احمد شجاعی

The present study was conducted in order to investigate the role of religious/Islamic orientation and spiritual health of teachers in predicting the tendency to risky behaviors in male students.

The current research method was descriptive, correlational type. The statistical population of the research included all the male teachers and students of the second year of high school in the 2nd district of Ardabil city in the academic year of 2021-2022. The number of samples included 150 teachers and 300 students who were selected by available sampling method. Questionnaires of high-risk behaviors (Ahmadpour, 2013), religious orientation based on Islam (Azerbaijani, 2013) and spiritual health (Polotzin & Ellison, 1982) were used to collect data. The collected data were analyzed by Pearson's correlation coefficient test and multiple regression using SPSS20 statistical software.

There is a significant relationship between religious/Islamic orientation (p<0.01 and r=-0.438) and spiritual health of teachers (p<0.01 and r=-0.405) with tendency to risky behaviors in students. The results of the regression analysis showed that religious/Islamic orientation and spiritual health of teachers have 0.504 percent ability to predict the tendency of students to engage in high-risk behaviors (p<0.01).

It can be concluded that the presence of religious/Islamic orientation and the spiritual health of teachers can be the basis for reducing and even preventing the tendency to risky behaviors in students. Therefore, it is very important to prepare comprehensive programs by the Department of Education in order to check and correct these variables in teachers.

Abortion is one of the topics that, in addition to the medical and moral dimensions, is also a point of discussion and disagreement from the point of view of jurisprudence and law. The purpose of the article is to examine abortion from the point of view of jurisprudence and law in the light of the rule of hardship and difficulty.

This paper is descriptive and analytical applying library method.

Ethical Considerations:

 In the present paper, the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness are observed.

From the point of view of jurisprudence, the life of the fetus can be divided into two periods before and after the birth of the soul. Abortion is not permissible after the soul is breathed in, but abortion before the soul is breathed in is permissible under certain conditions. According to jurisprudence, the same point of view prevails in the subject law. From the point of view of jurisprudence and law, if there is an imperfect fetus and there is a risk to the mother's health, as well as extreme difficulty for her, it can be considered permissible to abort the fetus by resorting to the rule of hardship and difficulty. Of course, in Iranian law, with the approval of the law to protect the youth of the population, it has become very difficult to resort to the rule of no hardship and difficulty in permitting abortion due to fetal defects and the risk to the mother's health.

It is necessary for the legislator to have a broader approach and interpretation of the rule of hardship and difficulty and prevent the birth of disabled babies, which create very difficult conditions for parents. Also, regarding the difficulties that threaten the mother's health, a more realistic approach should be adopted so that this issue is not completely limited by the influence of population growth policies.

Abortion is one of the important issues that has always been the subject of debate and disagreement. The purpose of this article is study on the conditions of abortion from the perspective of medicine, jurisprudence and criminal law in the light of mother's health. The findings indicate that from the medical point of view, if the health of the mother or the fetus is in danger, it is necessary to perform a therapeutic abortion. In Islamic jurisprudence, jurists have unanimously considered abortion to be a sin and prohibited, and abortion is also prohibited in Iranian criminal law. The the health and distress of the mother is most important condition for the permission of abortion in jurisprudence. From a jurisprudential point of view, if the mother's life is in danger, to abort the fetus before the soul is breathed into the body, citing jurisprudential rules La-Zarar is permissible. The health of the mother is also mentioned in the law as one of the conditions for abortion. In the Family and Youth Protection Law, the conditions of abortion are limited, and cases such as mother's harassment must be determined by the judge, and the mother's request for harassment is not enough.

