اسماعیل جهانبخش

Based on the theory of Relative Deprivation, children who feel relatively deprived have lower expectations from their parents. To discover what factors affect the parents-related expectations of adolescents in South Khorasan Province, a cluster sample of 580 students, aged 13-18 years, was given a questionnaire of assumed validity and reliability on deprivation and expectation. Data analyses revealed that mean scores on generational gap, peer group, and sensing relative deprivation are higher than other factors, i.e. parental control over children, media usage, parental life style, and children’s consumerism. While the mean score for expectation was 59.1, it showed a positive and significant correlation with generational gap, children’s consumerism, parental life style, peer group, and media usage. The correlation between expectation and relative deprivation and parental control of children was significantly negative.

Nowadays, the study of health, growth and excellence of the family and the flow of power in it, along with the development of other institutions of society, has become very important and necessary. Therefore, the aim of the research is to investigate the impact of social health and social support components on balanced power distribution in families of Behbahan city. This research is of quantitative type and descriptive-analytical method and is considered practical in terms of purpose. The statistical population includes households living in Behbahan city, which is a total of 36,245 households. To calculate the sample size, Cochran's formula was used and 588 households were selected by multi-stage cluster method. The tool for collecting information is a questionnaire made by the researcher, whose content validity was confirmed through the review of expert professors in this field. The reliability of the instrument was calculated and confirmed by Cronbach's alpha statistic. The findings showed that the path coefficient of social support on power distribution is equal to 0.351 and the value of t-statistic is equal to 4.870. Therefore, social health and its components have an effect on the balanced distribution of power in Behbahan city. Also, the results show that the coefficient of the path of social support on the balanced distribution of power is equal to 0.483 and the value of t-statistic is equal to 7.962. As a result, social health and its components have an effect on the balanced distribution of power in Behbahan city.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between attachments with social adaptation. In terms of target type, an applied study, in terms of scope, is micro and in terms of time a cross sectional study. The method of research in this research is survey method and data collection tool are a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population of the present study is all people aged 18 years old and above Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad city. Their number is about 500 thousand according to the census of 2016. Also 384 people have been selected based on Forkel Cochran. The research, based on various theories, sought to investigate the relationship between the relationship between attachment and social identity in different dimensions with social adaptation. The results of the research indicate that between attachment (0.38) and its dimensions, attachment to the neighborhood (0.41), attachment to the city (0.39), attachment to the family (0.34) and attachment to the country (0.30) and social identity (0.31) are related to social adjustment of citizens of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad.

In today's world, the amazing and unimaginable growth of the media has made them a powerful tool that not only fulfills the informational task inherent in their nature; Rather, they have gone further and entered and influenced all aspects of human life. The diversity of the social roles of women and men reflects the fact that the concepts of femininity and masculinity (gender) are strongly influenced by social factors. Men and women are each reflected in the media. The image of women in mass media has an ideological aspect for the continuation of patriarchal relations. Against the subjectivity of women in patriarchal discourse; The strategy of struggle to deconstruct and break stereotypes has flowed in late modernity. The aim of the current research is to analyze the discourse of Iranian women's subjectivity in the Instagram social network. The research method in this study is qualitative content analysis. The technique used is critical discourse analysis and specifically Fairclough's discourse analysis approach. The community studied in this research is the pages related to the theoretical class of discourses of subjectivity in the Instagram social network of Iranian users, which were selected with theoretical considerations and qualitative content analysis. The final categories obtained in the research include the objectification of women, glorification of narcissism, gender class system, de-importance of role, naturalization of superior status, deprivation of rights, double otherization, which is consistent with the discourse of women's subjectivity.

The power structure in the family is one of the issues that has aroused the sensitivity of researchers and thinkers in terms of the growing importance of the "family" in maintaining and sustaining societies as the most current perspectives on the study of family sociology. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the sociological relationship between housing in terms of urbanity and position in the hierarchy of power in Behbahan families. This research is a quantitative and descriptive-analytical method and is considered practical in terms of purpose. The statistical population of the present study includes households living in Behbahan, which is a total of 36,245 households. Cochran's formula with an error coefficient of 4% was used to select the sample. 588 households were selected into two-stage clusters. The questionnaire is distributed among married heads of households. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire that the validity of the content was confirmed by a review of supervisors, consultants and some experts in this field. The reliability of the instrument was calculated and confirmed from Cronbach's alpha formula. Findings indicate that the hierarchy of authority (F = /14), the degree of unilateral power of the father (F = 50.125), the degree of unilateral power of the mother (F = 410/20) The structure of relative symmetric power (F = = 476/18) Women's access to power sources F (469/30)) varies according to the location of families in Behbahan.

