احمد افضل زاده

The effects of water type and hardness on performance, immune and biochemistry traits of blood, intestinal microflora population, meat and bone quality were evaluated using 192 male broiler chickens as a factorial arrangement (2 × 2) with four treatments and four replicates. The two factors studied were the type of drinking water (magnetized water and non-magnetized water) and the water hardness (normal-850 and hardess-2000 ppm). The results showed that in the whole period, the birds were received normal magnetized water showed a tendency to gain more weight compared to other birds were received other treatments (P = 0.09). Birds were received normal, magnetized, and non-magnetized water had more feed intake compared to birds were received hard magnetized water. Birds were received hard water consumed less water (P <0.05). Birds were consumed magnetic water had higher blood cholesterol and heterophilic to lymphocyte index than birds were received non-magnetic water (P<0.01). Birds that received hard water and magnetic water had less energy to break bones compared to birds that received normal water and non-magnetic water. The magnetization of hard water increased the population of lactobacilli in the ileum compared to birds were received non-magnetic hard water (P <0.001). Water hardness increased water holding capacity and decreased oxidation in meat. Thigh of birds were received magnetic water had lower concentration of malondialdehyde (P <0.01). Finally, magnetization of hard water increased the population of Lactobacillus ileum in the intestine, improved meat quality and reduced bone strength and feed intake without affecting feed conversion ratio.

In this study, chemical compositions of black seed meals samples were determined. 18 male weaning Zandi lambs with an average body weight of 23.5 ±1.5 kg were used in a completely randomized design in three groups of six in individual pens. Experimental treatments were: 1) control (basal diet with 12% soybean meal and without black seed meal), 2) diet containing 6% soybean meal and 9% black seed meal and 3) diet containing 18% black seed meal and without soybean meal. The concentration of dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, NDF, ADF, ADIN, and crude ash of black seed meal samples were 97.53±0.58, 31.26±0.99, 15.16 ± 0.61, 25.95 ± 1.34, 14.2±0.80, 0.69±0.04 and 5.07 ± 0.24, respectively. Replacement of soybean meal with black seed meal in the diet of experimental lambs had no effect on final body weight, daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, dry matter intake, dressing percentage, tail and total body fat deposition. Albumin and total protein were higher for lambs fed by diet containing 18 % black seed meal compared to other treatments (P <0.05). However, the concentration of blood triglyceride, cholesterol and urea nitrogen were not differed between experimental groups. The digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude fat and protein were not affect by feeding of experimental diets. It seems that black seed meal can be used in the diet of fattening lambs up to 18% without adverse effect on performance and nutrients digestibility of growing lambs.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of urea treatment of wheat straw and sugarcane bagasse on chemical composition, lag time and ruminal degradability parameters of dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) by nylon bag technique. The chemical composition and degradability parameters of unprocessed samples and processed samples with five percent urea were determined using three mature rumen-fistulated Holstein dairy cows (with initial body weight of 615±15 kg and three lactation number). Urea treatment decreased DM and NDF degradation lag time of processed wheat straw (P<0.05); however it had no effect on DM and NDF degradation lag time of sugarcane bagasse. The urea treatment resulted to increase in DM and NDF degradability rate of processed wheat straw (P<0.05), but had no effect on DM and NDF degradability rate of sugarcane bagasse. The potentially degradable fraction of DM and پ NDF of both experimental materials were increased by treatment (P<0.05). The effective degradability of DM and NDF of experimental roughages increased (P<0.05) after urea treatment from 35.69 and 21.69 to 44.04 and 29.12 percent, respectively for wheat straw and from 18.88 and 15.65 to 23.92 and 19.52 percent, respectively for sugarcane bagasse. According to the results of this experiment, urea treatment of roughages-feeds, especially wheat straw improves degradability of DM and NDF.

This study was conducted to investigate the influence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on sheep oocyte maturation and developmental competence and changes in the expression of microRNAs in cumulus cells in the inflammatory situations induced by LPS. For this, ewechr('39')s oocytes were cultured in medium containing 0 (control) and 1 µg/ml of LPS for 24 hours. After in vitro maturation, the percentage of nucleus maturation and distribution of cumulus cells were evaluated. Moreover, the rate of cleavage and blastocyst production were evaluated. The expression of microRNAs was quantitatively assessed by real-time PCR. The addition of LPS to maturation medium did not show any significant effects on the proportion of nucleus maturation and cumulus cell distribution. Although percentage of cleavage was not affected by LPS, the rate of blastocyst production was significantly reduced in the presence of LPS (P < 0.05). Expression of Mir-150 was significantly increased in response to LPS supplementation in culture medium (P < 0.05). Also, the expression of Mir-200b and Mir-27a increased in culture medium containing LPS compering to the control group, whereas Mir-let7a expression decreased in response to LPS addition, however, the difference was not statistically significant. The results demonstrate that LPS has detrimental effects on sheep oocyte developmental competence and these effects seem to be mediated through changes in the expression of microRNAs in cumulus cells.

