogel consumption, silicate hydrogel consumption, and no hydrogel consumption). The quantitative traits including plant height, number of sub-branches per plant, number of flower per plant, plant fresh and dry weight, sepal fresh and dry yield, and harvest index and qualitative traits including content of anthocyanin and sepal phenolic compounds were measured. The results showed that the highest amount of quantitative traits was obtained from full irrigation treatment with the consumption of A200 hydrogel. But there was no significant difference between this treatment and the treatments of full irrigation with silicate hydrogel consumption and full irrigation without hydrogel. Also, no significant difference was observed between the above three treatments and the treatments of both types of hydrogels application in 85% and 70% of FC. The qualitative traits increased with increasing the stress intensity. The hydrogel consumption in comparison with not consuming it led to a decrease in the amount of anthocyanin and sepal phenolic compounds due to the modification of stress conditions by hydrogel.

Due to high production and good economic income, greenhouse cultures are growing. Therefore, it is necessary to find methods that increase yield and water use efficiency in greenhouse conditions. Use of mycorrhiza fungi and hydrogel can be suggested in this regard. A factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 3 replications in the greenhouse of Payame Noor University of Zahedan center in 2017-2018. The first experimental factor included irrigation at three levels of low, moderate and normal with 540, 790 and 1040 liters of water per square meter, respectively. The second factor consisted of mycorrhizal fungus at two levels of inoculation and no inoculation. Hydrogel treatment at two levels was considered as the third factor. The results showed that under normal irrigation conditions and combined application of fungus and hydrogel, the highest plant height, number of fruits per plant, final fruit yield, dry weight of shoot and root, relative leaf water content and water use efficiency were obtained. For the above traits, no significant difference was observed between this treatment and treatment of normal irrigation and fungal inoculation and without hydrogel application. At moderate irrigation condition, the highest values of the mentioned traits were obtained from the combined treatment of fungus and hydrogel and the yield obtained from this treatment was not significantly different from the one at normal irrigation condition without the use of fungus and hydrogel. At low irrigation condition, the highest values of the studied traits were obtained from combined treatment fungus and hydrogel and also application of hydrogel without the use of fungus. The lowest values of the studied traits in this experiment were obtained at low irrigation treatment without the use of fungus and hydrogel. At low irrigation condition, there was no significant difference between the two treatments of fungal application without the use of hydrogel and lack of fungal application which indicates that the fungus is not effective at low irrigation condition.

This research examines the energy use patterns and greenhouse gas emission of sugar beet farms in Hossein abad village of Shirvan city, in 2017-18. Data were collected by using a face-to-face questionnaire. Farms were selected with a random sampling method. In this study, the inputs in the calculation of energy use include: human labor, machinery, diesel fuel, chemical fertilizers, farmyard manure, biocides, electricity, water and the output in the calculation of total output energy include plant yield. The results indicated that total energy inputs were 66879.92 MJ ha-1and outputs 1310572.50 MJ ha-1. Of the total energy consumption in sugar beet production, 38.39% is related to the use of chemical fertilizers, 25.95% is related to diesel and 12.69% is related to electricity. Energy use efficiency of 19.59 and energy productivity of 0.72 kg MJ ha-1 were recorded. Chemicals, fuel and electricity played the largest role among energy inputs in beet farms. CO2, N2O and CH4 emissions were 2463.26, 21.02 and 3.26 kg ha-1, respectively. And the amount of global warming potential of these gases was calculated as 9048.85 CO2eq ha-1, of which 0.76% was related to CH4, 27.22% was related to CO2 and 72.02% was related to N2O.

In order to evaluate the drought tolerance of safflower cultivars using some drought tolerance indices, an experiment was carried out as split plot in complete randomize block design with three replications in the research field of Payame Noor University of Khash, during the growing season of 2015-2016. Experimental treatments were consisted of four drought stress levels included cutting-off irrigation at stages of flowering, beginning capsule, ripening stage and no cutting-off irrigation as main factor, and five safflower cultivars included domestic cultivars of Golmehr, Padideh and Faraman; and foreign cultivars of Yut and Nebraska 10 as sub factor. The results showed that the highest seed yield was obtained from treatment of no cutting-off irrigation and Yut cultivar, and the lowest seed yield was related to irrigation cut-off treatment in the flowering stage and Padideh cultivar. Correlation coefficients between drought tolerance indices and seed yield under the conditions of all three stresses showed that MP, GMP, STI, RDI and YI indices had a positive and significant correlation in all three stress conditions with seed yield under control and stress conditions. Therefore, they can be used for better selecting of safflower tolerant cultivars. In addition, the correlation between MP, GMP, STI, RDI and YI indices in all three stress conditions were positive and significant, which due to their correlation with seed yield in all three conditions increases the desirability of simultaneous use of these indices in the selection of cultivars. In general, for safflower cultivars, indices of MP, GMP and STI were the most appropriate indices to evaluate drought stress tolerance in different treatments studied. Based on these indices, as well as biplot diagram and cluster analysis, Yut cultivar was identified as the most tolerant and Padideh cultivar was identified as the most sensitive in all three drought stress conditions.