According to what has been narrated in the hadith, historical, theological and commentary books, the Holy Prophet (PBUH) has spoken about the virtues of Amir al-Mu'minin (PBUH) in various cases and at many times in the presence of his companions, one of which is  "Hadith Attashbiyyah". Is. According to this hadith, some of the attributes of perfection that are scattered in the divine prophets are mentioned in one place in the case of Imam Ali (AS). Among them are the knowledge and dignity of Prophet Adam, the wisdom and piety of Prophet Noah, the patience and tolerance of Prophet Job, the wisdom of Prophet Seth, the gentleness of Prophet Abraham, the awe of Prophet Moses, the asceticism and worship of Prophet Jesus (pbuh), and the perfection and beauty of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh). Is. This hadith has been narrated with different interpretations by the companions of the Prophet (PBUH) in many Shia sources, especially Sunnis, and there is no doubt about its authenticity. In this research, using the rational-narrative method, the verbal implications of this hadith have been explained. The most important of these features are: equality with all the prophets, superiority over each of the prophets, superiority over other companions of the Prophet (PBUH), infallibility, Imamate and immediate caliphate of Imam Ali (PBUH).

 Patients with severe psychiatric diseases, due to the debilitating and chronic nature of these diseases, requires prolonged care by family and other rated people. In addition to the patient, these diseases affect the caregiver and create high psychological, social, and individual pressure to take care of themselves. This study aims to compare the burden of schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder (BD) type 1, and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) on the family caregivers in Iran. 

In this descriptive-analytical study, using the non-probability sampling method, 450 family caregivers of patients with schizophrenia, BD type 1, and ASD were selected based on the inclusion criteria. Data collection tools comprised a demographic checklist, short-form Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI-12), and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS). The questionnaires were distributed to the patients selected from the Psychiatric Institute of Tehran, Iran Psychiatric Hospital, and Ali Asghar Hospital. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA for evaluating the relationship of demographic factors with the amount and severity of disease burden, and interclass correlation coefficient in SPSS v. 22.

 The disease burden was higher on caregivers of ASD patients, followed by that of BD type 1 and schizophrenia patients. The highest and lowest hours of care were related to the ASD and schizophrenia groups, respectively. Women made up the majority of family caregivers. The educational level of family caregivers was higher in the BD type 1 group and was lower in the schizophrenia group. Most caregivers in the BD type 1 group were employed, while most of them in the schizophrenia group were housewives. The lowest and highest income levels were related to the family caregivers of ASD and schizophrenia groups, respectively. The highest and lowest hospitalization frequencies were seen in the BD type 1 and ASD groups, respectively.

 The burden of three diseases on the family caregivers is high. It is recommended that state-run consulting and screening centers be more active in this field. Because of the low-income level of some family caregivers, it is better to plan for more employment of family caregivers with the assistance of governmental and non-governmental organizations. It is better to hold strategic classes for the family caregivers to reduce their disease burden. Different methods to reduce the burden of diseases in caregivers, such as lowering care hours and using respite care and respite recess and dividing tasks between caregivers, using social or daycare services, can reduce their symptoms of depression and anxiety. Their depression and anxiety should be monitored, and pharmacological and non-pharmacological measures should be used for their treatment.

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of Nahj al-Balagha's psychological teachings on life satisfaction and reducing anxiety, stress and depression in adolescents. The research method was experimental with pre-test and post-test with a control group. The population of this study was all male high school students (12th grade) in Ardabil city. For this purpose, 40 students were selected based on availability sampling and randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The students participated in this study by completing the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS-21) and the Multidimensional Scale of Student Life Satisfaction, once before and once after the treatment sessions. The experimental group was taught the Nahj al-Balagha psychological instruction for 10 sessions, but the control group did not receive any training program. After data collection, the results were analyzed by SPSS software. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. The results showed that through Nahj al-Balaghah's psychological teachings, the mean scores for life satisfaction in the experimental group significantly increased and their mean scores of anxiety, stress and depression decreased. According to the results of this study, it can be said that group training of Nahj al-Balaghah psychological trainings is an effective method in promoting adolescent's psychological health.

The verses of special guidance of the prophets (PBUH) on their infallibility have been argued. These verses are of two categories; The first category is related to the guidance of all or some of the prophets (PBUH), such as verses 84-90 of Surah An'am, 58-59 of Surah Maryam and 20-20 of Surah Yasin. And the second category is related to a special prophet, such as verses 120-121 of Surah An-Nahl, 114 and 118 of Surah Safat and the second verse of Surah Fatah. In this article, using the method of explanation and analysis, how the verses imply the infallibility of the prophets and the realm of their meaning have been studied and the problems that have been raised in this regard have been answered.