Dairy cows are exposed to various stresses such as parturition, lactation and oxidative stress during the transition period. Controlling these stresses and other stresses such as treatment and vaccination could help to improve the health and persistency of milk production. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ascorbic acid and salicylate on animal health and milk production in transition period as well as alleviating inflammatory responses induced by postpartum vaccinations. Forty-four Holsteins fresh cows were randomly assigned to 4 experimental groups (n = 11) in a randomized complete design and experiment continued for 30 days. Treatments groups were as follows: 1) control (with basal diet) 2) basal diet + 30 g/day ascorbic acid, 3) basal diet + 10 g/day salicylic acid and 4) basal diet + 30 g/day ascorbic acid + 10 g/day salicylate. Results showed that feeding of salicylate increased milk production (p < 0.05). Dietary supplementation of ascorbic acid increased milk fat percentage (p < 0.05) but had no effect on milk production. The highest concentration of glucose was noted in cows fed by ascorbic acid, and the lowest concentration of blood urea nitrogen was observed in cows fed by ascorbic acid + salicylate (P <0.05). Dietary inclusion of salicylate, ascorbate or the combination of salicylate and ascorbate decreased concentrations of haptoglobin and serum amyloid-A in cows vaccinated against FMD, whereas TNFα was decreased just in cows fed by salicylate and salicylate + ascorbate as compared to the control group (P <0.05). Generally, it could be concluded that supplementation of ascorbic acid and salicylate in early lactating cows could improve production and health status and reduce inflammatory responses of postpartum vaccinations.

To study the effects of replacing canola meal with black seed meal on performance, blood parameters and carcass characteristics, eighteen male lambs (with initial BW, 29.5 ±1.5 kg and 110 ± 7 days of age) were used in a completely randomized design with 3 different treatments over 90 days. Experimental treatments were: 1) control; diet containing 9% canola meal, 2) diet containing 4.5 % canola meal plus 4.5 % black seed meal and 3) diet containing 9 % black seed meal. The amount of dry matter, ash, crude protein, fat, NDF, ADF, and ADIN of black seed meal was 92.60 ±0.58, 7.24±0.27, 35.8±1.0, 12.31±0.51, 24.56±1.24, 13.0±0.79 and 2.15±0.17, respectively. There were no significant differences between treatments for digestibility of organic matter, NDF, fat and protein. Daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio, daily weight gain, final body weight, carcass efficiency, weight of liver, heart, kidney and testis were not differed between experimental groups. However, lambs fed with black seed meal had lower level of subcutaneous fat, tail-fat and total body fat deposition compared to control group (P<0.05). Feeding 9% black seed meal increased blood total protein and albumin concentration compared to the other experimental groups (P<0.05). The results of this study showed that it could be feasible to use black seed meal up to 9% in finishing lamb diet.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of partial replacement of wheat straw for corn silage and alfalfa hay at 7% diet dry matter (DM) on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, and milk production of late-lactation Holstein cows. Eight multiparous Holstein cows (averaging 2.9±0.35 parity; 43.6±2.6 kg/d milk yield; 214±18 d in milk) were used in a replicated 4×4 Latin Square design. During each of four 21-d periods, cows were fed  total mixed rations varying in forage source: 1) control (13.5% alfalfa hay, 20% corn silage and 66.5% concentrate), 2) wheat straw replaced for corn silage, 3) wheat straw replaced for alfalfa hay 4) wheat straw equally replaced for corn silage and alfalfa hay. Diets were formulated to contain similar values of NDF, forage NDF and physically effective NDF. The DM intake, milk production and compositions as well as total tract digestibility of DM, organic matter, NDF, and crude protein were unaffected by treatments. Likewise, ruminal and blood parameters were not affected by experimental treatments. Body weight gain tended to be lower (P=0.06) for cows fed the wheat straw-included diets. These results indicated that, at 7% of diet DM, chopped wheat straw could be used as an alternative for major forage sources high concentrate diets for lactation cows yielding over 40 kg/d milk.