To investigate the effect of irrigation volume and nutrient consumption on yield and yield components of cherry tomatoes, a greenhouse experiment was conducted as split plots in a completely randomized design. The results showed that the maximum plant height, stem diameter, number of fruits per plant, fruit yield per harvest, total fruit yield, and shoots dry weight were obtained in the treatment of 20 liters of water per square meter per day with nutrient solution application of micronutrients with concentrations of one and a half times the Hoagland solution. The highest water use efficiency obtained from the treatments of 15 and 20 liters of water per square meter per day and consumption of nutrient solution one and a half times the concentration of micronutrients in Hoagland solution with averages of 6.55 and 6.10 g final yield of fresh fruit each plant per liter of water consumption per plant, respectively. Correlation coefficients between the traits also showed a positive and significant relationship between total fruit yield with all studied traits, so that the highest correlation (r = 0.93) had with trait of number of fruits per plant and the lowest correlation (r = 0.7) had with trait of stem diameter.

One of the effective methods to increase crop production in arid and desert regions of the country are some mechanisms increasing plant resistance such as seed priming. A field experiment was conducted on a farm located in Jolgeh Shah Hashem, Dalgan, with a desert climate, in 2017-2018. This research was carried out as a split-plot experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimental treatments consisted of four drought stress levels of irrigation at field capacity "no stress"; irrigation at 75 % of field capacity "moderate stress"; and irrigation at 50 % of field capacity "severe stress"; as main plots, and four seeds priming levels of no priming; hydropriming; Osmopriming with polyethylene glycol; and hormonal priming with salicylic acid as subplots. Results showed that seed priming reduced the number of days to plant germination compared to non-priming treatment. Among prime treatments, hydroprim had the fastest seed germination time after sowing. On the other hand, stress and prime treatments caused early maturity of the plant and among the above treatments, the shortest day to ripening was obtained from severe stress and hydroprime treatment. The highest values of the fresh and dry weight of the plant, fresh and dry sepals of roselle were obtained from no stress treatment and seed priming at all levels of hydropriming, osmopriming, and hormonal priming. Comparing the above three treatments, it can be concluded that the seed priming with salicylic acid achieved better results than other treatments in no stress conditions. It was also observed for the traits of anthocyanin and sepal phenolic compounds that with increasing stress intensity, the content of these compounds increased in sepals.

This research aimed to investigate the effect of planting bed and nitrogen fertilizer levels on growth and yield of saffron. For this work a field experiment was conducted in 2016-17 in research farm of Saffron Institute of University of Torbat Heydarieh. Experimental treatments were performed based on a randomized complete block design as split plot arrangement with three replications. Treatments consisted of two levels of planting bed: soil of without planted saffron in previous years (Control soil) (S1) and soil of planted saffron in previous years (Contaminated soil) (S2) as the main-plots; and four levels of nitrogen fertilizer: no nitrogen (0) (N0), 50 (N50), 100 (N100) and 150 (N150) kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer from urea source as the sub-plots. The research results, which was obtained from the data of the second year, showed that planting bed had significant effect on all measured factors. So that application of contaminated soil led to an decrease in 12.72 percent for leaf length, 27.53 percent for corm weight, 31.88 percent for No. of replacement corms, 40.10 percent for No. of flower, 42.53 percent for flower fresh weigh, 42.88 percent for petal fresh weight, 40.01 percent for petal dry weight, 18.71 percent for stamen fresh weight, 26.40 percent for stamen dry weight, 43.41 percent for stigma fresh weight and 56.04 percent for stigma dry weight in compare with control soil. Effect of different nitrogen fertilizer levels was significant on all measured factors. So that consumption of 150 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer led to increasing amounts of all measured factors. However for saffron reproductive factors such as flower fresh weigh, petal fresh and dry weight, stamen fresh and dry weight, stigma fresh and dry weight wasn’t seen any significant different between treatment of 150 and 100 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer.