The purpose of this study is to know the effects of economic, social and cultural consequences of handicraft development and its role in tourism prosperity in Kerman province. For this purpose, first, by reviewing the theoretical literature related to identifying the consequences of handicrafts on tourism development, then the opinion of active craftsmen in this industry (in Kerman province) was questioned. The analysis of the data obtained from the questionnaire in this research has been done in two descriptive and inferential ways using SPSS 22 software and IMOS software. In descriptive analysis, the researcher has summarized and classified the collected data using descriptive statistics indicators. In general, 2x test and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test were used to measure the normality of the data. Kolmogorf-Smirnov test was used to measure the normality of the variables of this research. Also, one-sample t-student tests were used to analyze the research questions. Two-sample independent t-test and one-way analysis of variance were used. To answer the rest of the questions, a one-sample t-test was used. Showed that the calculated averages of the opinions of artisans are above average and they believe that the development of handicrafts will lead to a boom in tourism and the consequences include; Increasing entrepreneurship and business prosperity, increasing income and increasing employment of natives and preventing migration and poverty alleviation and self-confidence in this sector.

One of the richest areas of discussion of the forms of media representation is related to gender identities. Meanwhile, the Internet and web space are one of the main components of the formation and representation of women's identity in new societies. The aim of the current research was to represent the image of women in the discourse of the Struggle against female subjectivity (case study: Instagram social network). The research method in this study was qualitative content analysis with an inductive approach. The community studied in this research was the pages related to the discourse of struggle against female subjectivity in the Instagram social network of Iranian users, which were selected with theoretical considerations and qualitative content analysis. Using the purposeful sampling method, 6 pages whose nature of messages were different from each other were selected as research samples. The results showed that the final categories obtained included rethinking identification, reconstruction of distorted social texts, equality, universality of women's demands, liberation of subjugated subjects, criticism of women's marginalization, media as an extension of the language of struggle, symbolic resistance, which is in line with the discourse of struggle against women's subjectivity. Therefore, it can be concluded that Instagram social network, as a public domain, have provided conditions for different representation and reconstruction of women and have prepared the ground for women's struggle against subjectivity and objectification in the patriarchal discourse and have become a tool for women's liberation.

The aim of this study was to compare the effects and consequences of Yavardeh subculture in the villages of Gilan and Markazi provinces with emphasis on some elements of Rogers peasant subculture. Because the helper is very important because it is in the category of subcultures. But with regard to the subject, the research method of this research is qualitative and in this regard, the ethnographic method with a sociological approach has been used. The technique of data collection was interview, note-taking and observation (field research). In this regard, the study population in Gilan province included farmers in 11 villages and the study population in Markazi province also included 11 villages. Accordingly, the selected samples are as follows: 24 villagers participating in the interview, from Gilan province and 23 villagers interviewed, from Markazi province, and the samples were selected based on the presence of helpers in a village. , In other words, purposeful sampling has been used; The results are inconsistent with the findings, character and behavior of rural villagers in Gilan and Markazi provinces with the elements in the Rogers peasant subculture, including lack of empathy, distrust, dependence on government and lack of acceptance of innovation. Not only is it not an obstacle to development, but it will be a kind of ground for development.

Security feeling is a psychological-social phenomenon which has various dimensions. This feeling is emanated from individuals’ direct and indirect experiences of their surrounding environment, and different people experience it in various ways. There are many common threats that could be seen more or less in all societies and lead to lack of social security feeling. Security feeling as a social variable could be affected by many social and individual factors. The present research is aimed at comparing Hormozgan province (East, West and Center) citizens’ security feeling and the impact of social dimensions of balanced development on it.

The present research, in terms of objective, was of applied type and has been conducted using survey method. Using Cochran formula, sample size of 384 people was selected in Hormozgan province, and a multi-stage cluster sampling method and a questionnaire was used for collecting data. And the validity of the content data collection tool and its reliability have been measured by Cronbach's alpha method. T-tests, ANOVA, Pearson correlation, regression and path analysis were used in predicting and explaining the security feeling influence on various components of social dimensions of development.