To study the effects of feeding rumen-protected ascorbic acid and salicylic acid on performance of dairy cows under heat stress conditions, forty four lactating dairy cows in early lactation were allocated in a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 11 animals in each treatment for 30 days. Experimental treatments were: 1) control (diet without coated ascorbic acid and salicylic acid), 2) diet contained 30 g/d coated ascorbic acid, 3) diet contained 10 g/d coated salicylic acid and 4) diet contained 30 g/d coated ascorbic acid + 10 g/d coated salicylic acid. Cows were fed with salicylic acid supplement had a higher daily milk yield (51.47 kg/day) compared to other experimental groups (P<0.05). Feeding of coated ascorbic acid increased milk fat percent, glucose, BHBA, NEFA concentration and decreased somatic cell count compared to other treatments (P<0.05). Total milk's solids, energy and fat corrected milk and milk urea nitrogen were increased in coated ascorbic acid group compared to control (P<0.05). Blood urea concentration in coated ascorbic acid and salicylic acid group were less than control group (P<0.05). The results showed that feeding coated ascorbic acid and salicylic acid could improve performance of Holstein dairy cows in early lactating phase under heat stress conditions.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dry corn gluten feed (DCGF) on nutritive value of corn silage by in vitro and in vivo methods. The firs stage of the experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design, included three treatments and 5 replicates, in which chopped corn forage was mixed with 0.0, 5 and 10 percent of DCGF and ensiled in 200L polyethylen barrels. After three months of ensiling, the silages were opened and evaluated. Voluntary intake and digestibility of the silages along with basal diet (Alfalfa hay+wheat straw+barley ground) were determined, using mature (two years old) male Shal sheep. Including of DCGF to corn silage increased (p<0.05)dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) in the silages respectively, but pH and organic matter values were not affected by the treatments. However, the DM content did not reach to optimum (35%) point. Concentration of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) was increased but acid detergent fibre (ADF) was decreased (p<0.05) as DCGF was increased in the corn silages. Addition of CGF increased dry matter intake of the silages (p<0.05). The digestibility of DM, OM and NDF were higher in silages containing  DCGF (p<0.05). The intake of the digestible DM, OM and NDF were higher in DCGF content silages than those of basal diet and control silage (p<0.05). In general,adding DCGF to corn silage could improve silage quality as well as increasing voluntary intake (g/d) and digestibility when fed to sheep.

The aim of this research was to study the feeding value of Lactuca Serriola at different harvesting stages and comparison of different models for prediction of its lag time. The forage was cut at tow growing stages before and after bloom and chemical composition, degradability and gas production parameters were compared with alfalfa hay. Also lag time of experimental forages was determined. The crud protein and NFC concentration were the lowest and NDF and ADF content were the highest after bloom compared with alfalfa hay (p<0.05). potentially digestible fraction (b) of DM increased by enhancement of the growing stage od Lactuca Serriola (p<0.05). effective degradability (ED) and gas production potential before bloom stage were significantly higher than the other experimental forages (p<0.05). Results obtained from prediction of lag time showed that the lag timewas the highest before bloom of Lactuca Serriola (p<0.05). In conclusion, Lactuca Serriola ( before bloom) could be considered as a good potential forage source in ruminant nutrition.

This study examined the effects of partial replacement of soybean meal (SBM) with heat-treated soybean meal (HSBM) in heat-stressed cows. 32 multiparous Holstein cows (DIM = 110 ± 20; milk yield = 40 ± 4.1 kg) were used in a complete block randomized design with a 2×2 factorial arrangment of treatments. Treatments included two dietary crude protein levels (i.e. 17 and 15.5%) each combined with HSBM partially replaced for SBM. The experiment was conducted in two periods of 28 days with the last seven days for sampling and collection of data of tempreature, nutrient intake and digestibility and blood variables. Average THI showed that cows were in mild heat stress (70.60 and 71.50 for periods 1 and 2, respectively)(p > 0.05). Diets with 15.5% CP and based on HSBM increased intakes of dry and organic matter (p 0.05). Butyric and isovaleric acid were increased in cows received HSBM (p