In the present study the accuracy of predicting cryptocurrencies return was compared through two approaches of Geometric Broanian Motion (GBM) and Wavelet Transforms (WT). In order to do that, 5 cryptocurrencies of BTC, ETH, XRP, BCH and EOS as representatives of risky assets were studied with daily frequency during the one year period of 2018 to 2019. Two measures of RMSE and MAE were employed to compare the accuracy of approaches in prediction of returns. In geometric Brownian modeling, the Brownian process-based stochastic differential model for asset prices leads to the fact that the logarithmic return of an asset has a normal distribution with time-dependent parameters. The results of logarithmic returns prediction by both of methods showed that WTs have less error than GBM in returns prediction of BTC, ETH, XRP and BCH cryptocurrencies and for each of accuracy measures, an specific approach has desirable performance for prediction of EOS returns. citing these results it can be concluded that WT in prediction of risky assts returns has less error than GBM method.

The present study aims to identify and rank the factors affecting job motivation of high school teachers in Behbahan. This study method is applied research in terms of purpose and mixed research in terms of data collection. For this purpose, the statistical population of the research in the qualitative section includes all experts and related to the concept under study, which purposefully and using theoretical sampling strategy, 15 experts were selected. In the quantitative part, the statistical population included all secondary school teachers in Behbahan (1450), which 306 were selected as a sample using stratified random sampling and Morgan table. The required data are collected using a researcher-made questionnaire that has 4 components of individual factors, management factors, organizational factors, and occupational factors. Findings showed that among the individual variables, job motivation and communication skills and self-control, obtained the highest score among the individual variables affecting job motivation. Among the organizational variables, perceived organizational justice and organizational discipline achieved the highest score and among job variables, workplace mental health and required facilities and equipment received the highest score affecting teachers' job motivation among respondents.

Discussion of teleology, especially the question of the teleology of divine actions, is an important topic in the field of religious education, especially in the science of theology. For any active and curious mind, it is a question of whether divine actions are impersonal or not, especially in the realm of creation - which is the most important divine act. Is it possible to draw a purpose for divine creation? And if the answer is yes, what is the point? Islamic scholars have expressed different views on the teleology of the divine actions, some considering their basis on the acceptance of the intellectual goodness and rubbish knows the divine actions purposeful, and the negation of teleology of the divine actions requires many bugs that the Imamiyyah, Mu'tazilites, Matridiyeh Theologians are such groups. Others, like most Ash'aries, have rejected the purpose in the divine actions due to their refusal to accept the rule of intellectual goodness and rubbish. Other cults have elaborated on the issue. In the present article, the reasons for the views of different cults on the finality of divine actions

Nowadays, discussing management knowledge issues in academic and academic environments has its own challenges, for example explaining the concept of meritocracy in the area of ​​selecting the manager of the organization and achieving the success of the organization has been the subject of various discussions and perspectives. The purpose of this study is to present a transcendence of the main concepts and themes of Islamic management from Nahj al-Balagha's perspective by analyzing its meritocratic system based on studies. Accordingly, this study is an applied type and a qualitative research approach. The statistical population of the research includes researches in the field of Islamic management from the perspective of Nahj al-Balagheh. A total of 190 articles were selected and studied. According to the research criteria, 21 articles were purposely selected and analyzed. In-depth attention to the basies and theories of Western management and the teachings of Nahj al-Balagha as a strength and how to adapt successful Western management models to the Nahj al-Balagha criteria and beyond the reasons for failing to realize the proper management of Alevi meritocracy in ​​society and the lack of scientific and objective suggestions. As a point of challenge, these are some of the major weaknesses of these articles. The findings of the article show that Alawi Islamic management has 12 items in terms of insight criteria and 24 items in terms of deeds and 22 items in terms of actions, suggesting some of the criteria are consistent with Western management principles and some are incompatible with these criteria.