The results of the research indicated that the security feeling in the three studied areas is evaluated at an average level, but the social dimensions of balanced development are not equally developed in these areas. In other words, these dimensions in the east and west of the province have had the least impact, compared to the center.The findings of the research indicate that in “Lengeh” and “Minab”, the independent variables (social dimensions of development) social justice, social welfare, social sustainability and quality of life have been able to explain merely about 17.4 and 15.1 percent of the variance of the dependent variable (sense of security), respectively, while in Bandar Abbas city, the independent variables explained about 41.7 percent of the variance of the dependent variable.

This study examines the active presence of women in non-governmental organizations and its effect on their awareness and bioculture. The data collection method was a survey through a questionnaire. Using the Cochran formula, 333 female members were questioned in Lorestan province's nongovernmental organizations. According to the test of related hypotheses, the research findings show: Many socio-cultural activities of women have been voluntary from the past to the present, and women have not been forced to work outside the home. On the other hand, cooperation and learning are the hallmarks of these activities, and the roles that women play in relation to modern volunteering activities, including effective participation in these organizations, are flexible and appropriate to their biosocio-cultural. Thus, in this way, they are not completely detached from their family plans and do not lose the integrity of facing "themselves". In other words, they not only can, but also achieve their desired presence in the maintenance and management of society. But also able to face more awareness and satisfaction with their traditional and religious roles.

The construction of gas and petrochemical plants and refineries in a hurry and without much attention to the development of the city will disrupt the balance of nature and human standards and create a great variety of challenges in the environment and life of the people of the Kangan port. In this regard the study aimed investigate social consequences of industrial development in kangan city emphasizing the escalation of specialism and social inequality. This study was carried out using survey method and questionnaire was used for data collection. The statistical population consisted of the population was 25 years old in kangan city that 400 were estimated as the sample size by cluster sampling proportional to the size. one sample t test was used to test the research hypotheses. The results of the analysis showed that there is a significant relationship between the industrial development with escalation of specialism and change in social inequality.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of socio-cultural factors on inflation and exchange rate fluctuations. The present study is an applied research according to the existing goals and the type of research is based on quantitative paradigm and the technique used to collect information and survey data. The statistical population is in the first stage of experts' research that the sample size of research in this section is after 50 people. In the second part of the research, the statistical population is all citizens who have played a greater role in the exchange and purchase of goods in society (such as market merchants, heads of households, etc.). The sample size in this section was estimated based on Cochran's formula of 400 people. The research tool in the first stage is a researcher-made questionnaire. After conducting exploratory factor analysis, the number of research questions was reduced to 54 questions. In order to evaluate the validity of the research instrument, the face validity method was used and in order to measure the reliability, the Cronbach's alpha method of reliability was used. Sampling method in this dissertation is a multi-stage cluster sampling method. In the exploratory findings of the study, 3 factors were identified: inflation and currency price fluctuations. And the results of confirmatory factor analysis show that the effect of 3 variables; Institutional trust, psychological security and social capital are significant on the inflationary actions of citizens. Therefore, these 3 research hypotheses are accepted. According to the research

It is impossible to stay out of cultural and ethnic differences in today's world societies. In the Middle East, religious, ethnic, and economic heterogeneity is a common feature of the Middle East. Also in Iran, the model of the nation is mixed and unbalanced. The purpose of this study is to investigate individual and social factors (schema and ethnicity) affecting ethnic convergence among ethnic groups living in Ahvaz. The statistical population in this study includes all citizens 18 years and older in Ahvaz. In selecting the sample population in this study, random sampling was used. The sample size was calculated using the Cochran's formula of 384 people. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between social control and ethnicity and social security and education, social capital and cultural capital and the feeling of relative deprivation and ethnic diversity with ethnic convergence but between the variables age, gender and marital status with ethnic convergence Failed. It is obvious that ethnic diversity in Iran, as an objective reality in our current society, has requirements and demands rights that are legitimate. Therefore, in order to ensure justice and equal rights for citizens, they should be considered and a solution should be provided.