The aim was to evaluate effects of in vitro fermentation of different forages co-incubated with different types of non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC) on gas production, digestibility, microbial biomass, medium pH and ammonia concentration. A completely randomized design with factorial arrangement (9 treatments and 3 replicates) were used wherein wheat straw, alfalfa hay and corn silage constituted main forage sources and starch, sucrose and pectin were components of NFC. 0.2 g of each forage samples incubated with 0.3 g of each NFC component for 24 h and gas production, apparent and true digestibility, microbial biomass, pH and ammonia concentration measured. Forage and NFC sources, alone but not in combination, had a significant effect on gas production, digestibility as well as ammonia concentration (p

Intercropping has many advantages including improved soil conditions (Chen et al., 2004), increased resources and better weed control (Banik et al., 2006). Due to their positive effect on forage quality, intercropping of cultures has an important role in farming systems. Furthermore, intercropping improves absorption of solar radiation, increases the activity of soil microorganisms and contributes to better weed- and pest-resistant conditions (Karadage, 2004). The goal of this research is to investigate intercropping of maize and sorghum with legumes, such as mung beans, cowpeas and clover, in order to evaluate the benefits. The benefits should include increased yield, improved quality forage (higher protein levels), and better weed control. Intercropping should best suit the climatic conditions of the region and improve agricultural practices.
In order to investigate the effect of additive intercropping of maize and sorghum with legumes on qualitative and quantitative forage and weed growth, a field experiment was carried out over two years, in the 2011-12 growing seasons in the village of Mafin-Abad, in the Eslamshahr region of Tehran Province. Maize and sorghum monoculture and their intercropping with three different legumes (mung beans, cowpeas and berseem clover) in different additive intercropping systems were compared in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The traits evaluated in this study include yield, forage dry matter, protein, index against ground, and economic advantages.
The results showed that intercropping increased forage dry matter and crude protein. Intercropping also significantly decreased weed dry weight. In all intercropping treatments, LER was above 1, indicating yield advantages for intercropping. Maize and cowpeas in the 100% density treatment showed the best results over both years and produced the highest dry forage yield, LER and CP and the least amount of weed dry weight. Based on the results of this experiment, it could be concluded that maize and sorghum-legume intercropping could substantially increase forage quality and quantity. These intercrops can be recommended to replace monoculture systems. Maize and sorghum-cowpea additive intercropping could be highly recommended because of higher forage quality and quantity with fewer side effects on the environment.
The results showed that intercropping could be used to increase yield, improve forage quality and weed control. Intercropping cultures also indicated that LER was more than 1 and led to a higher economic profit in comparison with a monoculture. This can be a suggestion for farmers to use intercropping in this recommended form. In the intercropping of maize and sorghum and cowpea, particularly with a density of 100%, cowpea clearly manifests itself. Therefore, intercropping can be recommended to farmers as a way to boost performance, revenue, forage quality (protein) and control weeds.

In order to determine the digestibility of different levels of Sprouted Barley (SB) (0, 15, 30 and 45%), 16 adult male sheep by completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 4 replications, were used. Measuring of dry matter and protein degradability parameters of the SB was achieved from 3 rumen cannulated Taleshi breed bulls. The mean and standard deviation of chemical composition of SB including dry matter, crud protein, crude ash, crude fat, neutral detergent fiber, starch, soluble carbohydrates, Ca and P were 52.63±0.005, 10.31±0.58, 2.53±0.25, 2.78±0.15, 20.11±0.53, 44.77±1.47, 17.35±0.95, 0.096±0.006 and 0.402±0.004 % in DM, respectively. In addition, the Gross Energy was obtained 4296±102 Mcal/g. The mean of CP, CF, OM, soluble carbohydrates and GE for SB were significantly higher than barley grain (P<0.05). The mean of digestibility of DM, OM, CP, GE, NDF and DE for germinated barley obtained using difference procedure were 75.08, 81.95, 62.75, 77.66, 54.03 % and 3.34 Mcal/gr, respectively. Digestibility of NDF, GE and DE were increased (P<0.05). The degradable parameters of germinated barely for rapidly degradable fraction (a), slowly degradable fraction (b), rate of degradation (c) for dray matter were 35.19, 51.32 and 24.62 percent per hour.