In verse 125 of Surah An-Nahl, God asks the Prophet (PBUH) to use three methods to invite people to Islam: Wisdom, good advice and good debate. Some have considered these three methods to be consistent with the three common arguments in logic (argument, rhetoric, and controversy); But there are differences between them. Wisdom in the Qur'an is a strong and unbreakable word that includes the goodness and happiness of human beings, and its realm includes theoretical and practical wisdom; Whether or not logical certainty is useful, but in the argument of the term in logic, there is certainty in a special sense. A good advice is a speech or behavior that encourages others to make a practical commitment to the true religion. Accordingly, the Qur'anic invitation, while having a wisdom, is also an example of invitation with the method of good advice, so it will be different from the common sermon in logic. The purpose of logical argument is to overcome the enemy, but the purpose of "good argument" is to clarify the truth and guide the other side. Another point is the method of using the three Qur'anic methods. The role of the best argument in the call to Islam is secondary to opponents, and there is a connection between wisdom and good advice - in terms of the status of prophethood and prophetic invitation

People's satisfaction from the services provided by government agencies in the executive and administrative systems in Iran is considered as one of the main indicators of efficacy in the growth and development of the system. Achieving public satisfaction with receiving services from the organization increases public confidence, which is the largest capital and support for the administrative system. The aim of this study was to assess the client satisfaction rate with the performance of physicians in the top 10 provincial centers of the forensic medicine organization in Iran.
Instruments & This descriptive research with a survey method was carried out among people referred to the top 10 provincial centers of the forensic medicine organization in Isfahan, Fars, North Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi, Kermanshah, Kerman, Gilan, East Azarbaijan, Tehran and Mazandaran provinces in 2015-2016. The subjects were selected using the simple random sampling method, and they completed the researcher-made questionnaires. 1785 questionnaires were completed. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS 22 software through the one-sample t-test.
The mean score of clients 'satisfaction with physicians' performance, informativeness, specialty and skill, commitment, courtesy and respect, space and medical and non-medical equipment of the organization were 4.25±0.62, 4.19±0.72, 4.17±0.70, 4.13±0.67, 4.27±0.73 and 4.24±0.74, respectively.
From the viewpoint of the clients, the performance of physicians in the top 10 provincial centers of the forensic medicine organization of the country is at a favorable level.

One of the important doctrines of belief in religious sources is the existence of Heaven and Hell, of course, Islamic scholars have discussed Heaven and Hell from various angles, in which this article only discusses the present existence of Heaven and Hell and its place. There are two main views on the present existence of Heaven and Hell: Most Islamic scholars believe in the present existence of Heaven and Hell, relying on numerous quranic and narrative reasons. Others, of course, deny their present existence by criticizing their positive reasons, and some of their rational and transcendental reasons, and believe that God will create Heaven and Hell in the resurrection. Views on the position of Heaven and Hell are also different; some have stopped and attributed their knowledge to God; but others have considered heaven above heaven and hell at the bottom of the earth, and some believe that heaven and hell is at the heart of this universe.

Suicide is one of the psychosocial problems in Lorestan Province due to its socio-cultural and economic structure. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of age group, time period, and birth cohort on the suicide incidence in Lorestan Province during the 2006-2015.
  In this study, to overcome the identifiability problem, the Carstensen approach and natural cubic smoothing character were used in age-period-cohort models (APC). Cohort effect was calculated as the relative rate from the 1984 reference cohort for men and 1987 cohort for women. The period effect in both sexes constrained to be relative to 1390 and to be 0 on average with 0 slope. The best APC model for both sexes was the models with "AC-P" parameter, 7 knots, and natural splines for men and B splines for women. All analyses were performed using the R software with Epi package.
  The age effect showed that the highest suicide incidence rate was seen in the elderly. Two strong birth cohort effects were observed, one increasing one in the 1980 cohort and one decreasing one in 1991 cohort. The most significant period effect was seen in men in 2011.
  The effects of 1991 and 1980 birth cohorts could be due to the consequences of imposed war in Iran. The three economic phenomena, oil price change, increased divorce rate, and increased unemployment rate can be effective in the emergence of the period effect in year 2011.