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between quality of life and national identity with environmental behaviors in Kerman. Method of study in this research, a questionnaire was used to collect data. The population of the population is 16 years old and above the city of Kerman, which is 95 times 634132 people. 374 questionnaires were analyzed based on data collection. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS and AMOS software. The results of SPSS analysis show that the relationship between environmental responsibility and environmental quality of respondents with the amount of environmental culture (10 years ago) (r= 0.05) and present time (r=0.24) and with national identity at the present time (r= 0.03) and ten years ago (r= 0.26). The coefficient of determination is = 0/25 of the internal variation of the dependent variable namely the environmental culture in Kerman. The results of the structural equation model (AMOS) show that the quality of life variable has a significant effect on the dependent variable with a regression coefficient of 0.254 and a social economic base with a standard regression coefficient equal to -0.194. It can be inferred that with the improvement of people's quality of life, their awareness, attitudes and environmental behaviors have improved. On the other hand, the national identity of individuals in terms of attention to environmental culture for previous generations has been more than now, and this view of nature-friendliness among them has been more than the current generation.

Study and research in the field of social tolerance as one of the effective factors in increasing the level of cultural and social interactions, participation, cohesion and social security, sense of security and empathy can play a significant role in the economic, political, cultural and social development of the society. In this regard, social capital and cultural capital can be mentioned as two important factors in promoting social tolerance. Using Bourdieu's theory of character and the field, the present article deals with the impact and role of cultural capital and social capital and its dimensions on social tolerance. To measure social tolerance, a combination of Petersking and Vegeta theories and dimensions of identity tolerance, social tolerance, political tolerance, and moral-behavioral tolerance have been used. The statistical population of the research is the citizens of Mazandaran province aged 15 to 44 years. The research method is survey and descriptive and the data required for the research have been collected through a questionnaire. Data analysis was performed by SPSS and Emus software. The results showed that there is a direct and significant relationship between social capital and cultural capital and their dimensions with social tolerance. The results of the structural model test indicate the direct effect of social capital (Beta: 0.29) and cultural capital (Beta: 0.39) on social tolerance. Also, the structure of cultural capital and social capital has been able to explain 38% of the changes in the structure of social tolerance. In other words, these two components are 38% effective in promoting or reducing social tolerance and can be used in strategic planning of various organizations and institutions.

This study aimed to analyze the impact of the digital city on women's willingness to find a marriage partner through the virtual space in the city of Kerman. 16 female users were selected through a theoretical and purposeful sampling technique. The data collection was conducted through semi-structured interviews and MAX Q DA software version 12 was used to process the data. The findings showed that a significant number of users in the virtual marriage sites were married women who used the anonymity of virtual space to their own advantage. After combining, integrating and comparing concepts, Five common categories were found among married and single female users (chat addiction, having limited experience, evading of face-to-face dating, sex as entertaiment). There were also two specific categories of married female users (disguise of marital status and and low satisfaction with marriage) and two specific categories of single female users (sense of freedom and chat as a cure for loneliness). Based on story line by participants, a core category entitled “chat as a resistance shelter of urban momen” was revealed.

Assistance is one of the subcultures of the country and since it is considered as one of the categories of culture, it is of great position; moreover, this culture is more prevalent in rural areas. Since this symbolic system still exists in many villages of the country; considerate research is necessary to strengthen this subculture. Gilan Rural Heritage Museum is one of the natural museums that is a clear example of local and rural traditions in this region. The research method of this research is qualitative and, in this regard, the ethnographic method with a sociological approach has been used. The technique of data collection was interview, note-taking and observation (field research). In this regard, the study population in Gilan province included farmers from eleven villages. Based on this, the selected samples are as follows: 24 villagers participating in the interview were selected from Gilan province. In a sense, purposive sampling is used; the results are based on the findings in Gilan province, the consequences of cooperation with social capital indicators, such as participation, sense of commitment and friendship, based on the existence of social capital as a valuable asset in subcultural villages. Also, the results obtained from the findings regarding the category of exchange, show the existence of diversity and breadth of relationships among cooperative villagers and the use of emotional and economic benefits as a result of cooperation.

1. Examining the role of assistance and cooperation in the existence or absence of empathy in rural affairs and in other words its role in the cohesion and unity of the villagers. 2. Studying the symbolic system of cooperation in the Gilan Rural Heritage Museum. 

Research questions:

1. What is the role of helping in the presence or absence of empathy in rural affairs and in other words, its role in the cohesion and unity of the villagers? 2. What is the reflection of the symbolic assistance system in the Museum of Rural Heritage of Gilan Province?