Introduction It has been estimated that PBP production based on fresh weight in Iran is over 400,000 MT annually. Pistachio by-products consist of 53.50% external hull (epicarp) with the remaining composed of leaves, mesocarp and kernel. The results of few studies showed feeding of low levels of PBP had no effects on sheep, dairy cow and goat performance. Ensiled of PBP with PEG, NaOH and urea then treated by electron irradiation could be caused to better nutrition value via deactivation of tannins. The aim of this study was to survey the effect of diets containing pistachio by products treated by electron irradiation, NaOH, and PEG on nutrients digestibility and performance of finishing Zandi lambs.
Materials and methods Twenty male Zandi lambs with the initial average body weight of 21±1.52 kg were housed in individual pens and were allocated to four dietary treatments in a completely randomized design for 70 days. The basal diet consisted of 220 g/kg DM PBP, 130 g/kg DM wheat straw and 650 g/kg DM barley based concentrate. The four dietary treatments included control diet (Treatment 1; basal diet containing 22% PB), ER-PBP (Treatment 2; containing 22% electron irradiated PBP), NaOH-PBP (Treatment 3; containing 22% NaOH treated PBP) and PEG-PBP (Treatment 4; PEG added to basal diet as 15 g/kg of diets DM). Throughout the 70 d experiment, body weight was measured weekly. Feed intake and ort of lambs were recorded and sampled daily for determination of nutrient intake of DM, CP (N × 6.25), EE and NDF as describes before.
Apparent total digestibility of nutrients was estimated by the marker ratio technique using acid insoluble ash (AIA) as an internal marker.
Blood samples (10 ml) were taken from jugular vein of lambs before morning feeding on d 70 of experiment. The serum concentrations of total protein (TP), albumin, creatinine, glucose and urea were determined using commercial laboratory kits (Pars Azmun Laboratory, Tehran, Iran) and an auto analyzer. The data were analyzed as completely randomized design. Duncan’s multiple range tests were used to determine the differences amongst treatments. Significant levels were defined as those with probabilities of 0.05 or less.
Results and Discussion Nothing as the effects of dietary treatments were observed on FBW. Feeding ER-PBP diet to lambs tended to increase DMI and also increased (P Conclusion It can be concluded that irradiation of pistachio by-product is a useful treatment to improve nutritional value of pistachio by-product as a feed ingredient for sheep. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the effects of other physicochemical treatments of PBP on lamb performance and to evaluate the economic value of including PBP in ruminant diets.

In recent years, dietary fat supplementation has become a common practice and fat supplemented diets have had variable effects on animal performance and carcass characteristics.

This study was conducted to determine the effect of increasing the levels of sesame oil on performance, rumen parameters and plasma lipid profile in finishing Chal lambs.

Eighteen male lambs were fed with control (C; without sesame oil) and the diets contained low level (LSO; 2.5%) and high level (HSO; 5%) of sesame oil.

The addition of fat had no effect on dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and carcass weight. Treatments with sesame oil had no effect on rumen ammonia concentration and total protozoal count. Ruminal pH was numerically smaller (p=0.14) for control compared to lambs fed diets containing 2.5 and 5% sesame oil. Treatments had no effect on total VFA, acetate, butyrate, valerate and isovalerate concentrations. The propionate concentration decreased (p=0.04) by supplementation of sesame oil compared with the control. Total cholesterol (TC) and HDL increased and the tendency for VLDL and triglyceride (p=0.13) to increase was observed by treatment groups when compared with the control. Glucose concentration and LDL were not affected by treatment.

Sesame oil had no effect on the performance and carcass weight of lambs but there was decrease in blood cholesterol concentration.

This study was conducted to investigate effect of different sources of copper on gas production parameters and nutrients digestibility in Zandi male lambs. In the first experiment, 18 male lambs (initial body weight 17.53±1.62) divided into three groups and fed one of the three experimental diets for 70 days. Dietary treatments were control (basal diet without copper supplement), basal diet plus 10 ppm copper from sulfate and basal diet plus 10 ppm from proteinate copper. In comparison with control, copper supplementation improved average daily gain and feed conversion ratio, but there was no significant difference among the dietary treatments for dry matter intake. Dry matter, organic matter, crude protein and acid detergent fiber digestibility was higher for lambs fed with organic copper compared to lambs fed with control and inorganic copper (P<0.01). In the second experiment, an in vitro gas production technique was used to evaluate the effects of copper sources on the amount and rate of gas production, dry matter degradability, utilization of metabolizable energy (ME), and ruminal fermentation patterns using rumen fluid from three lambs as inoculum. Rate of gas production (c) did not differ among the treatments. Asymptotic of gas production (b) was higher for diets containing supplemental copper compared to control. It seems that supplementation of fattening lamb diet with of organic copper could be improved rumen fermentation and performance of lambs.