 “Criticism of the Holy Quran” is a topic that has a long history, and the enemies of Islam’s religion have tended to undermine the beliefs of Muslims. One of the contemporary bias is the one who is titled “Doctor Soha”, who published the book “The Quran’s Review” and is one of the most complete books on critique of the Quran, according to the opposition. The writer’s effort in it is to prove the existence of error and weakness in the Holy Quran. Some of the doubts in this book deal with the critique of verses and narrations related to medical science. The answer to these doubts requires an accurate study of the interpretations, books of the Quran and the texts of the Quran and the medical literature and articles related to the subject. Therefore, due to its complexity, it is considered less by the researchers or discussed in a superficial manner. The present study was carried out through a descriptive-analytical method with a critical orientation based on library resources and aims to defend the theory of revelation and the truth of all the data of the Quran, including its scientific data.

The result of the study is to prove that there is no conflict between the findings of medical science with the relevant verses and then the proof of the scientific miracle and legitimacy of the Holy Quran.

The aim of the present research is to examine the role of virtue on organizational justice. This study is descriptive and correlational. In this study, 104 employees of mohaghegh Ardabili University were selected by simple random sampling. To measure organizational justice, questionnaire (Niehoff and Moorman 1993) was used and to measure virtue, questionnaire was used which its validity was confirmed by experts and its reliability by using Cronbach's alpha / 78 was approved. In order to analyze the data of statistical methods, correlation and regression were used. The results showed that there is a significant correlation between managers’ virtue with organizational justice, and the main research hypothesis was confirmed. The author of the article concluded that there is a significant relationshop between the virtue of God and justice, and the main research hypothesis was confirmed. On the other hand, managers’ virtue in universities should be considerd as an important factor to be developed and streghtened in universities

Introduction: Past research have been shown strong relationship for the resiliency and extent of the violency in individual. The aim of this study then was to examine the effectiveness of a Spiritual Intervention on the personal and social resiliency of women victims of domestic violence.
Method: This is a semi-experimental study with pretest and post-test design that was conducted with the participation of 60 women under the coverage of a charity centre (Komite-Emdad Emam) in the Shiraz city during 2017 year. The sample of study included 40 female victims of violence who were selected using an available sampling method and assigned randomly in the experimental and control group (n= 20). To collect data, demographic questionnaire and Friborg’s Resilience Scale for Adults (RSA) were used. The Spiritual Intervention was held in 8 sessions of 90 minutes with group discussion and distribution of educational pamphlets. 15 day after the intervention, the post-test was performed and data were analyzed using a Multivariate Analysis of Covariance )MANCOVA(.
Results: Results showed significant increased resiliency mean scores  of the women in experimental group compared to the control groupafter the Intervention.  Mean components of Personal and Social Resiliency also increased significantly.
Conclusion: Training religious beliefs by spiritual intervention could increase the individual and social resiliency of women victims of domestic violencePersonal and Social Resiliencyand is recommended for them.

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between practical attitude and practical commitment to prayer and the level of happiness of students (Student Case Study of Mohaghegh Ardabili University) in the academic year of 1995-96.
The statistical population of this study is all male and female students of Mohaghegh Ardabili University. 240 of them were considered as a research sample with multistage random sampling method. For data gathering, the attitude and practical commitment to prayer and the Oxford Happiness Scale were performed on the sample. After data collection, descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation test and independent t-test) were used to analyze the results.
The results showed that there was a significant positive correlation between attitude and practical commitment to prayer and all aspects of it with student's happiness (P According to the findings of this study, the relationship between attitude and practical commitment to prayer with happiness can be achieved through revival of prayer and the practice of this divine worship, which promotes the psychological well-being and happiness of the students.