Nanoparticles are one of the most applicable materials in, science such as biotechnology, and medicine due to their distinguished characters. The previous studies indicated that over the half of total production of nanoparticles is dedicated to the conventional and bio inspired synthesis of silver nanoparticles. These nanoparticles have antimicrobial characteristics and widespread applications in medicine and industry. Conventional chemical methods for synthesis of silver nanoparticles usually use the reducing agents that they are not compatible to environment and sometimes toxic and the resulting nanoparticles cannot be involved in biological applications. So, green synthesis of nanoparticles is the process that based on green chemistry for the synthesis of bio-nanoparticle is very important. In this study, eucalyptus (Eucalyptus obliqua) and mint (Mentha spicatae) extracts of medicinal plants for biological production of silver nanoparticles was used as a reducing agent. By adding the extract to the solution of silver nitrate at different temperatures and incubation times silver nanoparticles were produced. Changing the color from pale yellow to dark brown was showed the production of silver nanoparticles. There is also the strong peak absorption (SPR) at wavelengths between 420 and 460 with using spectroscopy UV/Vis which indicate the production of silver nanoparticles. The size of the nanoparticles was determined by electron microscopy analysis (SEM and TEM). The average sizes of nanoparticles in both plants were between 10 and 20 nm. The produced nanoparticles by the mint plant at the same condition was more stable than eucalyptus that confirmed that mint has more ability to produce silver nanoparticles.

A research study with direct observational survey was used in order to study the factors influencing migration of villagers in the Charoymaq county – Iran. This study focused on the role of agriculture and the open-ended and closed-ended questionnaire technique were used. The sampling method used in this study was random cluster sampling and the total number of statistical samples used was chosen to be 200 according to Cochran's test.  After collecting data from the questionnaires, descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used for data analysis. According to the results of non-parametric tests to investigate the effect of differences in variables related to individual characteristics including age, sex, education and previous occupation of immigrants on migration status, it was found that all variables are significant. In other words, these factors have a significant effect on migration rate. The main reasons for migration of all the people surveyed were problems in the field of agriculture and labor difficulties and the lack of supportive aspects. On the other hand, although migration in men (53%) is higher than women (16.7%), percentage interest in migration among men (21.3%) is lower than women (41.7%). These results are due to the fact that hardships of life in the countryside and traditional life of agricultures are greater than in that of urban life as women feel. According to the results, the main reasons for migration of Charoymaq villagers to cities are unemployment and low income in villages (38.5%), lack of welfare, health and educational facilities (33.5%) and lack of land and sufficient capital for agriculture (10%). According to Friedman’s test, in order to assess the effect of each factor on immigration, regardless of classification in terms of economic, social, cultural, infrastructural, demographic and environmental factors, in general, they were ranked 47 and overall, more employment opportunities rank first. Moreover, among these factors, drought and water scarcity in the region have also been cited as important factors, and more unemployment in the village appears to be due to a lack of proper agricultural management. In general, due to the pressure on the villagers during the recent droughts to provide the required water in the agricultural sector and lack of investment in controlling surface waters and extracting groundwater has had a major impact on migration. It is suggested that more attention be paid to management and investment in this regard.