This experiment was conducted with broiler chickens to evaluate the effects of High and Low Swelling Bentonite (Natural and Processed by CuSo4) supplementation in diets on performance and carcass traits. A total of 300 day-old Aryan broiler’s chicks were used in a completely randomized design with 5 dietary treatments. Six pen replicates of 10 chicks were assigned to each of five dietary treatments, which included: 1) corn-soybean meal basal diet(control); 2) basal diet supplemented with % 1 high swelling bentonite(HSB); 3) basal diet supplemented with % 1 processed high swelling bentonite (PHSB); 4) basal diet supplemented with % 1 low swelling bentonite(LSB); and 5) basal diet supplemented with % 1 processed low swelling bentonite(PLSB). Body weight and feed intake were recorded weekly over 42 d. Results showed that HSB supplemented diets significantly decreased body weight and feed intake, and increased feed: gain ratio in comparison to other treatments. Also, the production index in birds fed HSB diet, were lower than birds fed on diets containing PHSB(P < 0.05). PHSB addition to diets significantly decreased (P < 0.05) the relative weights of gut and liver when compared to control P < 0.05). These results indicated that processed HSB by CuSo4 have better effects on growth performance, mortality reduction and improvement of production index broilers compared to HSB. It seems that using processed high swelling bentonite in diets contaminated by mold’s toxins to be better than low swelling bentonits

The effect of replacing alfalfa by artichoke hay on nutrient digestibility، gas production parameters، performance and carcass characteristics of Lori-Bakhtiari lambs was studied. The lambs in control group received diet containing 30 percent alfalfa، 15 percent barley straw and 55 percent concentrate and in test group alfalfa hay was replaced with artichoke hay، completely. Dry matter intake was higher for test group lambs (P<0. 05)، but average daily gain and feed conversion ratio were not differed between experimental groups. Gas production rate was not differed between groups، but b fraction was higher for test group (P<0. 05). Replacing alfalfa by artichoke caused to increasing digestibility of dry matter and organic matter (P<0. 05). However، control diet had higher digestibility of crude protein and NDF (P<0. 05). After slaughter، there were no significant differences between groups in carcass characteristics and percentage of internal organs. Results of this study showed that artichoke hay could be replaced with alfalfa hay in finishing lambs diet.

The objectives were to investigate the effects of addition of alfalfa hay as an absorbent on fermentation quality and effluent production of corn silage. Three levels of corn forage with dry matter (DM) contents of 18. 3، 21. 7 and 25. 5 percent were supplemented with 0، 5، 10، and 20 percent alfalfa hay، on as fed basis، and ensiled in three replicates in polyvinyl chloride mini-silos in a completely randomized design. Concentrations of ash and total nitrogen increased and that of neutral detergent fiber decreased significantly as the level of absorbent increased (P< 0. 05). Increasing the level of absorbent significantly increased the DM of silage where the higher levels of DM were observed in silages with 1 and 20 percent absorbent. The pH values were within the optimum range of corn silage (ranging from 3. 79 to 4. 33); however، silage pH was affected by the interaction between DM and level of absorbent (P<0. 05). The pH increased as the level of absorbent increased، however، the effect was less observed in silages with 26 percent DM. Also، there was an interaction between the DM and absorbent in the concentration of residual water-soluble carbohydrate of silage where the differences in water-soluble carbohydrates in silages with 18 percent initial DM were lower than those in silages with 22 and 26 percent DM. As the level of absorbent increased، aerobic stability was improved with the effects becoming less pronounced as the level of DM increased. Effluent production was markedly reduced as the level of absorbent increased so that it dropped to 0 ml at 20 percent alfalfa hay addition at all DM levels (P<0. 05). The concentrations of DM and nitrogen were higher in effluent produced from silages treated with higher level of absorbent; however، total DM and nitrogen losses were lower due to considerably lower effluent production. Results showed that using a minimum of 10 percent alfalfa hay could effectively reduce effluent production and improve aerobic stability of corn silage while maintaining its optimal pH.