The purpose of this study is sociological study ,importance and role's of public sphere and Tehran youth lifestyle private sphere based on structural equations.this research was descriptive and causal type. Statistical society of this study were the young people in tehran aged 15-29 in 2018,that 500 of them were selected according to the Cochran formula and by quota sampling method selected and observed .data accumulaton implement for researcher questionnaire adapted from other research questionnaires and statistical analyzes based on structural equation and has been done by using Spass and Amos In this study, Habermas' theories were used; Habermas used the concept of public domain in terms of social terms in which individuals through reasoning and reasoning based on reason and in conditions free of any pressure, force, and in equal conditions for all Participating parties generate a set of values and normative behaviors, positions and orientations. What has attracted Habermas's attention to the public domain has been the importance of this concept as the basis of a democratic critique of society. applications.regression values of structural equation model suggested that intimate atmosphere of the house at(70/0),cover type (0/58), urban space at(0/37) ,exclusive property space(0/31) ,is effective on young people lifestyle. In total the intimate atmosphere of the house has the most effect and exclusive property space had the less effect on young people lifestyle.

In the new form of social relations, Habermasian’s ‘public sphere’ has been embedded in ‘cyberspace’. Online social platforms have created an alternative to the public sphere that has led to the recognition of individuals, the definition of social interactions, and even the creation of love among members of the society. The impact of the internet on the social and personal life of users is important in several ways. Media consumption at home has significantly changed in recent years. New forms of media and media-related devices such as iPads, tablets, laptops, and smart phones have become common among families. Internet, digital cables, Wifi, Wimax, application software, and portable devices have created a world in which users’ contents are accessible wherever and whenever they want. With respect to the above discussion, it is clear that, since the introduction of cyber communication in 2008 as well as the installation and use of recently-released applications such as Telegram, WhatsApp and Instagram, which have provided the bases for the formation of a revolution in modern communications, it can be argued that the present study can be one of the newest researches in this area. In addition, Iran ranks the first among telegram users among 57 Islamic countries. Despite the increasing use of Iranian users, few studies have been done on this issue.

The current study was conducted with the aim of analyzing the semantic implications of married men who were active in the cyberspace to find a spouse through the grounded theory approach. To this end, 11 users were selected through theoretical sampling. The data collection was conducted through semi-structured interviews and MAX Q DA 12. Two main sampling strategies in this study were purposive and theoretical samplings. The former was used to select participants with diverse characteristics. Theoretical sampling as one of the most common methods of sampling in the Grounded Theory was used for directing the general process of sampling via the sampling of the concepts during collecting and analyzing the data. The situation, people, time, and place were considered during theoretical sampling. Making comparisons in this process helped to diversify the categories and improve the theory. According to the logic of theoretical changes and the maximum sampling, the criteria for the entry of participants were as follows:•The participant must be a married man.
• Their activities in the cyberspace are devoted to romantic conversations with men.
• The participant must be older than 20 years of age.
• The participant must be online in virtual marriage forums during the last 6 months.
The participants remained in the study until they had been inclined to cooperate with the researcher, in case of the absence of any of these conditions, the participants were excluded from the study.

Based on the data analysis, three causal conditions including the crisis of meaning, diversity, and pleasure along with three contextual conditions including differentiation, separation of values, and preservation of independence have created a particular type of interaction. The interactive conditions of users had two main aspects including resistance to the ethical system of the society and the agreed economy in the family relationship system. The results of this study showed that the goal of a significant number of users to sign up and join these sites was to find an alternative structure for the predominant form of marriage in Kerman.In this study, the existence of the empty lives, a monotonous atmosphere at home, and routine relationships have led unemployed men to become more familiar with online dating than other groups. The majority of the participants referred to the disagreement of their wives with online gaming and entertainment because of their potentially addictive nature and online infidelities. Thus, anonymity was used as a very important strategy to facilitate online sexual activities among committed partners in committed relationships. According to the reports of the participants, ‘secret cyber entertainment’ has much more excitement and variety. They often want to hide their real identity to be safe from family and cyberspaces have become an alternative public arena for interaction, courtship, and love.

Individualism is a mental and behavioral tendency that leads to individual autonomy in such a way that the individualchr('39')s goals and desires are more important to him than the goals and desires of others; such a person considers himself responsible for his successes and failures. The main purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between lifestyle and individualism in women in Shiraz, Iran.