  Medicinal plants are used to treat many diseases that are untreated or rarely treated through modern medical systems. Approximately 80% of the world population depends on medicinal plants for their health and healing. Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) is an aromatic plant in the Apiaceae family that is used in foods, fragrances, and medical preparations (liqueurs, mouthwashes, toothpastes, soaps, and perfumes). They are used as antispasmodic, carminative, and appetite stimulating agents. Cumin is the most widely used medicinal plants in Iran, which is mainly cultivated in order to use its essence. Cumin cultivation area in Iran is 542841 ha that it is 25.7% of the total Iran cultivated area of medicinal plants. Cumin is considered to be a very good compatibility with semi-arid regions of the world. Since the proportion of the agricultural activities in each region with the weather conditions is necessary for any agricultural activity, Therefore, understanding the different factors affecting plant growth, such as climate conditions and genetic resources as well as their impact on quantitative and qualitative characteristics is the most important aspects of a successful product. The use of modern types of fertilizers and pesticides has increased the production of Cumin in Iran. However, there have been concerns of environmental problems caused by inorganic materials and it is very important to investigate the mode of fertilizer and pesticide use and their impact on soil fertility and surrounding environment.
Material and In order to study the organic and conventional production of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) as a medicinal plant, a field experiment was conducted in factorial experiment as randomized complete block design with three replications during 2012-13 in HesaroyehZahedan region. Treatments included herbicide and pesticide in two levels: application of herbicide and pesticide and without application of herbicide and pesticide as first factor, and four levels of organic and inorganic: without application of fertilizer, manure, chemical fertilizer (N) and 50% manure + 50% chemical fertilizer as second factor. In this experiment measured factors were plant height, No. sub stems per plant, No. capsule per plant, No. seed per capsule, 1000-seed weight, dry and fresh forage yield, seed yield, weeds biomass, essence percentage and essence yield. The results showed that the highest amount of all factors measured except weeds biomass and essence percentage obtained from treatment of consumption of 50% manure + 50% chemical fertilizer. The highest amount of weeds biomass was observed in the treatment of consumption of 50% manure + 50% chemical fertilizer. And the highest amount of essence percentage was achieved from treatment of without application of fertilizer. The effect of herbicide and pesticide on any of the measured factors was not significant. The study of correlation coefficient for cumin showed that forage and seed yield had a positive and significant relationship with all measured factors. The results of this study showed that the use of manure with chemical fertilizers and without the use of chemical pesticides in terms of biomass and Cumin yield compared to other treatments used in this experiment, especially using chemical fertilizer alone and using chemical fertilizer with pesticide was higher in rank and the quantity and quality of biological and grain yield production of this treatment was higher than other treatments. Manure combined with chemical fertilizers could increase the availability of plant nutrients through a direct impact on increasing yield and its essence content is cumin. In general, according to the results of this experiment we can recommend farmers to use manure with chemical fertilizers and without the use of pesticides to achieve the Cumin highest performance and the best quality

IntroductionOil as a major source of food and energy has an important role in human nutrition. A great deal of Oil produced in Iran is originated in vegetable Oils. Oil-producing crops such as Canola play a significant role in oil production industry, and as a sole source of saturated fatty acids, has an important role in public health. . Rapeseed (Brassica napus), also known as oilseed rape and Canola, is a bright yellow flowering member of the family Brassicaceae, and is grown for the production of edible vegetable oils, biodiesel and animal feed, globally. The harvested area of Canola in Iran has had an increasing trend in the recent years and requires more agronomic researches to achieve the optimum yield of the oil-seed crop and meet the oil demands via increasing its oil yield and production. Optimum plant density per unit area is an important agronomic factor, which maximizes plant access to environmental growth sources during the growing season. This is an essential factor, which contributes to maximum plant yield. This factor varies in terms of region and depends on plant variety. Proper weed control and optimal weed management are another important factors in yield improvement. Weeds damage products both quantitatively and qualitatively. Qualitative damage reduces product's quality, nutritional value and toxicity (if weeds mix with the product excessively). Quantitative damage slightly reduces production per unit area. Laansite et al.(2008) reported that grain yield was significantly affected by increased plant density in Canola. They also showed that increased plant density reduced the number of tributaries per plant. The number of pods per unit area was the most important indicator that increased as plant density increased. The goal of this study is to investigate different agronomic and physiologic characteristics of Canola under different density and weed management levels in Zabol, Iran.
Materials and MethodsThe study is conducted in Dawlat Abad village located in south of Zabol (61° 29 E and 31° 2 N and 487 m above sea level) in 2012-2013 growing season. Two levels of weed managements as the main-plot factors and four levels of plant density as the sub-plot factors was performed based on a RCBD as split plot arrangement. The treatments were applied as: W1: weed control and W2: no weed control; D1: 50 plants per square meter, D2: 75 plants per square meter, D3: 100 plants per square meter and D4: 125 plants per square. In order to evaluate the effects of the treatments on the Canola, some agronomic indices like: plant height, number of tributaries per plant, number of pods per plant, thousand grain weights, dry matter yield, grain yield, weed biomass, oil content and yield, were measured at the end of the experiment.
Results and DiscussionThe results of this research showed that weed control had a significant effect on grain yield and oil yield of Canola. In addition, the density of 75 plants per square meter not only improved yield components, but also significantly increased grain yield and oil yield (oil content). However, the lowest weed biomass and the highest dry forage of canola were obtained at a density of 125 plants per square meter. This result recommended that properly weed control and cultivating 75 plants per square meter of canola can be the optimum treatment to obtain the highest grain yield and oil content in Zabol region. This is while densities with more than 75 plants per m2 are proper to control weeds and produce forage in Canola.
ConclusionOur result showed that increasing plant density increased canola yield and yield components and resulted in better weed control, allowing for the use of reduced herbicide rates in way to reach sustainable agriculture. In fact, the result revealed that manipulating plant density in canola production has potential to affect weeding and finally these two methods improved quantitative and qualitative characteristics of canola.