The effects of various levels of whole cottonseed(WCS) on performance, carcass characteristics, blood parameters, an experiment in completely randomized design (CRD) with four diets containing 0, 4, 8 and 16 percent WCS on 20 Chaal male lambs with initial average weight 30.4±1.8 kg and 5-6 months old for 90 days was performed. In comparison of control diet with diets contain WCS in aspect of daily weight gain, feed intake, the percent of tail weight and also abdominal fat was significant difference(p<0.01). The effect of diet on concentration of blood parameters was significant (p<0.01). Glucose concentration with increasing of WCS in diet was decreased, whereas concentration of cholesterol and triglyceride in blood were increased linearly (r2 = 0.98). This experiment showed that, the WCS could be included up to 16 percent of the fattening male lamb’s diet.

The effects of different levels of Whole Cottonseed (WCS) on feedlot performance and morphology of small intestine were studied in a completely randomized design with four diets containing 0, 4, 8 and 16 percent WCS on 20 Chaal male lambs for 90 days. The metabolisable energy and proteins contents of rations were equal. Number and dimensions of different types of villi and depth of crypt gland were evaluated. Different levels of WCS in the diet had no significant effect on body weight gain and feed conversion ratio, but the sheep consumed diets containing 4 % WCS more than they did the other diets (p<0.01).. The effect of diet was significant only on the number of leaf shape villi. (p<0.01). The difference number of all types of villi in different places of intestine sampling (duodenum, jejunum, ileum), also was significant. Villus dimensions and depth of crypt gland were affected by diet and sites sampling. This experiment showed that, WCS can increase villus heigh:crypt depth ratio and it could be included 16 percent of the fattening male lamb’s diet.

This study was conducted to evaluate the feed intake، body weight gain، total energy (kcal) and protein (g) intake، energy (kcal) and protein (g) intake/body weight gain، energy efficency ratio (EER) and protein efficency ratio (PER) on broiler chicks (Arian strain) fed two different energy systems (AMEn and TMEn) and two ways of expressing amino acid requirements (AMEn and TMEn) and two methods of formulation of diets AA requirements (total and digestible) on complete randomize design with four treatment and 6 replicate and 20 chickens each of replicate. the results of experiment showed that the total energy (kcal) and protein (g) intake، energy (kcal) and protein (g) intake/body weight gain، energy efficiency ratio (EER) and protein effiency ratio (PER) of broilers is significantly affected by expression energy systems and the levels of diets amino acid (total and digestible AA) (p<0/05) and formulated diet with expression energy system as TMEn and way of expressing amino acid as digestible، resulted on improved this traits، Interaction between expression energy system and levels of diets amino acid was significant for aforesaid (p<0/05).

In this study, about 1000 kg of wet Rose Flower pulp were obtained from Ghamsar – Kashan in Iran and dried in air for 10 days. The DM, CP, Ash, EE, total extractable phenols, total tannin, Ca and P of Rose flower extraction pulp (RFEP) were 96.0, 12.5, 6.5, 1.8, 2.7, 1.3, 1.1 and 0.1 percent, respectively. Four adult Chaal sheep in a changeover design used for determination of digestibility, dry matter intake and nitrogen balance. The sheep fed by four diets with different ratio of RFEP: alfalfa (0.0:100, 15:85, 30:70 and 45:55). Digestibility of DM and OM were not affected by experimental diets. Inclusion of 30 percent or more RFEP, decreased CP digestibility (P< 0.05). Dry matter intake was not affected by inclusion of different levels of RFEP in diets. The nitrogen balance of diets including zero, 15, 30 and 45 precent RFEP were 3.1, 2.6, 1.4 and 1.1 gram per day, respectively (P< 0.05). The DM and CP effective degradability of RFEP were 68.5 and 67.8, respectively. It seems that Rose flower extraction pulp can be used as a part of roughage in the ruminant’s diet.

To study the effects of various levels of whole cottonseed (WCS) on performance, carcass characteristics and blood parameters, an experiment in completely randomized design (CRD) with four diets containing zero, four, eight and 16 percent WCS on 20 Zandi male lambs with initial average weight 30.4 ± 1.8 kg and 5-6 months old for 90 days was performed. Energy and chemical composition of rations were similar. In comparison of control diet with diets contain WCS in aspect of feed intake, feed conversion ratio, the percent of the carcass and also abdominal fat was significant difference (P< 0.01). The effect of diet on concentration of blood parameters was significant (P< 0.01). Glucose concentration with increasing of WCS in diet was decreasing, whereas concentration of cholesterol and triglyceride in blood increased linearly. This experiment showed that the WCS could be included up to eight percent of the fattening male lamb’s diet.