The main objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of religious seclusion (Itikaf) in increasing mental health and happiness of students (case study of Ardabil high school students) in the academic year of 1396-97. The research method was quasi-experimental using pre-test and post-test design with control group. The statistical population of the study is Ardebil high school students. The research sample consisted of 100 participants in religious seclusion and 100 students who did not attend the event (while controlling the same age and socioeconomic status), which were randomly considered. Participants completed the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) and the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire once before and once after the ceremony. While for non-static students, these tests were performed only once. After collecting the data, the results were analyzed by SPSS-17 software. For data analysis, descriptive statistics including mean and standard deviation and inferential statistics including covariance analysis were used. The results showed that religious seclusion ceremony improves the mental health of students in the intervention group and significantly reduces the symptoms of anxiety, depression, physical symptoms and social dysfunction, and also increases happiness significantly. According to the results obtained in this study, it can be said that the participation in the same ceremonies and similar religious and spiritual rituals, improve mental health and increase the vitality and happiness of adolescents, which encompasses the exact planning of the authorities.

Road traffic accidents accidents in Iran due to high frequency of their victims are the second cause of mortality. Considering the burden of road traffic accidents, it is necessary to provide a proper information setting for decision makers with analysis of current data in order to prevent and control road traffic accidents. Esfahan province is considered as one of the main roads with high traffic because of its touristic attractions and also its location in the in the country main traffic roads. Esfehan has 10 percent share of total transportation in country with daily transferring of more than 40 million ton cargo and 30 thousand passengers. Therefore, Esfahan province is considered as one of the high traffic ways in which the road accidents occur increasingly. This research is accomplished to investigate the epidemiology of fatal driving accidents in Esfahan province in 2012. In this cross-sectional study, all data of deaths following Isfahan traffic accident injuries in 2012 reported by forensic medicine organization were used. All received information first were controlled and then using Stata 11 were analyzed in terms of epidemiological variables. Relations of some effective variables on accident were also evaluated by statistical tests. Raw andage standardized incidence were 24.4 and 24.3 in 100000 person, respectively. Most of the studied subjects were male (79.98%) and between the ages of 15-44. suburbanaccident rate was also calculated based on the total number of vehicle transits in suburban roads that most of them happened in 6:00 AM and September.accoring to the location of accident 50.38% of them occurred in suburban roads. Cause of death in most of the accidents head injury (48.02). there was statistically Significant relation between crash site, vehicle type and the way of accident occurrence.
The study results indicate that accidents resulting in death most occurred in low educated males, between the ages of 15-44years and in July and September. Since more than 40 % of deaths was due to head injury, preventive measures and proper planning is necessary to decrease the deaths caused by accidents and increase the road safety especially in suburban roads.

This study investigates the effectiveness of Frankel’s logotherapy training on psychological well-being and happiness of orphan studentsand those with irresponsible parents under the support of Imam Khomeini Relief Committee of Ardabil.To achieve this goal, from the target population including all the high school studentssupported by Imam Khomeini Relief Committee of Ardebil during the academic year 2015-2016, 32 students (with a mean below the cut-off point on the scale of psychological well-being and happiness) were randomly selected as the sample. The instrumentsincludeda researcher-made questionnaire, the psychological well-being questionnaire, and the happiness scale.This clinical study had a pretest-posttest design and the collected data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). The results showed that there were significant differences between the two groups of experimental (under support) and control with respect to autonomy, environmental mastery, personal growth, positive relationships, purpose in life, self-acceptance, and happiness. Therefore, it can be concluded that the teaching of Frankel logotherapy can be employed to improve the quality of life and happiness of students supported by Imam Khomeini Relief Committee.

One of the arguments provided to establish the existence of God and his divinity is argument from guidance. Most Islamic scholars have taken the guidance in creatures as structural and ordered guidance and discussed it in the form of argument from design or argument from genesis and so on. Yet some other scholars, following some Quranic verses, have considered existence of God as a guider independent from his creation and separate from genesis of human beings and urged to distinguish between argument from guidance and argument from design and genesis. this paper, inspired from Quranic verses, will explain different accounts of argument from guidance, and its relation with similar arguments like argument from design and genesis have been analyzed, and finally some instances of guidance of creatures and their marvelous actions, which are manifestations of divine guidance, will be propounded.