This was a cross-sectional correlational study conducted in Shiraz, Iran 2019 on a sample of 564 single women aged 25 to 49 years selected by a combination of appropriate and purposive stratified sampling methods. The data were collected using the horizontal and vertical individualism questionnaire of Triandis et al. and analyzed using the SPSS software version 25 at both the descriptive and analytical levels, the statistical test being the Pearson correlation coefficient test.

The rate of individualism of the respondents was about 69%. Investigating the dimensions of individualism showed that the respondentschr('39') tendency to individualism in the dimension of prioritizing the individual activities of the individuals (78.15%) was higher than those of the other two dimensions. The lifestyle score of the respondents was 63.4%. Based on the Pearson correlation coefficient, there was a significant inverse relationship between the womenchr('39')s lifestyle in Shiraz and their individualism, which means that a better lifestyle can lead to a decrease in the womenchr('39')s individualism.

Based on the findings, there is an inverse relationship between lifestyle and the degree of individualism of women in Shiraz, Iran. Therefore, improving the lifestyle by focusing on the family and paying attention to its supportive dimensions can have a positive effect on reducing the individualism of this group.

The expansion of the modern social life worlds and the impact of re-thinking identity on future social developments on the one hand, and the belief in the necessity of women's presence in the political arena, would expect that Iranian women,step into a new area of re-thinking of their identity At the level of mental change and political beliefs and values. The present study uses the field method, scrolling technique, questionnaire's research tool and the use of SPSS and Amos software to investigate the impact of the modern social life world on the rethinking political identity in young women and girls as the main objective. The statistical population of the study consisted of girls and women aged 19-49 years old in Karaj, which were randomly selected from 400 people based on Cochran formula and cluster classification method.The results of the correlation test confirmed the research hypotheses, and the coefficient (R^2) showed that the variables of the modern biological world and the structural position have been able to explain 60 percent of the changing variations of political identity rethink. The general and partial test of the theoretical model was also confirmed by modeling the structural equations of the theoretical basis of the research.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of self-control and resiliency over the law-avasion between the citizens of Ilam. Law-aversion (soft) in both dimension subjective and objective studied. The method of this survey is survey, and the kind of correlation is the questionnaire. The statistical population consists of all citizens over 18 years of ilam province in 2016; and sampling type, multi - stage cluster and sample size were estimated based on the Morgan table. The findings and results of this study showned that self-control and resilience variables additive effect, positive and direct the on citizens of Ilam province is lawl-aversion. The results of the test structural equation modeling (Amos) shows the resiliency 0/23 Explanations of variances in the community, and self-control variable 0/30 the variance of the dependent variable (law-aversion) predicts in the community.. With regard to the findings, empowerment and entrepreneurial spirit and self-control are essential twisting.

In the recent decades, lack of consideration for the environmental effects of various industrial activities, services, and production is the most important factor threatening the human and natural environment in Kerman, Iran. Other environmental issues of this society are reports by official bodies of Kerman on water shortages in Qantas caused by excessive extraction of ground waters, destruction of natural fields, deterioration of rivers into sewers caused by irresponsible behavior, closing down a number of factories, industrial and mining sites by the Department of Environment for failure to meet the standards, hunting of the local wildlife, rangeland and forest fires, excessive use of private and outdated automobiles and their environmental effects, excessive water consumption, excessive use of water, natural gas, and electricity during peak hours, and so on. Numerous issues in combination with the absence of systematic data in this regard aggregates the need for research in this area. Therefore, considering the environmental crisis and frequent droughts as well as new phenomena, including dust storms, it is essential to discuss the transformation of environmental culture in the city of Kerman. Therefore, the main purpose of this research is to define the relationship between the environmental ethics and social capital and the environmental culture of the citizens of Kerman in the past decade as well as the present time. Also, the study attempts to determine the predictor variables of the environmental culture for the three various aspects of awareness, attitude, and behavior and for the environmental culture as a whole.

This study was carried out using the quantitative approach and survey research method. A questionnaire was employed as the data collection method for the study. The statistical population consists of people aged 16 years and over residing in the four districts of Kerman, which comprise a population of 634132 individuals according to the 2016 statistics. In this paper, three different age groups were considered: 16-29, 30-49, and 50 and over. The reason for the selection of this age groups was to account for their behavior in the past 10 years, therefore the age requirements had to be defined in a way that the individual’s current age allows for the recollection of their behavior with respect to the environment. It is important to note that the questionnaire was defined for two time intervals, in a way that the respondents were required to explain their environmental behavior in the past ten years in items for present day. In this research, the Cochran formula was used to determine the sample size. The sample size is 384 persons as calculated by the Cochran formula.The research employed random cluster sampling by distributing 400 questionnaires between the respondents, and 374 of the questionnaires were recollected and used for statistical analysis. To describe and analyze the data, descriptive and inferential statistics with the SPSS software were used. In this study, the environmental culture was measured in three aspects of environmental knowledge with 5 parameters (recycling with 5 items, efficient use of water with 5 items, air pollution with 5 items, environmental species with 7 items, and dust storms with 5 items), environmental attitude with 25 items in five paradigms (limitation of growth with 5 items, non-anthropocentrism with 5 items, negation of human exemptionalism with 5 items, and dust storms with 3 items),  and the environmental behavior with 4 paradigms (efficient energy use with 5 items, efficient use of water with 5 items, air pollution with 6 items, environment-friendly recycling with 5 items, and local ecosystem with 3 items).

The results show that there is a significant relationship between the environmental ethics and environmental culture. It can be inferred that the interest in the environment is a metaphysical value and pro-environment attitudes are present among the prosperous groups, as their needs for food and security are fulfilled. In this respect, the behaviors can be measured as right or wrong based on this principle: an action is right if it preserves and promotes the biotic beauty, integrity, and evolution and is wrong if it disrupts this condition. Also, there is a significant relationship between social capital and environmental culture. It can be argued that the social capital as an important source of the individuals’ social actions can affect their environmental behaviors. Undoubtedly, as the level of social collaboration, integrity, trust, and participation, as important paradigms of social capital, grow between the people of a society, it is reflected in the society’s civil behaviors and environmental culture and increases the sense of responsibility of the people. Based on the obtained results, it can be said that there is no significant difference between the mean awareness and environmental behavior of the three different age groups. However, the mean of environmental attitude is different for each age group. It can be inferred that the attitudes of different age groups with respect to environmental changes are not equal and the people aged 50 and over show a higher mean. It means that this age group have a more pro-environment attitude compared to the other age groups. Also, the results show that the mean of environmental culture for individuals with high socio-economic status is higher compared to the individuals of lower socio-economic status (employment, income, education, and housing status). As a result, it can be inferred that those who have a higher socio-economic status have moved beyond the basic needs and reached the levels of elevated social needs. Therefore, the sense of environmentalism for these people is higher compared to the groups with a fragile socio-economic status who focus more on the basic needs of life. Also, people with higher socio-economic status are more aware of their environmental responsibilities; therefore, project an improved attitude and a more responsible behavior towards the environment, resulting in an elevated environmental culture.

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between social identity and its sub-variables with social adaptation. It is an applied study in terms of its purpose, a comprehensive study in terms of scope, a micro-scope and a cross-sectional study in terms of time. The research method in this study is a survey method, and the data collection tool is a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population of the current research is all the people over 18 years of age in the cities of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad, whose number is about 500 thousand according to the census of 2015, and 384 people were selected as the sample size based on the Cochran formula. . Based on various theories such as Durkheim, Parsons, Robert Park, Habermas, Schwartz and McKissack, this research seeks to investigate the relationship between examining the relationship between social identity in different dimensions with social adjustment. The research results indicate that between social identity (0.31) and its dimensions, namely national identity (0.30), historical identity (0.35), cultural identity (0.28), political identity (0.33). And religious identity (0.38) is related to the social adaptation of the citizens of Kohgiluyeh province and Boyer Ahmad.

Social Tolerance is a fundamental concept in the field of social interactions, and as some thinkers have emphasized, constructive and positive interactions are the foundation of social processes. The present study aimed to explore the challenges and opportunities associated with social tolerance among 18-70 year-olds in Tehran. The research method was survey and the statistical population consisted of all citizens of Tehran. Using the Cochran formula, 384 people were selected. A stratified sampling method was used to sample the population. According to the characteristics of the statistical society, this method was performed in a multi-stage and proportional manner. In order to measure the social dependency variable, a 57-item questionnaire was used. The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling software (Emulsoft Software Version 23). The status of absolute, adaptive and An attempt was made to make the necessary modifications acceptable for the final model. Findings show that there is a meaningful and direct relation between independent variables, religiosity (P = 0.169), social trust (P = 0.510), assertiveness values ​​(P = .152), and security feeling (P = .123) with variables Affiliated with social tolerance.